Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Secale”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

The genomic composition of Tricepiro, a synthetic forage crop.

Chromosome in situ hybridization (FISH and GISH) is a powerful tool for determining the chromosomal location of specific sequences and for analysing genome organization and evolution. Tricepiro (2n = 6x = 42) is a synthetic cereal obtained by G. Covas in Argentina (1972), which crosses hexaploid triticale (2n = 6x = 42) and octoploid Trigopiro (2n = 8x = 56). Several years of breeding produced a forage crop with valuable characteristics from Secale, Triticum, and Thinopyrum. The aim of this work is to analyse the real genomic constitution of this important synthetic crop. In situ hybridization using total DNA of Secale, Triticum, and Thinopyrum as a probe (GISH) labelled with biotin and (or) digoxigenin showed that tricepiro is composed of 14 rye chromosomes and 28 wheat chromosomes. Small zones of introgression of Thinopyrum on wheat chromosomes were detected. The FISH using the rye repetitive DNA probe pSc 119.2 labelled with biotin let us characterize the seven pairs of rye chromosomes. Moreover, several wheat chromosomes belonging to A and B genomes were distinguished. Therefore, tricepiro is a synthetic hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) being AABBRR in its genomic composition, with zones of introgression of Thinopyrum in the A genome of wheat.

Chromosomes, Plant↗
PubMed1989

The molecular-cytogenetic analysis of grasses and its application to studying relationships among species of the Triticeae.

An analysis of four species from the genus Secale, including the study of different accessions, has shown that the properties of DNA clones of monomer units from three repeated sequence loci, namely, Ter, Nor, and 5S DNA, proved to be representative of the entire loci from which they were isolated. This finding in Secale species, including the discovery of a new locus for 5S DNA on chromosome 5R, has been used to interpret information on the Ter, Nor, and 5S DNA loci from 15 species in the Triticeae complex. The evolutionary relationship among species suggested by the DNA sequence data has shown many consistencies with a number of other characters such as those used in classical systematics, as well as geographical distribution data and isozyme and chromosome-pairing studies. Apparent inconsistencies such as a close relationship between the R and P genomes at the Ter loci are interpreted in terms of amplification-deletion phenomena known to occur at repetitive sequence loci. In addition, this study included species endemic to Australia and thus provided a broad time span in which to consider some features of repeated sequence family evolution, such as the conservation of certain parts of 5S DNA spacer regions.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

The molecular diversity of the 5S rRNA gene in Kengyilia alatavica (Drobov) J.L. Yang, Yen & Baum (Poaceae:Triticeae): potential genomic assignment of different rDNA units.

5S rRNA sequences from several accessions of Kengyilia alatavica, a member of a tribe that includes wheat and wheat relatives, have been amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and sequenced. From an evaluation of the aligned sequences, five 5S unit classes have been discerned. One class consists of short units, while the other four contain longer units. BLAST searches of the GenBank database have allowed us to tentatively assign these to classes found in genomes of other species. For example, the short 5S unit class and one long 5S unit class were designated, respectively, "short P1" and "long P1" because of their match with the comparable sequenced 5S rDNA accessions of Agropyron cristatum, a carrier of the P genome. Another unit class, is coined as "long R1", because of its similarity to the units sequenced from Secale cereale and Secale vavilovii, carriers of the R genome. The third unit class was designated "long S1" and is found also in Elytrigia spicata, a carrier of the S genome. Implications of these findings on the possible association of some unit classes with cytological haplome and on concerted evolution are discussed.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

[Lawn grass (Poaceae) causing hayfever in the South Plain of Hungary. Results of aeropalinologic and allergologic studies 1989-95].

The importance of Grass (Poaceae) pollen as a cause of hay fever in the South-Plain of Hungary was studied by aeropalinological and allergological methods. Since 1989 the pollen counting has been performed with the help of a Lanzoni VPPS 2000 sampler. On the basis of the pollen counting the second most important allergen pollen of this region are the grass pollen. From 1989 to 1995 skin prick tests (Soluprick, Epipharm) were performed in 642 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. 261 of these patients suffer from hay fever in May and June when the daily pollen count of grass pollen is the highest. The skin prick tests of these 261 patients were positive to Poaceae in 84%, and to Secale in 63%. But 57% of the patients was allergic to both Poaceae and Secale, so the exact allergen research is very important before hyposensitisation. Ragweed (63%) and Mugwort (33%) sensitivity was found also in high percent of the grasspollinosis patients with symptoms during the late summer season too.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2026

Leaf Rust in Rye: From Pathogen Biology to Host Defense and Resistance Breeding.

