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PubMed1993

Can Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine be combined with diphtheria toxoid-pertussis vaccine-tetanus toxoid?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the side effects and immune responses after three serial doses of PRP-T vaccine (a Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib]-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine) given concurrently or mixed with adsorbed DPT vaccine (diphtheria toxoid-pertussis vaccine-tetanus toxoid). DESIGN: Multicentre randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Four public health units in western Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy infants 8 to 15 weeks old at entry who were able to receive routine primary vaccinations. Of 444 infants enrolled, 433 (98%) completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: All infants received PRP-T and DPT vaccines at 2, 4 and 6 months of age: half received them mixed in one injection and the others as separate, bilateral injections. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Side-effects 24 and 48 hours after each dose and serologic responses to each vaccine component. RESULTS: Follow-up was obtained after all 1312 vaccinations. Fever was infrequent in the two treatment groups. Local adverse effects of the PRP-T vaccine were infrequent and mild (e.g., redness was noted in 5.9% of cases and the area of redness was more than 2.5 cm in diameter in 0.8%). The incidence rate of local effects of the DPT-containing vaccines was the same in the two groups except for tenderness, which was more frequent in the group given the mixed vaccine (26.6% v. 17.9%, p < 0.001). Serologic data were available for 97% of the subjects. After the three doses 98.1% of the subjects had a PRP antibody level of 0.15 micrograms/mL or more, and 87.9% had a level of 1.0 micrograms/mL or more, both levels compatible with protection against Hib. Responses to PRP-T were comparable between the treatment groups as were responses to the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Pertussis agglutinin titres were reduced after administration of one of two PRP-T lots mixed with DPT vaccine, but responses to four other pertussis antigens were not impaired. CONCLUSION: PRP-T vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic. Combined PRP-T and DPT vaccines performed satisfactorily and may be the preferred method of administration.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

Centenary of Gaule and Lewin, pioneers in cell counting methodology.

We commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of the publication of a pioneering paper on cell counting, by Gaule and Lewin. Their paper describes a new method for counting cells in tissue sections. First they found the mean number of cell profiles per cell by examining 50 selected cells in serial sections. Then they counted the total number of cell profiles in the ganglion, and finally divided this total profile number by the mean number of profiles per cell. They thought this method more accurate than counting cells by counting only profiles that showed the nucleolus because they noted that a cell's nucleolus sometimes appeared in more than one section and that a single cell could have more than one nucleolus.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Maternal weight gain, smoking and other factors in pregnancy as predictors of infant birth-weight in Sydney women.

Two hundred and four (204) women attending a Sydney maternity hospital and their babies were followed throughout pregnancy in a study, which aimed: 1) to describe the distribution of maternal weight gain in present day Australian women and 2) to determine the effect of weight gain and other factors on birth-weight. Maternal weights and skinfold thicknesses were measured serially to give an indication of weight gain. Mean weight gain from conception to term was 14.2kg and mean birth-weight was 3,442g. Maternal predictors of birth-weight such as maternal weight gain, parity, age, education, height, public or private booking status, smoking, prepregnancy weight, and sex of the infant and gestational age were explored using simple and multiple regression analysis. Weight gain was predictive of birth-weight, each kg increase in total weight gain resulting in about a 30g increase in birthweight. Other strong predictors were gestational age, maternal smoking, sex of the infant and maternal parity. Maternal height was less strongly predictive and age and prepregnant weight were not predictive. Smoking mothers had infants who were 268g lighter than those of nonsmoking mothers. However, smokers were also younger, shorter, had less education and were more likely to book as public patients than nonsmokers. After adjusting for all other predictors, the birth-weight of infants whose mothers smoked, was still 224g less than that for nonsmoking mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Perspective taking promotes action understanding and learning.

People often learn actions by watching others. The authors propose and test the hypothesis that perspective taking promotes encoding a hierarchical representation of an actor's goals and subgoals-a key process for observational learning. Observers segmented videos of an object assembly task into coarse and fine action units. They described what happened in each unit from either the actor's, their own, or another observer's perspective and later performed the assembly task themselves. Participants who described the task from the actor's perspective encoded actions more hierarchically during observation and learned the task better.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Transcriptomic changes in human breast cancer progression as determined by serial analysis of gene expression.

