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PubMed1996

Carbachol, but not forskolin, increases mucosal-to-serosal transport of intact protein in rat ileum in vitro.

The effects of the secretagogues forskolin and carbachol on protein uptake in isolated ileum of rats were studied. The mucosal-to-serosal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP, mol mass 40 kDa) was measured in Ussing chambers, and afterwards tissues were processed for electron microscopy. In the absence of secretagogues, the flux of enzymatically active HRP was 5 pmol.cm-2.h-1 at a mucosal concentration of 10 microM. Electron micrographs showed vesicles filled with active HRP in enterocytes but no HRP activity in intercellular spaces. Forskolin decreased HRP activity in the cells. Carbachol increased the amount of HRP-filled vesicles in enterocytes and induced HRP filling in some intercellular spaces and tight junctions in the upper parts of the villi. The transepithelial flux of intact HRP increased more than 2.5-fold. This effect was suppressed by atropine. We conclude that cholinergic activation can increase the uptake of intact protein via endocytosis and the transepithelial passage by the induction of a diffusional paracellular pathway. We speculate that the increased transport of intact protein through the intestinal barrier may influence immunologic sensitization to food allergens.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The hydroosmotic response of frog urinary bladder to serosal hypertonicity is dependent on adenylate cyclase for its maintenance and affected by [Cl-]o changes.

The role of adenylate cyclase (AC) in the maintenance of the hydroosmotic response to serosal hypertonicity (SH) in anuran urinary bladder is disputed. In this study, norepinephrine (NE) significantly reversed the hydroosmotic response of Rana temporaria bladders in hypertonic medium (330 mosmol/kgH2O). The reversal was inhibited by yohimbine but was unaffected by prazosin and propranolol, indicating that NE action was mediated via alpha2-adrenergic receptors. Preincubation of bladders with indomethacin did not interfere with the inhibitory action of NE, contraindicating a role for prostaglandins. The SH hydroosmotic response was abolished in the presence of 5-n-ethyl-N-isopropyl amiloride (EIPA), but the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hydroosmotic response was not. EIPA inhibits Na+/H+, known to be activated by cell shrinkage. An investigation of the anionic requirement of the SH hydroosmotic response revealed that replacement of bath Cl- with the nonpermeable anion gluconate reversibly abolished this response. In contrast, the hydroosmotic response to ADH was unaffected by Cl- removal; however, when Cl- was absent, it was no longer augmented in hypertonic bath. The SH response was inhibited by the Cl- channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoate but not by the Na/K/2Cl inhibitor bumetanide. Our results show that not only the onset but also the maintenance of the SH hydroosmotic response is dependent on AC activity and does not differ in this respect to the ADH hydroosmotic response. The effect of modifying extracellular Cl- concentration, suggests that this anion, possibly functionally linked with Na+/H+ activity, may be involved in invoking the SH hydroosmotic response in anuran urinary bladder.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed2003

How to interpret serum CA 125 levels in patients with serosal involvement? A clinical dilemma.

The clinical utility of tumor markers is limited due to their low specificity. CA 125, an ovarian tumor marker, is a sensitive but nonspecific tumor marker used especially in the follow-up of ovarian cancer for monitoring the efficacy of therapy and for early detection of recurrence. The use of the CA 125 serum assay as a single diagnostic tool is restricted by the fact that the antigen to CA 125 is also produced by normal epithelia (peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium). Since an elevated serum CA 125 level is a marker of ovarian cancer, a laparotomy is the final tool of the physician to clarify the etiology. However, unnecessary operations have been reported in the literature revealing no ovarian pathology (e.g. cirrhosis, tuberculous peritonitis or pancreatic cancer) in such patients. Elevated serum CA 125 levels require a cautious operative planning in patients without a notable tumor mass. A secondary interpretation is needed in case of elevated CA 125 levels whenever serosal (peritoneal, pleural, or pericardial) fluid is present.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed1993

Inhibition of copper-mediated oxidation of LDL by rat serosal mast cells. A novel cellular protective mechanism involving proteolysis of the substrate under oxidative stress.