Leaf rust (LR), caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis (Prs), is considered one of the most dangerous rye (Secale cereale L.) diseases, causing yield losses exceeding 35%. This review summarizes all currently available data about this disease: pathogen characteristics (including its life cycle, natural variation, and disease symptoms), resistance resources, and the background of the plant immune response at the genome, transcriptome, and metabolome levels. The research conducted so far has allowed for the identification of dozens of genes that play a significant role in the rye immune response to Prs infection. Among them, genes encoding NBS-LRR proteins (including SECCE1Rv1G0014220, the most likely Pr3 candidate), glycosyltransferase, β-1,3-glucanase, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, β-1,3-glucanase, UDP-glycosyltransferase, pathogenesis-related protein 1, ammonium transporter, and cytochrome P450 enzymes are candidates for seedling and all-stage resistance, whereas ScLr_ABC25 currently represents the most promising candidate associated with adult-plant resistance. Among the metabolites differentially accumulated in response to Prs, those related to phenylpropanoids, diterpenoids, and thiamine branches seem to play the most important role in the immune response. Finally, we suggest how the knowledge acquired so far about the rye-Prs interaction can be used in modern breeding programs aimed at obtaining cultivars with enhanced resistance to LR, such as through the use of functional gene markers and/or metabolic biomarker-assisted selection and, in the more distant future, by developing and applying new genomic techniques for precise editing of resistance and susceptibility genes, engineering synthetic immune receptors and decoys, and pan-genomic exploration for identification of rare or lineage-specific resistance alleles. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Plant Diseases↗
PubMed2000

Cernilton for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate, can lead to obstructive and irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The pharmacologic use of plants and herbs (phytotherapy) for the treatment of LUTS associated with BPH has been growing steadily. Cernilton, prepared from the rye-grass pollen Secale cereale, is one of the several phytotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of BPH. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aims to assess the effects of Cernilton on urinary symptoms and flow measures in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). SEARCH STRATEGY: Trials were searched in computerized general and specialized databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Phytodok), by checking bibliographies, and by contacting manufacturers and researchers. SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials were eligible if they were: (1) randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials comparing Cernilton with placebo or other BPH medications in men with BPH; and (2) included clinical outcomes such as urologic symptom scales, symptoms, or urodynamic measurements. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Information on patients, interventions, and outcomes was extracted by at least two independent reviewers using a standard form. Main outcome measure for comparing the effects of Cernilton with placebo and standard BPH medications were the change in urologic symptoms scales. Secondary outcomes included changes in nocturia as well as urodynamic measures (peak and mean urine flow, residual volume, prostate size). Main outcome measure for side effects was the number of men reporting side effects. MAIN RESULTS: 444 men were enrolled in 2 placebo-controlled and 2 comparative trials lasting from 12 to 24 weeks. Three studies used a double-blind method although treatment allocation concealment was unclear in all. Cernilton improved "self rated urinary symptoms" (percent reporting satisfactory or improving symptoms) versus placebo and Tadenan. The weighted risk ratio (RR) for self-rated improvement versus placebo was 2.40 [95% CI = 1.21, 4. 75], and the weighted RR versus Tadenan was 1.42 [95% CI = 1.21, 4. 75]. Cernilton reduced nocturia compared with placebo and Paraprost. Versus placebo, the weighted RR was 2.05 [95% CI = 1.41, 3.00], and versus Paraprost, the WMD was -0.40 times per evening [95% CI = -0. 73, -0.07]. Cernilton did not improve urinary flow rates, residual volume or prostate size compared to placebo or the comparative study agents. Adverse events were rare and mild. The withdrawal rate for Cernilton was 4.8% compared to 2.7% for placebo and 5.2% for Paraprost. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The Cernilton trials analyzed were limited by short duration, limited number of enrollees, gaps in reported outcomes, and unknown quality of the preparations utilized. The comparative trials lacked a proven active control. The available evidence suggests Cernilton is well tolerated and modestly improves overall urologic symptoms including nocturia. Additional randomized placebo and active-controlled trials are needed to evaluate the long-term clinical effectiveness and safety of Cernilton.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Chloroplast rps15 and the rpoB/C1/C2 gene cluster are strongly transcribed in ribosome-deficient plastids: evidence for a functioning non-chloroplast-encoded RNA polymerase.

