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PubMedDate not supplied

Academic self-concept, interest, grades, and standardized test scores: reciprocal effects models of causal ordering.

Reciprocal effects models of longitudinal data show that academic self-concept is both a cause and an effect of achievement. In this study this model was extended to juxtapose self-concept with academic interest. Based on longitudinal data from 2 nationally representative samples of German 7th-grade students (Study 1: N = 5,649, M age = 13.4; Study 2: N = 2,264, M age = 13.7 years), prior self-concept significantly affected subsequent math interest, school grades, and standardized test scores, whereas prior math interest had only a small effect on subsequent math self-concept. Despite stereotypic gender differences in means, linkages relating these constructs were invariant over gender. These results demonstrate the positive effects of academic self-concept on a variety of academic outcomes and integrate self-concept with the developmental motivation literature.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Self-perceived age changes in sex role self concept.

A prospective/retrospective study of sex role self concept was conducted in order to explore the hypothesis that adult men and women experience a convergence of sex roles in later life. Young (age seventeen to twenty-nine), middle aged (age thirty to fifty-nine), and older (age sixty to eighty-five) adults (twenty-one male, forty-one female in each group) rated themselves on Bem Sex Role Inventory items, first describing themselves at age twenty, next at age forty-five, and finally at age seventy. Self-perceived age changes in sex role self concept reported by these three groups of adults produced strikingly similar patterns. In each case, both men and women evidenced high masculine self descriptions related to middle age (projected age forty-five) followed by decreases in masculinity in later life (projected age seventy). Only the projections of middle aged respondents displayed even marginally significant evidence in favor of sex role convergence.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Aging, chronic illness and self-concept: a study of women with osteoporosis.

The coalescence of aging and chronic illness may alter the relationships between the meanings of aging and chronic illness and the self-concept. Using Rosenberg's conceptualization of self-concept (1979), a qualitative study was designed and data collected from twenty-eight women with osteoporosis. Three types of self-concepts emerged from the data: the confident self, the contradictory self and the disparaged self. A description of these types is presented highlighting the reciprocal relationship among meanings of aging and chronic illness and self-concept and including discussion of the strategies used to enhance, protect and maintain self-concept despite changes brought on by aging and chronic illness.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Changes in self-concept during pulmonary rehabilitation, Part 1.

The purpose of this two-part study was to describe changes in self-concept during and after a formal pulmonary rehabilitation program. A 20-item semantic meaning differential scale was administered to 37 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who were participating in a multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation program. Patients were asked to evaluate their past, present, and future selves on program admission, on program discharge, and 2 to 6 months after home discharge. Mean total self-concept score for the present self significantly increased between program admission and home discharge 3 weeks later (mean change 31.32 +/- 22.04, p less than 0.0001). No significant declines in self-concept were found 2 to 6 months after home discharge (p = 0.39). Men showed a significantly higher change in total self-concept score than women during the 3-week program (p = 0.03). However, the men's change score dropped significantly after home discharge (p = 0.02), suggesting a need for more intensive follow-up care than with women. The self-concept tool in this study provided an easy way to monitor subjective changes in psychologic status.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Global and multidimensional self-concept as a predictor of health practices in middle adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between global and multidimensional aspects of self-concept and the health practices of adolescents. METHODS: A total of 195 adolescents, ages 14-17, who attended two Senior high schools within rural county in a Southeastern state completed research questionnaires. RESULTS: The adolescents in this sample scored average or slightly above average for global self-concept on the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale. Adolescents scored lowest in the health-related behavior of time spent eating a balanced diet and highest in the area of safety. The single highest correlation between self-concept and self-care practices was between the total health practice score and global self-concept. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that an individual's knowledge, feelings of worth related to status at school, and level of anxiety and stress are important predictors of health behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

On developing self-concepts: a controlled study of children and adolescents with autism.

This study employed the self-understanding interview of Damon and Hart (1988) to assess the self-concepts of two groups of children and adolescents: a group of individuals with autism and a group of nonautistic mentally retarded individuals who were matched for age and for verbal ability. On the basis of an hypothesis concerning the interpersonal origins of social and psychological self-concepts (Hobson, 1990; Neisser, 1988), it was predicted that the participants with autism would show a relative dearth of such concepts in their talk about themselves. In accordance with our predictions, there was a significant group difference in the number and quality of statements that fell into the social category of self-concept; contrary to our predictions, however, there was no group difference in the number of statements that fell into the psychological category. In addition, although there were not significant group differences in the overall production of verbally expressed concepts concerning self-attributes of a physical, active, or psychological kind, even within these categories individuals with autism made fewer references to social interactions or qualities. These results are discussed with regard to theories of self-concept development in typically developing as well as autistic and mentally retarded individuals, and with reference to the limitations of interpersonal understanding ("theory of mind") in people with autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Causal ordering of physical self-concept and exercise behavior: reciprocal effects model and the influence of physical education teachers.