INTRODUCTION: Genomic and transcriptomic alterations affecting key cellular processes such us cell proliferation, differentiation and genomic stability are considered crucial for the development and progression of cancer. Most invasive breast carcinomas are known to derive from precursor in situ lesions. It is proposed that major global expression abnormalities occur in the transition from normal to premalignant stages and further progression to invasive stages. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was employed to generate a comprehensive global gene expression profile of the major changes occurring during breast cancer malignant evolution. METHODS: In the present study we combined various normal and tumor SAGE libraries available in the public domain with sets of breast cancer SAGE libraries recently generated and sequenced in our laboratory. A recently developed modified t test was used to detect the genes differentially expressed. RESULTS: We accumulated a total of approximately 1.7 million breast tissue-specific SAGE tags and monitored the behavior of more than 25,157 genes during early breast carcinogenesis. We detected 52 transcripts commonly deregulated across the board when comparing normal tissue with ductal carcinoma in situ, and 149 transcripts when comparing ductal carcinoma in situ with invasive ductal carcinoma (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A major novelty of our study was the use of a statistical method that correctly accounts for the intra-SAGE and inter-SAGE library sources of variation. The most useful result of applying this modified t statistics beta binomial test is the identification of genes and gene families commonly deregulated across samples within each specific stage in the transition from normal to preinvasive and invasive stages of breast cancer development. Most of the gene expression abnormalities detected at the in situ stage were related to specific genes in charge of regulating the proper homeostasis between cell death and cell proliferation. The comparison of in situ lesions with fully invasive lesions, a much more heterogeneous group, clearly identified as the most importantly deregulated group of transcripts those encoding for various families of proteins in charge of extracellular matrix remodeling, invasion and cell motility functions.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1998

Measles IgM immunoreactivity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

AIM: The purpose of our study was to examine measles IgM immunoreactivity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In an International collaborative study, serum measles IgM immunoreactivity was assayed in consecutive outpatients with Crohn's disease (n = 95), ulcerative colitis (n = 79), viral hepatitis (n = 63) and blood donors (n = 30). Two commercial measles assays--enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescence assay--and a Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) "in house" antibody capture radioimmunoassay were used. Results were compared with serum rubella and Epstein-Barr virus-specific IgM immunoreactivity, total serum IgM, and measles IgG immunoreactivity. Twenty patients with inflammatory bowel disease were studied serially over a 4-month period. RESULTS: By enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, the prevalence of raised serum measles IgM immunoreactivity was significantly greater in patients with Crohn's disease 23/95 (24%) and ulcerative colitis 20/79 (27%) compared with hepatitis patients 2/63 (3%) and normal controls 0/30 (0%) (p < 0.001). Indirect fluorescence assay produced significantly more positive results than enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in both Crohn's disease (50/87; 57%) and ulcerative colitis (35/68; 51%) but not in controls (0%) (p < 0.001). In contrast, no sera were positive using MCRIA. In the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, measles IgM immunoreactivity did not correlate with either total IgM, rubella or Epstein-Barr virus IgM immunoreactivities-which were not raised-measles IgM immunoreactivity, or disease activity. Patients not receiving steroids were more likely to have raised measles IgM immunoreactivity (p < 0.5). All sera tested for Rheumatoid factor were negative. Of 20 patients with inflammatory bowel disease studied by ELISA over a 4-month period, 50% showed raised measles IgM immunoreactivity at some stage. CONCLUSION: The data suggest a specific and fluctuating immune response to measles virus in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, that may be modified by corticosteroid therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Concurrent sex partners and risk for sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A large percentage of sexually active adolescents have multiple sex partners and are at high risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Little is known about adolescents' patterns of sexual partnerships (e.g., concurrent versus serial) and how these patterns influence STD risk. GOAL OF THE STUDY: To determine the frequency with which adolescents have concurrent partners during a main relationship and the association between having concurrent partners and STD risk. STUDY DESIGN: Adolescents seeking care at a public STD clinic were recruited from March, 1996, to May, 1998. Demographic and behavioral data were obtained during an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Sexually transmitted disease testing and physical exams were performed by clinicians. RESULTS: Of those adolescents who reported having at least one main partner during the previous 6 months (n = 245), 110 (44.9%) had multiple partners, and 76 (31%) had at least one concurrent partner during a main relationship. Greater number of concurrent partners was associated with STD diagnosis/exposure after controlling for number of sex partners (OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4). CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of adolescents have concurrent partners during a main relationship, and having concurrent partners increases STD risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional histopathology of the human audio-vestibular organ. Euro-Data-Hearing.