Transcription of plastid genes and transcript accumulation were investigated in white leaves of the albostrians mutant of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and in heat-bleached leaves of rye (Secale cereale) as well as in normal green leaves of both species. Cells of white leaves of the mutant and cells of heat-bleached leaves bear undifferentiated plastids lacking ribosomes and, consequently, plastid translation products, among them the subunits of a putative chloroplast RNA polymerase encoded by the plastid genes rpoA, B, C1 and C2. The following results were obtained. (i) Plastid genes are transcribed despite the lack of chloroplast gene-encoded RNA polymerase subunits. The plastid origin of these transcripts was proven. This finding provides evidence for the existence of a plastid RNA polymerase encoded entirely by nuclear genes. (ii) Transcripts of the rpo genes and of rps15, but not of genes involved in photosynthesis and related processes (psbA, rbcL, atpI-H), were abundantly accumulated in ribosome-deficient plastids. In contrast, chloroplasts accumulated transcripts of photosynthetic, but not of the rpo genes. (iii) Differences in transcript accumulation between chloroplasts and ribosome-deficient plastids are due to different relative transcription rates and different transcript stability. (iv) The observed differences in transcription are not caused by an altered pattern of methylation of plastid DNA. Thus, the prokaryotic plastid genome of higher plants is transcribed by two RNA polymerases. The observed differences in transcription between chloroplasts and undifferentiated plastids might reflect different functions of the two enzymes.

Chloroplasts↗
PubMed2001

Identification of barley and rye varieties using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry with neural networks.

Cereal varieties are normally identified using time-consuming methods such as visual examination of either the intact grain or one-dimensional electrophoretic patterns of the grain storage proteins. A fast method for identification of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties has previously been developed, which combines analysis of alcohol-soluble wheat proteins (gliadins) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry with neural networks. Here we have applied the same method for the identification of both barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) varieties. For barley, 95% of the mass spectra were correctly classified. This is an encouraging result, since in earlier experiments only a grouping into subsets of varieties was possible. However, the method was not useful in the classification of rye, due to the strong similarity between mass spectra of different varieties.

Glutens↗
PubMed1990

The isolation of high molecular weight DNA from wheat, barley and rye for analysis by pulse-field gel electrophoresis.

A method is presented for the preparation of large DNA molecules from protoplasts embedded in agarose blocks of three different cereals--hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and rye (Secale cereale). Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of these DNA preparations using a contour-clamped homogeneous field (CHEF) apparatus indicated that the size of the DNA molecules was greater than 6 Mb. DNA samples prepared by this method were shown to be useful for restriction analysis using both frequent and rare cutting enzymes.

DNA↗
PubMed1996

PCR and sequencing from a single pollen grain.

In order to eliminate the laborious step of DNA extraction preceding all studies within the field of plant molecular biology we attempted to do PCR amplifications directly on pollen grains. Successful PCR amplification was obtained in reactions including a single pollen grain from Hordeum vulgare or Secale strictum. Both the plastid gene encoding ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) and the nuclear-encoded internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) and the 5.8S rDNA region were amplified and sequenced to verify PCR amplification.

Hordeum↗
PubMed1992

Structural heterogeneity in the R173 family of rye-specific repetitive DNA sequences.