Does prior physical self-concept influence subsequent exercise behavior? On the basis of a large sample of physical education classes (2,786 students, 200 classes, 67 teachers) collected early (Time 1) and late (Time 2) in the school year, findings support a reciprocal effects model in which prior physical self-concept and exercise behavior both influence subsequent physical self-concept and exercise behavior. Whereas variables from the theory of planned behavior (TOPB; behavioral intentions, perceived behavioral control, exercise attitudes) also contributed to the prediction of subsequent exercise behavior, the effect of prior physical self-concept was significant for subsequent outcomes after controlling these variables, suggesting that the TOPB should be supplemented with self-concept measures. On the basis of multilevel models, there were systematic differences in these variables for students taught by different teachers that generalized over time and across different classes taught by the same teacher. Support for the reciprocal effects model was robust.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Spectacles, contact lenses, and children's self-concepts: a longitudinal study.

The purpose of this study was to search for changes in children's self-concepts after the replacement of their spectacles with contact lenses. From a sample of 125 children 10- to 13-years-old who wore spectacles, 69 children were randomly designated to receive contact lenses. Over a 3-year span, self-concepts of the children who retained their spectacles and the children who switched to contact lenses were monitored for changes. Self-concept measures of the two groups did not change at significantly different rates, nor did rate of change vary with severity of myopia or how long glasses had been worn before the children entered the study, but boys' self-concepts changed more than girls' self-concepts. Theoretical and clinical implications of these results are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Surviving cancer: the importance of sexual self-concept.

Sexual self-schemas are cognitive generalizations regarding sexual aspects of the self; they represent a core component of one's sexuality. We contend that individual differences in sexual self-view are an important cognitive diathesis for predicting sexual difficulty or dysfunction. We illustrate the role of sexual self-schemas in sexual behavior and responsiveness in healthy female and male samples. Next, we examine the diathetic properties of sexual self-schemas. Finally, we discuss an empirical test of the proposed diathesis-stress interaction, reviewing the role of women's sexual self-views on sexual morbidity following diagnosis and treatment for gynecologic cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Comparative self-concept variances of school children in two English-speaking West African nations.

This study examined the self-concepts of elementary school children in Grades 2, 4, 6, and 8, from two West African nations, Ghana and Gambia. Measures of self-concept in the areas of physical maturity, peer relations, academic success, and school adaptiveness were obtained from 195 Ghanaian and 156 Gambian students. The mean scores of the students were subjected to a series of three-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs). The independent variables were sex, grade level, and nationality. The overall analyses revealed grade level as the most potent variable in the self-concept development of both groups, whereas the sex variable indicated interaction with grade level only in Gambian children. The self-esteem of the children in both nations in the areas of physical maturity, peer relations, and academic success was relatively high and stable. Self-concept developmental patterns showed differences across grade levels in the four self-concept areas being tested.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-concept and health status in elementary-school-aged children.

The purpose of this descriptive, correlational study was to measure the relationship between self-concept and physical fitness, health indicators, and health habits in elementary-school-aged children. Instruments included the Martinek-Zaichowsky Self-Concept Scale for Children and a self-administered questionnaire for parents pertaining to family health habits and health history. Children (N = 61) were screened for health and fitness indicators: height, weight, body mass index, 1-mile walk-run time, shuttle run time, and number of curl-ups. Results showed a positive relationship between self-concept and regular exercise and between self-concept and curl-ups. No gender difference was noted in the relationship between self-concept and physical fitness.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed1997

Sexual self-concept and sexual risk-taking.

Data are presented from a postal survey of 474 randomly selected 16-19-year-olds from one U.K. suburban area. A 14-item Sexual Self-Concept Checklist was used to explore the structure of the differences between male and female sexual identities. Two main dimensions in male sexual self-concept emerged: the socio-emotional (romance, sensitivity, eroticism) and the relational (exploitative, seductive, experimental). Female sexual self-concept revolved around concerns with assertiveness (unwillingness to have sex before marriage, controlling when sex occurs, pretending to enjoy sex). Internally reliable scales were constructed for these aspects of the sexual self-concept and were found to relate to both sexual and other forms of risk-taking likely to endanger health. Males with a high relational emphasis in their sexual self-concept were less likely to have had sex and less likely to use alcohol or tobacco. Females with a greater assertiveness score were less likely to be virgins, had had more sexual partners and consumed more alcohol and tobacco. They were not, however, less likely to use condoms. It is concluded that models seeking to explain health behaviours in adolescence should incorporate estimates of the significance of the behaviour for stable aspects of the self-concept. It is further argued that the structure of the sexual self-concept is significantly influenced by dominant social representations of gender differences and relationships. Both identity and social representational processes need to be considered if a comprehensive model of health behaviour is to be evolved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Memory perspective and self-concept in social anxiety: an exploratory study.

