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PubMed1997

Career outcomes among medical vs. family service social workers in Israel.

The study compared perceptions of several organizational variables among medical and family service social workers in Israel. Three types of variables were examined: role characteristics (e.g., role ambiguity); job conditions (e.g., promotional opportunities); and career outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction). Among two groups of social workers, which operate in distinct practice settings and organizational cultures, significant differences were found in several of the variables measured. The medical social workers had a smaller caseload and more intensive contacts with clients than the family service workers. At the same time, the family service workers reported a much higher level of role ambiguity than their counterparts in the medical services. With regard to job conditions, the medical social workers reported less predictability and a higher degree of mastery than the family service workers. They also perceived themselves as having fewer promotional opportunities and financial rewards than their counterparts in the family services. Finally, the medical social workers scored higher in the area of service effectiveness and reported less burnout than the family service workers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strength through sharing: interdisciplinary teamwork in providing health and social services to northern native communities.

The delivery of health and social services in Canada's northern First Nations is undermined by the fact that professionals from outside and para-professionals from the communities often fail to respect one another's capabilities or to understand one another's roles and, consequently, do not work well together. This paper explores the personal, professional, and situational causes, using examples of mental health care in the Sioux Lookout Zone of northwestern Ontario. Arguing that an interdisciplinary team approach is the ideal and, perhaps, the only real way in which essential services can be delivered, the authors suggest ways to achieve more effective collaboration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Leadership/citizen participation: perceived impact of advocacy activities by people with physical disabilities on access to health care, attendant care and social services.

Increasingly, the climate of shrinking health care resources will impact access to health care for the people most vulnerable-those with disabilities. This study looked at the perceived impact of leadership and participation by people with physical disabilities and at their ability to gain increased access to health care, attendant care and social services. Respondents were randomly selected from Canada and the United States, from a pool of participants with physical disabilities serving in leadership roles within disability organizations in either country. Responses from a mail-out survey questionnaire were tabulated using logistic regression procedures to identify the perceived impact of advocacy activity on improved access to health care, attendant care and social ser- vices. Findings suggest that those who participated in advocacy activities were significantly more likely to feel that their action improved access to health care resources, attendant care resources and social services. Advocates also perceived the impact of access for their family, local organizations, and at a regional/national level. This study highlights the value of consumer/citizen participation, and the vital role this action can play in collaboration with social work professionals for system changes, health resource planning and policy development.

Canada↗
PubMed1976

Citizen participation in the decision-making activities of formal social service agencies: an unreasonable goal?

In the past, attempts by social service agencies to include nonprofessional area residents in program planning and policy-making activities have met with little success. Such failures may be due in part to mistrust and a feeling that the agencies and their programs have little relevance to the problems faced by most people. Perhaps an alternative way of developing resident participation in community action programs would be to move the planning and decision-making process away from the trained experts associated with formal institutions to the residents within the neighborhoods themselves. The people living within a defined community would decide which problems they wish to address, and then use resources available within the community to solve them.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Accessibility and quality to health social services in Italy for the patients with rare diseases: the opinion of associations].

This paper concerns the first phase of a study about the perception of social and health needs of people with rare diseases. The study was performed by the National Center for Rare Diseases at the Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS). The project wants to be an example of collaboration between the research and the association worlds. Responsible of Associations of Patients and their relatives were asked their opinion about the accessibility and quality of important features of health and social services (accessibility and quality of diagnostic, pharmacological, psychological and rehabilitative interventions, social support, school and vocational training, information that was given to relatives). An ad hoc questionnaire was developed through focus groups. The questionnaire was completed by 108 associations (26,5% of the associations thar are recorded in the ISS database). Average scores showed satisfaction only for some variables and a negative gradient north-south was observed. The most frequent complaints were about information, quality of school and job training services and availability of psychological support. The study showed an high level of dissatisfaction with availability, quality and integration health and social services.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2001

[A study of care workers of human resources in health-social services].