Rat serosal mast cells, when stimulated to exocytose their cytoplasmic granules, effectively blocked the copper-mediated oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) in vitro. This effect depended on the proteolytic activity of the formed extracellular granule remnants, since specific inhibition of chymase, the neutral protease that they contain, blocked the protective effect of the mast cells. The mechanism of this chymase-mediated inhibition of LDL oxidation was found to be binding of the copper ions present in the incubation medium by peptides released from LDL on proteolytic degradation of their apolipoprotein B (apoB) component. This was verified by demonstrating that addition of such peptides to LDL--copper ion mixtures completely prevented oxidation of LDL and that this protective effect could be overcome by adding copper ions in excess. Furthermore, proteolytic degradation of the apoB of LDL, with concomitant release of copper-containing peptides, left the partially degraded apoB without the copper ions necessary for propagation of LDL oxidation. These observations provide the first evidence for cell-mediated inhibition of LDL oxidation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Native macromolecular heparin proteoglycans exocytosed from stimulated rat serosal mast cells strongly inhibit platelet-collagen interactions.

Mast cells, the major source of tissue heparin, line the vascular system. On stimulation, rat serosal mast cells release soluble heparin proteoglycans (HEP-PGs) of very high molecular weight (7500(K)). We compared the effects of HEP-PGs and standard heparins (average molecular weights, 15,000 and 5,000) on platelet-collagen interactions in vitro. In contrast with the standard heparins, HEP-PGs completely inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and serotonin release in platelet-rich plasma. The inhibition caused by HEP-PGs depended on its macromolecular structure. In flowing blood, HEP-PGs also inhibited platelet deposition on a collagen-coated surface both at low and high shear rates. Although HEP-PGs did not block glycoprotein (GP) Ia/IIa-mediated platelet adhesion, they attenuated subsequent platelet activation and aggregation, as well as fibrinogen binding to platelets after collagen stimulation. HEP-PGs did not bind to platelets but bound tightly to von Willebrand factor (vWf) and enhanced its binding to collagen. Although platelet adhesion at high shear rate and vWf binding to GP Ib after ristocetin stimulation were not markedly affected, HEP-PGs reduced thrombin-induced aggregation and vWf binding to GP IIb/IIIa. These findings imply that activation of vascular mast cells with ensuing secretion of HEP-PGs may locally attenuate the thrombogenicity of matrix collagen by inhibiting its platelet-activating capacity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heparin proteoglycans released from rat serosal mast cells inhibit proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells in culture.

-Mast cells are present in the human arterial intima. To study whether mast-cell degranulation influences the rate of proliferation of smooth muscle cells, we cocultured sensitized (IgE-bearing) rat serosal mast cells and rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). When sensitized mast cells were stimulated to degranulate with antigen, the rate of proliferation of the cocultured SMCs decreased sharply. This inhibitory effect was found to be due mainly to the very high molecular weight (Mr) heparin proteoglycans (average Mr 750 000) released from the stimulated mast cells. When the heparin proteoglycans were purified from mast-cell granule remnants and added to the SMC culture, they were found to block the cell cycle at the G0-->S transition and the exit from the G2/M phase, their inhibitory effect resembling that of commercial heparin. However, in contrast to the reported dependence of the inhibitory effect of commercial heparin on the release of transforming growth factor-beta from serum, the inhibitory effect of the mast cell-derived heparin proteoglycans in the presence of serum was not transforming growth factor-beta dependent. Moreover, the effect of the mast cell-derived heparin proteoglycans was more efficient than that of commercial heparins of high (average Mr 15 000) and low (average Mr 5000) molecular weight. We also purified heparin glycosaminoglycans (average Mr 75 000) from the mast cell-derived heparin proteoglycans and found that they also inhibited SMC growth efficiently, although less strongly than their parent heparin proteoglycans. These results reveal, for the first time, that mast cells are able to regulate SMC growth. Thus, activated mast cells, by releasing heparin proteoglycans, possibly participate in the regulation of SMC growth in the human arterial intima, the site of atherogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Selective response of human airway epithelia to luminal but not serosal solution hypertonicity. Possible role for proximal airway epithelia as an osmolality transducer.