The present paper describes the setting-up of a new project, sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities, to promote the study of functional histopathology of the human audio-vestibular organ. The project has the purpose of co-ordinating in Europe morphological research on the hearing and equilibrium organ and promoting the comparison of data from clinical, physiological and morphological studies in the field of hearing and equilibrium impairment. A manual (Iurato et al., 1982) has been prepared with the objectives of (1) stimulating clinicians to participate in the project, (2) encouraging the collection of audiological data for comparison with pathology, and (3) supplying clinicians with the necessary information about the technique of fixation and preparation of the specimens. The fixation procedures for the two major techniques of studying ear pathology: (1) microdissection and electron microscopy, and (2) embedding of the whole block for serial sectioning and light microscopy, are described in detail. Special paragraphs deal with the technique of fixation of the brain and with the technique of removal of the temporal bones and brain at autopsy. The instructions for delivery of the specimens and the publication rules are enclosed in the main body of the manual. Appendix 1 contains a list of the participating laboratories. Appendix 2 deals with autopsy legislation in the different European countries. Appendix 3 contains the sender's data sheet which supplies the instructions for collecting the clinical history of the patient and the audiological and vestibular data.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1998

Support for new policies to regulate firearms. Results of two national surveys.

BACKGROUND: New policy options are emerging in the debate regarding the regulation of firearms in the United States. These options include the treatment of firearms as consumer products, the design of which can be regulated for safety; denial of gun ownership to those convicted of misdemeanors; and strategies to curtail the illegal sale of guns. The public's opinion of these innovative gun-policy options has not been thoroughly assessed. METHODS: We conducted two telephone surveys of 1200 adults each in the United States in 1996 and 1997-1998. Cognitive interviews and pretests were used in the development of the survey instruments. Potential participants were then contacted by random-digit dialing of telephone numbers. RESULTS: A majority of the respondents favored safety standards for new handguns. These standards included childproofing (favored by 88 percent of respondents), personalization (devices that permit firing only by an authorized person; 71 percent), magazine safeties (devices that prevent firing after the magazine or clip is removed; 82 percent), and loaded-chamber indicators (devices that show whether the handgun is loaded; 73 percent). There was strong support for policies prohibiting persons convicted of specific misdemeanors from purchasing a firearm. Support for such prohibitions was strongest for crimes involving violence or the illegal use of a firearm (83 to 95 percent) or substance abuse (71 to 92 percent). There was also widespread support for policies designed to reduce the illegal sale of guns, such as mandatory tamper-resistant serial numbers (90 percent), a limit of one handgun purchase per customer per month (81 percent), and mandatory registration of handguns (82 percent). Even among the subgroup of respondents who were gun owners, a majority were in favor of stricter gun regulations with regard to 20 of the 22 proposals covered in the poll. CONCLUSIONS: Strong public support, even among gun owners, for innovative strategies to regulate firearms suggests that these proposals warrant serious consideration by policy makers.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Sign and symbol in children's processing of familiar auditory stimuli.