The rye-specific R173 family of repeated DNA sequences consists of ca. 15,000 individual copies per diploid rye (Secale cereale) genome and is distributed over all 7 rye chromosomes in a dispersed manner. Individual R173 elements vary in size between 3 and 6 kb, are generally not arranged as tandem repeats and are flanked by both multi-copy and single-copy sequences. DNA sequence analysis of three R173 elements (R173-1, R173-2 and R173-3) demonstrated a high degree of homology in conserved domains. The structure of R173-1 was quite different from the other two elements: long direct repeats, which represent a rye-specific repetitive sequence, were found at the ends and a 600 bp long domain was replaced by an unrelated sequence of approximately equal size. R173-2 and R173-3 were extremely similar to each other with the exception of a terminal truncation of R173-2. No open reading frames for proteins greater than 20 kDa were present and a database search failed to detect significant homologies to published protein sequences. Despite the transposon like genomic organisation of the R173 family, individual elements lacked sequence features frequently associated with transposons and retrotransposons. In contrast, two of the regions flanking R173 elements showed strong DNA homologies to a 850 bp long region of a proposed wheat retrotransposon and to a 300 bp long region downstream of the wheat Glu-D1 gene.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of a plastid-specific HSP90 homologue: identification of a cDNA sequence, phylogenetic descendence and analysis of its mRNA and protein expression.

The isolation of cDNAs is described which encode the complete sequence of a precursor protein for a HSP90 homologue consisting of an N-terminal transit peptide of 5850 Da and a mature protein (cpHSP82) of 82 260 Da, located in the plastids of rye leaves (Secale cereale). Hybridization analysis indicated the presence of a single gene in the DNA of rye and a transcript size of 2.8 kb. A phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of sequence comparisons for HSP90 homologues from different species and compartments indicated that the plastidic HSP82 from rye was more closely related to an eubacterial protein than to HSP90 homologues of the cytosol or ER from both plants and animals. The results suggest that during chloroplast evolution the gene for cpHSP82 was transferred to the nucleus from a prokaryotic endosymbiont. Immunoblots with specific antibodies and Percoll gradient-purified organelles confirmed the location of cpHSP82 in chloroplasts or non-green plastids. In green rye leaves cpHSP82 was constitutively expressed and equally distributed among tissues of different age. The expression of cpHSP82 was enhanced within 2 h by exposure to 42 degrees C. The cpHSP82 transcript and protein were much more strongly expressed in non-green tissues, such as etiolated, 70S ribosome-deficient 32 degrees C-grown, or herbicide-bleached, than in normal green leaves. Also chromoplasts from the pericarp of tomato fruits contained high levels of a HSP90 polypeptide while a photosynthetic protein, the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was largely degraded during ripening.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of the expression of a plastidic chaperonin 60 in different plant tissues and under photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic conditions.

A partial cDNA which codes for the beta-subunit of a plastidic chaperonin 60 (cpn60-beta) from rye (Secale cereale L.) leaves was identified and sequenced, except for 46 amino acids of the N-terminus of the mature protein and the transit sequence. This is the first cpn60-beta sequence determined for a monocotyledonous plant. Specific antibodies against cpn60-beta were affinity-purified from an antiserum raised against the total soluble protein fraction of ribosome-deficient plastids. The localization of cpn60-beta in chloroplasts or non-green plastids was confirmed by immunodetection in Percoll gradient-purified organelles. The expression and occurrence of cpn60-beta was analysed by immunoblotting with the specific antibodies and Northern hybridization. The cpn60-beta protein was constitutively expressed in various green and non-green tissues. It was evenly distributed along the major part of a rye leaf, while highest transcript levels occurred in the youngest and oldest leaf sections. The expression of the cpn60-beta protein was not enhanced by a heat-shock treatment at 42 degrees C. The cpn60-beta transcript and protein were more strongly expressed in various non-green, for instance etiolated, 70S-ribosome-deficient 32 degree C-grown, or herbicide-bleached tissues, than in green leaves of rye. A rapid increase in the cpn60-beta transcript level was also observed when green leaves were transferred from light to darkness while the protein level was not affected. The dark-induced increase in the cpn60-beta transcript was totally suppressed in the presence of 2% sucrose. Inhibitor treatments suggested that the change in cpn60-beta transcript level was not related to changes of the ATP supply of the tissue. While the large subunit of the photosynthetic protein ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was largely degraded during ripening of tomato fruits, high levels of cpn60-beta were detected in tomato chromoplasts and in the yellow flower petals of Narcissus. Low levels of cpn60-beta were detected in root tissue.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Unequal distribution of osmiophilic particles in the epidermal periplasmic space of upper and lower flanks of gravi-responding rye coleoptiles.