The response of cultured human nasal epithelia to hypertonic bathing solutions was tested using ion-selective microelectrode and quantitative microscopy. Raised luminal, but not serosal, osmolality (+/- 150 mM mannitol) decreased Na+ absorption but did not induce Cl- secretion. Raised luminal osmolality increased cell Cl- activity, Na+ activity, and transepithelial resistance and decreased both apical and basolateral membrane potentials and the fractional resistance of the apical membrane; equivalent circuit analysis revealed increases in apical, basolateral, and shunt resistances. Prolonged exposure (10 min) to 430 mosM luminal solution elicited no regulation of any parameter. Optical measurements revealed a reduction in the thickness of preparations only in response to luminal hypertonic solutions. We conclude that (a) airway epithelial cells exhibit asymmetric water transport properties, with the apical membrane water permeability exceeding that of the basolateral membrane; (b) the cellular response to volume loss is a deactivation of the basolateral membrane K+ conductance and the apical membrane Cl- conductance; (c) luminal hypertonicity slows the rate of Na+ absorption but does not induce Cl- secretion; and (d) cell volume loss increases the resistance of the paracellular path. We speculate that these properties configure human nasal epithelium to behave as an osmotic sensor, transducing information about luminal solutions to the airway wall.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evidence for incorporation of free-floating mesothelial cells as a mechanism of serosal healing.

Regeneration of the mesothelium is unlike that of other epithelial-like surfaces, as healing does not occur solely by centripetal migration of cells from the wound edge. The mechanism of repair of mesothelium is controversial, but it is widely accepted, without compelling evidence, that pluripotent cells beneath the mesothelium migrate to the surface and differentiate into mesothelial cells. In this study we examined an alternative hypothesis, using in vivo cell-tracking studies, that repair involves implantation, proliferation and incorporation of free-floating mesothelial cells into the regenerating mesothelium. Cultured mesothelial cells, fibroblasts and peritoneal lavage cells were DiI- or PKH26-PCL-labelled and injected into rats immediately following mesothelial injury. Implantation of labelled cells was assessed on mesothelial imprints using confocal microscopy, and cell proliferation was determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunolabelling. Incorporation of labelled cells, assessed by the formation of apical junctional complexes, was shown by confocal imaging of zonula occludens-1 protein. Labelled cultured mesothelial and peritoneal lavage cells, but not cultured fibroblasts, implanted onto the wound surface 3, 5 and 8 days after injury. These cells proliferated and incorporated into the regenerated mesothelium, as demonstrated by nuclear proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining and membrane-localised zonula occludens-1 expression, respectively. Furthermore, immunolocalisation of the mesothelial cell marker HBME-1 demonstrated that the incorporated, labelled lavage-derived cells were mesothelial cells and not macrophages as it had previously been suggested. This study has clearly shown that serosal healing involves implantation, proliferation and incorporation of free-floating mesothelial cells into the regenerating mesothelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Lysophosphatidylserine enhances exogenous type II phospholipase A2-induced activation of rat serosal mast cells.