OBJECTS: In this study, we examine the relationship between job satisfaction(JS) and life satisfaction(LS) and the moderating effect of coping with JS and LS correlation (spillover) in order to obtain information of Human Resources Management for care workers in Health-Social service facilities. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to individuals working in geriatric care facilities and responses were returned from a total of 612 females aged 20 to 63. Subjects were classified into 3 groups according to their age. Relationships between JS and LS were examined by multiple regression analysis and the moderating effect of coping behavior on spillover was examined by comparison of correlation coefficients of spillovers between the high score group and low score groups based on scores for coping behavior. RESULTS: Several significant causal interrelations were seen between JS and LS such as JS of "work time and shift" and LS of "health", but a moderating effect of coping with spillover was seen only in the middle age group (35-49). CONCLUSION: The results showed the need in some way to consider non-work life besides work life in the actual personnel programs of Health-Social service facilities, and indicated that relationships between coping and spillover depend on the age.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

The mental health of children in homeless families and their contact with health, education and social services.

Previous research indicates that children in homeless families have a high risk of physical and mental illness. This study reports the initial stage of a longitudinal research programme to measure the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among parents and children in homeless families. A sample of parents in 113 homeless families were interviewed within 2 weeks of admission to seven homeless centres in the City of Birmingham, and compared with a sample of 29 low-income families who were not homeless. Both sets of interviews used the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), the Communication Domain of the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI), and height and weight percentiles. A sub-sample of children was also interviewed. The results indicate that 85% of families became homeless because of domestic or neighbourhood violence, that in 54% of families in homelessness coincided with the separation of the partners, and that 49% of mothers had current psychiatric morbidity. Children in homeless families had delayed communication and higher mean scores for mental health problems than the comparison sample. Homeless children were also more likely to have had histories of abuse, and less likely to have attended school or nursery school since becoming homeless. Homeless families had high rates of contact with primary healthcare and social services, but few had been in contact with specialist child and adolescent mental health services. These results indicate a need for a co-ordinated action by housing, social services, education, health services, and the police to prevent families from becoming homeless by protecting victims of domestic and neighbourhood violence from further violence and intimidation. Hence the need to rapidly re-house into permanent accommodation those who do become homeless, to maintain education for their children, and to ensure that such families have access to effective social support and healthcare.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Improving child maltreatment detection systems: a large-scale case study involving health, social services, and school professionals.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this 5-year study was to improve detection in two consecutive phases: (a) To close the gap between the number of identified cases and the actual number of cases of child abuse by increasing detection; and (b) To increase the possibility of a broader spectrum of detection. METHOD: The Balearic Islands (one of the Autonomous Communities of Spain, with 161,287 children under 18 years old) was selected as the study area. Phase 1: front-line professionals (181) from all the health and social services agencies were trained in detection. Phase 2, school professionals (251) from all schools in the territory were also trained. The independent factor was the intervention provided to the professionals with training and support. A pre-post design was used over the area, divided in territories, in which the program was gradually implemented to provide within-territory and between-territories controls. RESULTS: Phase 1: Comparison before-after implementation of the program showed that detection was tripled in the Balearic Islands (from .58 to 1.77 per 1,000 children). An unplanned generalization effect was found, and post hoc analysis considering only the islands showed the expected increase. Phase 2: A subsequent increased detection rate was found in Child Protection Services cases 2.18 per 1,000. Of those new cases, 24.5% came from schools, after controlling for duplication. CONCLUSIONS: This detection system showed positive changes after training and supporting frontline health and social services professionals. However, these professionals only have occasional contacts with the child population. Therefore, to broaden the spectrum of detection and to reach more maltreated children, who are less likely to be visible to CPS, it is necessary to train and support school professionals because of the frequency of their contacts with children on an almost daily basis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Health care and social services provided for the elderly in Hawaii: a study of the activities of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Diseases Association in Honolulu].