The mental representation of self and observer perspective images are important maintaining factors in cognitive models of social phobia (Clark & Wells, 1995; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997). This study investigates Libby and Eibach's (2002) hypothesis that the observer perspective is used to recall memories that are incongruent with current self-concept. A total of 60 participants (divided into high and low social anxiety groups) completed a questionnaire in which they described current self-concept, recalled four memories of social occasions (two congruent, two incongruent), and rated memory age and vividness. Congruence was defined as memories that "fit" with current self-descriptions. A qualitative analysis of self-concept showed that both groups used a similar range of themes. High socially anxious participants recalled more observer perspective memories in the second incongruent memory. Congruence did not influence vividness, but public self-consciousness did. The implications of the results are discussed and suggestions made for future research.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1986

The relationship between self-concept and selected academic and personal factors.

One-hundred sixty-five high school students were the subjects in a study to determine if selected personal and academic variables were predictive of self-concept scores. The full model was moderately predictive of self-esteem, accounting for approximately 46% of the variance of the criterion variable. Also, it was found that, as a subset of variables, both academic and personal variables made a significant, unique contribution to the prediction of self-concept scores. Of the eleven independent variables used in this study, it was noted that grade point average, extracurricular activities, health, and home life individually made a unique contribution to the prediction of self-concept scores. These four variables also were found to be significantly correlated with self-concept. Other independent variables found to be significantly correlated with self-concept were: parents married and parents divorced. However, these variables were not considered as making a unique contribution to the prediction of self-concept.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

New graduate nurse self-concept and retention: a longitudinal survey.

Graduate nurse attrition is an increasing phenomenon within a world of decreasing nursing numbers. The newly developed nursing self-concept of the graduate nurse may provide a key indicator for predicting graduate retention. This study explores the development of multiple dimensions of nursing self-concept and examines their relationship to graduate nurse retention plans. A descriptive survey design with repeated measures was utilised to assess nurse self-concept and retention plans. The key findings suggest that multiple dimensions of graduate nurse self-concepts rise significantly in the second half of their graduate year and that nurse general self-concept is a strong predictor of graduate nurse retention. The implications of this study are that monitoring of self-concept throughout the transitional period for new nurses can lead to early detection and appropriate intervention strategies thereby improving retention rates for new nurses.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Self-concept clarity and preferred coping styles.

This study examined the relation between self-concept clarity and (a) preferred general coping styles, (b) coping with a specific event, and (c) coping with a specific ongoing situation in 175 undergraduate students. The results of the regression analyses for general coping styles indicated that self-concept clarity made a reliable but weak positive contribution to active coping styles (e.g., planning and taking action) and a strong negative contribution to passive coping styles (e.g, denial). The unique negative contribution of self-concept clarity to passive coping was replicated with respect to coping with a specific event and to coping with a specific ongoing situation. However, the weaker positive contribution of self-concept clarity to active coping was not replicated with respect to coping with specific events or specific ongoing situations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

The effects of a computer skill training programme adopting social comparison and self-efficacy enhancement strategies on self-concept and skill outcome in trainees with physical disabilities.

PURPOSE: The aim of this controlled, quasi-experimental study was to evaluate the effects of both self-efficacy enhancement and social comparison training strategy on computer skills learning and self-concept outcome of trainees with physical disabilities. METHOD: The self-efficacy enhancement group comprised 16 trainees, the tutorial training group comprised 15 trainees, and there were 25 subjects in the control group. Both the self-efficacy enhancement group and the tutorial training group received a 15 week computer skills training course, including generic Chinese computer operation, Chinese word processing and Chinese desktop publishing skills. The self-efficacy enhancement group received training with tutorial instructions that incorporated self-efficacy enhancement strategies and experienced self-enhancing social comparisons. The tutorial training group received behavioural learning-based tutorials only, and the control group did not receive any training. The following measurements were employed to evaluate the outcomes: the Self-Concept Questionnaire for the Physically Disabled Hong Kong Chinese (SCQPD), the computer self-efficacy rating scale and the computer performance rating scale. RESULTS: The self-efficacy enhancement group showed significantly better computer skills learning outcome, total self-concept, and social self-concept than the tutorial training group. The self-efficacy enhancement group did not show significant changes in their computer self-efficacy: however, the tutorial training group showed a significant lowering of their computer self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: The training strategy that incorporated self-efficacy enhancement and positive social comparison experiences maintained the computer self-efficacy of trainees with physical disabilities. This strategy was more effective in improving the learning outcome (p = 0.01) and self-concept (p = 0.05) of the trainees than the conventional tutorial-based training strategy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-concept and woman abuse: a rural and cultural perspective.

The prevalence of woman abuse has serious community health ramifications because of its associated psychological responses. Theoretical frameworks have described behaviors arising from interpersonal interactions as being affected by self-concept. Therefore, assessing self-concept is critical in research and practice for understanding the behavior of abused women and the effects of self-concept on the physical self. This research arose from clinical practice in a rural Mexican American and non-Hispanic white community. The practice focused on individual and group counseling for women and adolescents in abusive relationships. This study was conducted to refine the theoretical basis for interventions related to self-concept and woman abuse for rural Mexican American and non-Hispanic white women.

Case-Control Studies↗