We have previously shown that exogenous type II phospholipase A2 (PLA2) alone elicits degranulation of mast cells, including rat serosal mast cells (SMC) and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC). Here we report that lysophosphatidylserine (lysoPS), a co-factor for activation of rodent SMC in response to some tyrosine kinase-coupled agonists, enhanced type II PLA2-elicited histamine release from rat SMC. In contrast, mouse BMMC was insensitive to lysoPS. Our findings demonstrate a novel route for activation of SMC in that type II PLA2 can act as a direct activator of SMC with enhancement by lysoPS, which is generated from membrane phosphatidylserine possibly by the action of the same enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Laparoscopic-assisted enterostomy tube placement and full-thickness biopsy of the jejunum with serosal patching in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To develop laparoscopic-assisted techniques for enterostomy feeding tube placement and full-thickness biopsy of the jejunum in dogs. ANIMALS: 15 healthy dogs. PROCEDURE Dogs were anesthetized, and positive pressure ventilation was provided. A trocar cannula for the laparoscope was inserted on the ventral midline caudal to the umbilicus. For enterostomy tube placement, a second trocar cannula was placed lateral to the right rectus abdominis muscle, and a Babcock forceps was used to grasp the duodenum and elevate it to the incision made for the cannula. The duodenum was sutured to the abdominal wall, and a feeding tube was inserted. For jejunal biopsy, a third trocar cannula was placed lateral to the left rectus abdominis muscle. A portion of jejunum was elevated to the incision for the second or third cannula, and a full-thickness biopsy specimen was obtained. A second specimen was obtained from another portion of jejunum, and retention sutures for the 2 biopsy sites were tied so that serosal surfaces of the biopsy sites were apposed to each other. Dogs were euthanatized 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: The enterostomy tube was properly positioned and functional in all 8 dogs that underwent laparoscopic-assisted enterostomy tube placement, and sufficient samples for histologic examination were obtained from all 7 dogs that underwent laparoscopic-assisted jejunal biopsy. None of the dogs had any identifiable problems after surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that in dogs, laparoscopic-assisted procedures for enterostomy tube placement and jejunal biopsy are an acceptable alternative to procedures performed during a laparotomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Inhibitory effects of organotin compounds on histamine release from rat serosal mast cells.

Tributyltin inhibited compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat serosal mast cells in a dose-related manner. Triphenyltin and tripropyltin also showed a strong inhibitory effect on the histamine release and the degree of the inhibition was the same as that of tributyltin. The inhibitory effects of other organometals were much smaller than those of the organotins. Tributyltin and triphenyltin also showed a tendency to inhibit histamine release induced by concanavalin A + phosphatidylserine and calcium ionophore A 23187. The present results suggest that certain triorganotin compounds may have a specific inhibitory effect on histamine release by acting on the same process in each of the three stimulus responses.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Measurement of peritoneal fluid pH in patients with non-serosal invasive gastric cancer.

The accurate pH range of peritoneal fluid is clinically valuable for the evaluation of some pathological conditions of the body, however, it is not easy to measure in healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to measure; pH, pCO2, pO2, Na+, K++, Ca++, HCO3-, and O2 saturation of the peritoneal fluid in patients with non-serosal invasive gastric cancer. One hundred and thirty four patients (86 men and 48 women), ranging in age from 24 to 91 years were enrolled in this study. After opening the abdominal wall, the probe of a portable pH meter was placed in the peritoneal fluid in the subhepatic space. In addition, I collected the peritoneal fluid from the subhepatic space to measure, pH, pCO2, pO2, Na+, K++, Ca++, HCO3-, and O2 saturation using an autoanalyzer. The pHs of the peritoneal fluids tested has a mean of 7.73 (range 7.46 - 8.10), and the other parameters were pCO2, 22.81 mmHg; pO2, 136.49 mmHg; Na+, 146.57 mmol/L; K++, 4.80 mmol/L; Ca++, 0.89 mmol/L; HCO3-, 30.54 mmol/L, and O2 saturation, 99.74%. This study describes a practical method of measuring the pH of peritoneal fluid. The result obtained reflects the normal adult peritoneal pH value, which I propose as a reference value.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Splenic hemangiopericytoma and serosal cavernous hemangiomatosis of the adjacent colon.