The purpose of this study is to develop helpful strategies to serve the elderly and their families in Japan. We conducted the study by spending three months at the Honolulu Chapter of the Alzheimer's Association, participating in various programs of the Association, conducting a literature search and interviewing various health and social services available to the caregivers and persons with Alzheimer's disease in Hawaii. From the study we make the following recommendations, which we feel would be very helpful if applied to the Japanese context; 1) The supply of information through educational videos and leaflets in caregiver support center and so on. 2) Active efforts to make widely known the social services in public place. 3) The promotion and development of the voluntary activities to increase services and resources for Japanese. 4) The promotion of caregiver support groups in the health care system of each Japanese community. 5) QOL (Quality of Life) programs for dementia patients among elderly such as reminiscence and life review therapy. 6) The development of the organization with the help of professionals and scholars of related fields.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Social services case-management for long-term mental disorders: a randomised controlled trial.

Case management arose in the USA as a solution to the difficulties of providing community care to people with severe mental disorders. The basic principle of the approach is that a case manager takes responsibility for a client; arranges an assessment of need, a comprehensive service plan, delivery of suitable services, and monitoring and assessment of services delivered. The case-management approach has been widely accepted, to the extent that recent legislation has made case-management the cornerstone of community care in the UK. We did a randomised controlled trial to evaluate a social services case-management team for people with long-term mental disorders. Subjects were referred from hostels for the homeless, night shelters, a general-practitioner clinic for the homeless, the Oxford City Council homelessness unit, and local voluntary-sector group homes. Of 103 subjects referred, 80 consented to be randomised to treatment or control groups. At 14-month follow-up, as assessed by standardised interviews, there were no significant differences between groups in number of needs, quality of life, employment status, quality of accommodation, social behaviour, or severity of psychiatric symptoms. In the case-management group there was a significant reduction in deviant behaviour on a standardised behaviour rating scale (REHAB) (mean = 0.79; 95% CI 0.26-1.32). It is unfortunate, in view of the limited effectiveness we have shown, that social services case-management was not evaluated in randomised controlled trials before its implementation in the UK.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Self-rated health as a risk factor for prescribed drug use and future health and social service use in older people.

BACKGROUND: Self-rated health is an independent predictor of mortality in older people. Recently, the need to explore other health outcomes that may be predicted by global self-ratings of health has been identified. The aim of this work was to explore the use of self-rated health as a predictor for future health and social service use and for use of prescribed medication. METHODS: 1042 community-dwelling people aged 65 and over living in Nottingham, United Kingdom, were interviewed in 1985, and survivors were reinterviewed in 1989 and 1993. Cox regression and logistic regression models were developed to see whether a self-rating of health was a predictor of 12-year mortality and of baseline, 4-year, and 8-year health and social service use and use of prescribed medication. RESULTS: Baseline self-rating of health was an independent risk factor for 12-year mortality, and for having seen the general practitioner, community nurse, home help support in the month before the interview, and for increased medication use. Baseline self-rating of health was also a risk factor for 4-year and 8-year use of these services and increased medication use, although it was not significant when baseline service/medication use was included in regression models. CONCLUSIONS: Self-rating of health not only predicts mortality, but is also useful for predicting long-term service and medication use among older people who live for a number of years.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Southern Appalachia: analytical models, social services, and native support systems.

It is argued that the analysis of social services in southern Appalachia benefits more from a model based on ethnicity than on more commonly used models based on lower socioeconomic status or rural residence. A theoretical model of ethnicity is generated which covers structural, cultural, and symbolic aspects. Results of an exploratory study of ethnic differences between Appalachians and non-Appalachians in a mountainous North Carolina county are presented which lend validity to the ethnicity model.

Appalachian Region↗
PubMed1991

Physician assistants as members of social service child protection units.