The perceptual-linguistic stimulus distinction for auditory stimuli was examined. In Study 1, stimulus recognition was tested, and serial recall was tested in Study 2. Stimuli were sounds (perceptual condition) and the corresponding words (linguistic condition) for 49 familiar events, in within-subjects designs. Subjects were 3- through 5-year-old nonretarded children and moderately and severely mentally retarded public-school students. Results revealed a strong main effect of developmental age for both stimulus conditions and IQ. Retarded and nonretarded students performed similarly on auditory-perceptual stimuli. Nonretarded students performed significantly better than did retarded students on auditory-linguistic stimuli. The assumption of a developmental relationship in which younger children would perform better on perceptual and older children on linguistic stimuli was not confirmed. Limitations of the recall-test procedure were discussed. A hypothesis for the relationship of auditory-perceptual stimulus recognition to language learning of retarded people was presented. The importance of studying retarded persons' cognitive processes in mediation systems other than the verbal was emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

An international database and integrated analysis tools for the study of cancer gene expression.

Researchers working collaboratively in Brazil and the United States have assembled an International Database of Cancer Gene Expression. Several strategies have been employed to generate gene expression data including expressed sequence tags (ESTs), serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and open reading-frame expressed sequence tags (ORESTES). The database contains six million gene tags that reflect the gene expression profiles in a wide variety of cancerous tissues and their normal counterparts. All sequences are deposited in the public databases, GenBank and SAGEmap. A suite of informatics tools was designed to facilitate in silico analysis of the gene expression datasets and are available through the NCI Cancer Genome Anatomy Project web site (http://cgap.nci.nih.gov).

DNA, Complementary↗
PubMed2004

Genetic polymorphism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with chronic multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major public health problem because treatment is complicated, cure rates are well below those for drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB), and patients may remain infectious for months or years, despite receiving the best available therapy. To gain a better understanding of MDR-TB, we characterized serial isolates recovered from 13 human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients with MDR-TB, by use of IS6110 restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis, spacer oligonucleotide genotyping (i.e., "spoligotyping"), and sequencing of rpoB, katG, mabA-inhA (including promoter), pncA, embB, rpsL, rrs, and gyrA. For all 13 patients, chronic MDR-TB was caused by a single strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; 8 (62%) of the 13 strains identified as the cause of MDR-TB belonged to the W-Beijing family. The sputum-derived isolates of 4 (31%) of the 13 patients had acquired additional drug-resistance mutations during the study. In these 4 patients, heterogeneous populations of bacilli with different resistance mutations, as well as mixtures of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant genotypes, were observed. This genetic heterogeneity may require treatment targeted at both drug-resistant and drug-susceptible phenotypes.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The "Silent Springs" of Rachel Carson: mass media and the origins of modern environmentalism.

This essay explores the different meanings of the 1960s' pesticide controversy as conveyed by the multiple representations of Rachel Carsons's Silent Spring (1962). I argue that to understand the impact of Carson's work on a heterogeneous audience in the early '60s, we must move beyond an examination of the book, Silent Spring, to consider its other media manifestations, as a serialization for The New Yorker and as a television exposé for "CBS Reports." Each conveyed a unique message stylized for the audience of that particular media. This analysis demonstrates the problems and opportunities for scholars attempting to gauge the influence of a book on the public understanding of science. This argument also suggests that to understand the transition of environmentalism from a grass-roots movement to near universal consensus, we need to examine carefully the role of media in shaping divergent messages for different audiences--a phenomenon that assisted in transforming local environmental issues into a matter of national concern.

Biology↗
PubMed1988

[Optimizing puncture of the internal jugular vein. Effects and advantages of the Valsalva maneuver in catheterization].

Shortly after the publication by English et al. on catheterization of the internal jugular vein (VJI) in 1969, the first papers reporting complications appeared. To reduce the rate of puncture failures with their consequences and complications, we tried to find the optimal conditions for successful puncture by evaluating serial CT scans. The diameter increase of the VJI was studied in 8 women and 9 men with an average age of about 39 years with 30 mmHg pressure in the upper respiratory passages. The measurement was performed 2 cm below the level of the cricoid cartilage (the probable puncture point for posterior access). It was carried out first during normal respiration, then after forced inspiration and bearing down with the glottis open against a closed system consisting of a manometer. By means of continuous bearing down, a pressure of 30 mmHg was maintained during CT scanning. With this pressure in the upper respiratory passages, the mean increase in diameter of the VJI was 58% on the left side (P less than 0.002) and as much as 78% on the right (P less than 0.001), which is highly significant. In 12 of the 17 test persons (70.6%), the right VJI proved to be the dominant vessel, and the diameter increase achievable by the Valsalva maneuver likewise seems to be greater on the right side than on the left (Table 1). We now recommend a slight Trendelenburg position with the head rotated 45 degrees to the contralateral side. For the first puncture we consider the posterior approach (see Fig. 2) on the right side to be the best.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The hepatic transcriptome in human liver disease.