In various studies, auxin (IAA)-induced coleoptile growth has been reported to be closely correlated with an increased occurrence of osmiophilic particles (OPs) at the inner surface of the outer, growth-limiting epidermal cell wall, indicating a possible function related to the mechanism of IAA-induced wall loosening. In order to test whether changes in cell elongation rates of upper and lower flanks (UFs, LFs, respectively) during graviresponsive growth are reflected in appropriate changes in the occurrence of OPs, rye (Secale cereale L.) coleoptiles either as segments or as part of intact seedlings, were gravitropically stimulated by positioning them horizontally for 2 h. Ultrastructural analyses within the UFs and LFs of the upward-bending coleoptiles revealed a distinct imbalance in the occurrence of OPs. The number of OPs per transverse epidermal cell section of the elongation-inhibited UF on average amounted to twice the number of OPs counted in epidermal cell sections of the faster-growing LF. As a hypothesis, the results lead us to suggest that OPs are involved in the mechanism of wall loosening and that temporary growth inhibition of epidermal cells of the UF during upward bending is mediated by inhibition of OP entry into the cell walls. Thereby, more OPs accumulate near the inner surface of the outer wall of epidermal cells of the UF compared with the LF.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1991

In situ hybridization as a rapid means to assess meiotic pairing and detection of alien DNA transfers in interphase cells of wide crosses involving wheat and rye.

The objectives of this study were to determine if biotin-labelled total genomic DNA of rye (Secale cereale L.) could be used to (i) preferentially label rye meiotic chromosomes in triticale and (ii) detect translocation stocks at interphase and/or early prophase by in situ hybridization. Welsh triticale, a wheat-rye segmental amphiploid, and Kavkaz wheat, a wheat-rye translocation were used. The results indicated that labelled chromosomes of rye and unlabelled chromosomes of wheat could be observed throughout all meiotic stages in the triticale. For Kavkaz wheat, the presence of the translocated 1RS chromosome arm of rye was detected at the interphase or very early prophase stage. Rapid assessment of feasibility of gene transfers and detection of alien DNA in somatic cells at the interphase stage by in situ hybridization allows for rapid decision-making and saves time and expense in plant breeding programs.

Chromosomes↗
PubMed1995

Abundance, variability and chromosomal location of microsatellites in wheat.

The potential of microsatellite sequences as genetic markers in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) was investigated with respect to their abundance, variability, chromosomal location and usefulness in related species. By screening a lambda phage library, the total number of (GA)n blocks was estimated to be 3.6 x 10(4) and the number of (GT)n blocks to be 2.3 x 10(4) per haploid wheat genome. This results in an average distance of approximately 270 kb between these two microsatellite types combined. Based on sequence analysis data from 70 isolated microsatellites, it was found that wheat microsatellites are relatively long containing up to 40 dinucleotide repeats. Of the tested primer pairs, 36% resulted in fragments with a size corresponding to the expected length of the sequenced microsatellite clone. The variability of 15 microsatellite markers was investigated on 18 wheat accessions. Significantly, more variation was detected with the microsatellite markers than with RFLP markers with, on average, 4.6 different alleles per microsatellite. The 15 PCR-amplified microsatellites were further localized on chromosome arms using cytogenetic stocks of Chinese Spring. Finally, the primers for the 15 wheat microsatellites were used for PCR amplification with rye (Secale cereale) and barley accessions (Hordeum vulgare, H. spontaneum). Amplified fragments were observed for ten primer pairs with barley DNA and for nine primer pairs with rye DNA as template. A microsatellite was found by dot blot analysis in the PCR products of barley and rye DNA for only one primer pair.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Further insights on chromosomal pairing of autopolyploids: a triploid and tetraploids of rye.

Chromosomal pairing of one triploid and three tetraploid plants of rye, Secale cereale, was analyzed by electron microscopy in surface-spread prophase I nuclei and compared with light microscopic observations of metaphase I cells. Prophase I is characterized by: (i) the weak alignment showed by the three or four unsynapsed or partially homologous synapsed axes; (ii) the low number of pairing partner switches (PPSs) displayed by both trivalents and quadrivalents; and (iii) the existence of complex multivalents in which up to 13 chromosomes in the triploid and 22 chromosomes in the tetraploids were involved. However, only few heterologous chromosomal associations were maintained at metaphase I. The results obtained are discussed under the assumptions of the random end pairing model with some modifications.

Chromosome Banding↗