A nationwide survey of county departments of social services revealed a need for medical services and consultation to child protection units. Over 92% of the 84 counties surveyed stated they had a problem meeting their medical needs and would be willing to hire a physician assistant as medical consultant to their county's child protection team. No county refused to consider a physician assistant, but 7% felt their medical requirements were being met. Needs the counties most commonly identified were providing parent education/anticipatory guidance (69%), interviewing (65.5%), interpreting medical information to a multidisciplinary child protection team (58.3%), review of medical records (45.8%), and physical examinations (42.9%). Over 17% of the counties had money to fund a full-time physician assistant, and over 60% of the counties could provide a partial salary, with 70.5% willing to share a salary with adjacent counties and 76.9% with the county's public health department.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Assistance to the elderly as a common task of the family and social service organizations.

This paper reviews research findings from a December 1979 Austrian 'microcensus' comprising approximately 14,000 interviews of the population aged 60 and older. In comparison with earlier investigations, a fairly stable household structure can be observed. Half of the elderly live together with a spouse. Women are in a disadvantaged position, in view of the household composition; more than two-fifths live alone. Only one out of nine men lives alone. More than two-fifths of all aged Austrians with children live with them in the same house. Sixty percent of all of the elderly with children are visited at least once a week. There is a marked desire to receive more visits from children if elderly are visited by them less than once a week. Only a minority of the elderly are involved in 'help relations' with kin or non-kin. Elderly people report roughly the same amount of help received by and given to children. On the other hand, young or middle-aged members of the household report much more help given to than received by the elderly. Elderly receive far less financial support than they give to children. Nursing expectations are directed mainly towards the spouse. The unmarried express about the same nursing expectations in short-term emergencies as the married, if their children are living nearby. In the case of long-term care only the married with a child living in the same house express rather optimistic nursing expectations, whereas e.g. four-fifths of all childless unmarried women aged 75 and over cannot nominate anyone as care-giver. Even if there is additional help from formal organizations, almost half of all members of households giving aid to an old person express feelings of burden. The paper concludes that help by social service organizations is necessary because neither activities by the elderly themselves nor family assistance can compensate unfulfilled needs completely. Yet, social policy planning is in need of more knowledge about 'interaction effects' between family and social service organizations in order to carry out coordination and cooperation tasks efficiently.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

The SSD's (social services department) management challenge.

Health services managers are used to organisational change, but social services departments have been addressing, and are still facing, major challenges associated with implementing the changes to community care provision. Norma Raynes gives a perspective on local authorities' culture and bureaucracy, which need to change if the community care revolution is to be sustained.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1979

Are social workers turning a deaf ear? A study of social services to the deaf.

This study assessed the quality and quantity of social services received by deaf persons residing in Salt Lake County, Utah. It was found that although a majority of human service agencies in the county have had some contact with deaf clients, only those agencies that have made an effort to develop programs especially for the deaf and employ someone who is skilled in sign language could deliver services effectively to this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Use of faith-based social service providers in a representative sample of urban homeless women.

There are few quantitative studies on the characteristics of homeless persons who use faith-based social service providers. To help address the lack of information in this area, we analyzed survey data on 974 participants in the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Homeless Women's Health Study, a representative sample of homeless women at shelters and meal programs in Los Angeles County. The primary objective of this analysis was to estimate the association of religious affiliation, race/ethnicity, income, and other client characteristics with the use of faith-based programs. In interviews at 78 homeless shelters and meal programs, study respondents provided information about their religious affiliation and other social and demographic characteristics. The names of the organizations were examined, and those with names that referenced specific religions or contained words connoting religiosity were designated as "faith based." At the time they were selected for study participation, 52% of respondents were using the services of faith-based providers. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, lower odds of using these providers were estimated for participants with no religious affiliation (compared with Christian respondents) and for African Americans and Latinas (compared with whites). There is evidence of systematic differences between the clients of faith-based and secular social service providers. The benefits of increased funding through a federal faith-based policy initiative may accrue primarily to subgroups of clients already using faith-based programs.

Adolescent↗