A healthy 31-years-old man presented with a three-year history of abdominal discomfort. Radiological examinations revealed multifocal tumoral lesions in the spleen. The patient underwent splenectomy for differential diagnosis and treatment. During the operation, in addition to the splenic masses, there were also multiple millimetric purpuric-like lesions on the colonic serosal surfaces adjacent to the splenic hilus. One of them was excised. Histologic examination showed hemangiopericytoma of the spleen and cavernous hemangioma of the adjacent colon. This is the first report showing the close association of these two distinct lesions with vascular origin in the literature. Despite not having any apparent evidence, there may be a sequential relationship between the hemangiopericytoma of the spleen and cavernous hemangiomas.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prognostic factors of advanced gastric carcinoma without serosal invasion (pT2 gastric carcinoma).

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic factors of advanced gastric carcinoma without serosal invasion (pT2 gastric carcinoma), for the planning of therapeutic strategy. METHODOLOGY: Prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis in a total of 304 curatively resected pT2 gastric carcinoma patients in whom the tumor invaded the muscularis propria or the subserosa. RESULTS: Macroscopic type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and venous invasion were significantly related to outcome, using univariate analysis. Lesions resembling early gastric carcinoma had better prognosis than lesions belonging to one of the Borrmann types. Multivariate analysis (Cox's proportional hazards model) demonstrated that macroscopic type, lymph node metastasis and venous invasion, but not depth of invasion, were significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Macroscopic appearance, lymph node metastasis and venous invasion were the important prognostic factors of pT2 gastric carcinoma. Extensive lymph node dissection and aggressive post-operative chemotherapy should be performed, especially in Borrmann type lesions with lymph node metastasis.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A simple novel method of biliary drainage: gallbladder serosal wrapping after open choledochotomy.

In this study, we developed a new, simple technique for biliary drainage after open choledochotomy of choledocholithiasis. After the absence of intraductal stones was established by operative cholangiography and cholangioscopy, preserved gallbladder serosal wrapping was performed by inclosing a polyethylene tube (C-tube), which was inserted from the cystic duct to optimal portion of choledochus, within the gallbladder bed, with continuous suture of the preserved serosa of the gallbladder using 4-0 absorbable thread. This method was used in the cases of 8 patients. There was neither bile leakage nor residual bile duct stones. The C-tube could be removed after 7 days following surgery. The average hospital stay was 12.3 +/- 6.6 days. We propose that this procedure would be very simple and useful, and it would significantly shorten hospital stays after open choledochotomy of choledocholithiasis.

Drainage↗
PubMed2002

CT findings in eosinophilic enterocolitis with predominantly serosal and muscular bowel wall infiltration.

A 44-year-old female presented with tenderness of her abdomen, vomiting, intestinal obstruction, hypoalbuminemia and blood eosinophilia. Gastroscopy was normal and colonoscopic biopsies showed only non-specific inflammation of the colonic mucosa and submucosa. CT revealed large amounts of ascites and bilateral pleural effusions but eosinophil counts in the ascites were normal. At CT the jejunum was dilated and showed marked prominence of the valvulae whereas the ileum and the colon presented with a diffuse and hypoattenuating bowel wall thickening. The bowel wall thickening was most pronounced in the colon which especially showed also an impressive thickening and hyperenhancement mainly of its outer bowel wall layers. Parasitic infection could be excluded as well as a specific allergic response. In context with the known blood eosinophilia the diagnosis of an eosinophilic enterocolitis was suspected already by CT but finally only surgical full thickness biopsies could confirm the rare diagnosis of an eosinophilic enterocolitis with predominantly serosal and muscular bowel wall infiltration.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Muscosal and serosal effects of insulin on ion contents of the frog urinary bladder.

When applied in vitro at the serosal border of the bladder of Rana temporaria insulin (1.7.10(-5) M) brings about a decrease in the tissue sodium content, suggesting a stimulation of the pump extruding sodium ions from epithelial cells. On the other hand, the application of insulin at the two sides of the bladder results in a significant increase of the sodium content of the tissue. It is hence concluded that the contact of the hormone with the mucosal membranes of the epithelial cells of the bladder enhances sodium entry across the membranes. The effect if so pronounced that it obscures the stimulation of the pumps localized at the opposite pole of the cells.

Animals↗