The transcriptome is the mRNA transcript pool in a cell, organ or tissue with the liver transcriptome being amongst the most complex of any organ. Functional genomics methodologies are now being widely utilized to study transcriptomes including the hepatic transcriptome. This review outlines commonly used methods of transcriptome analysis, especially gene array analysis, focusing on publications utilizing these methods to understand human liver disease. Additionally, we have outlined the relationship between transcript and protein expressions as well as summarizing what is known about the variability of the transcriptome in non-diseased liver tissue. The approaches covered include gene array analysis, serial analysis of gene expression, subtractive hybridization and differential display. The discussion focuses on primate whole organ studies and in-vitro cell culture systems utilized. It is now clear that there are a vast number research opportunities for transcriptome analysis of human liver disease as we attempt to better understand both non-diseased and disease hepatic mRNA expression. We conclude that hepatic transcriptome analysis has already made significant contributions to the understanding of human liver pathobiology.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

A guide to building image-centric databases.

There is a paucity of image-centric neuroinformatics infrastructure within the individual investigator's laboratory despite the obvious need for automation and integration of experimental results. Yet, solutions can often be readily built using off-the-shelf databases and associated tools. Doing so simplifies day-to-day research operation and increases throughput. Proper construction of in-house solutions may also expedite community-wide integration of private and public data repositories. Here we describe neuroinformatics approaches at different levels of functionality, required expertise, and size of image datasets. The simplest approach offers ease of image browsing and rudimentary searching. More sophisticated systems provide powerful search capabilities, a means of tracking analysis, and even automated serial processing pipelines. In this practicum, we provide guidance in selecting among the different options.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Epidemiological aspects of spinal diseases in the GDR in 1979 to 1988].

The socio-economic impact of disorders of the spine and the back has obtained an increasing importance in all industrial countries. Considering indicators of public health and national economy, namely temporary sickness incapacity for work, invalidity (insured persons in the GDR), utilization of hospital services (total population of the GDR), of rheumatological dispensaries as well as of the general practitioner, frequencies have been studied and trends pursued by means of serial analyses in a 10-year period. Diseases of the spine and the back within diagnostic class XIII/ICD, 9th revision, 1975 (diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue) have caused--nearly 2/3 of all cases of sickness incapacity for work--1/3 of the incidence of disability pensions--about 1/3 of the utilization of hospital services--about 1/5 of the utilization of rheumatological dispensaries--more than 50% of all cases consulting the general practitioner. As to the indicators sickness incapacity for work, incidence of disability pensions and discharges from the hospital, the serial analyses of the period from 1979 to 1988 have shown that the diseases of the spine and the back have the highest increase within the group of class XIII.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Malaria in the Djibouti Republic. Results of a serologic survey in Ambouli].

To investigate the importance of malaria as a public health problem in Djibouti, we studied 144 febrile subjects living south of Djibouti-city in the agricultural area of Ambouli. All blood slides examined were negative for parasites. Antibodies against the merozoite stage of Plasmodium falciparum were investigated by an indirect immunofluorescence assay using serial serum dilutions. Only 9 sera reacted negatively at the titer of 50 (the chosen cut-off for positivity). Fourteen sera tested positive at a titer above 1000. Percentages of seropositive subjects and geometric mean titers increased with age. We conclude that inhabitants of Ambouli were heavily exposed to Plasmodium falciparum in the recent past. However, our data do not allow to ascertain if the malaria infections were contracted inside or outside of the national territory, since Djiboutians are frequent and extensive travelers.

Adolescent↗