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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Motor Activity Assessment Scale: a valid and reliable sedation scale for use with mechanically ventilated patients in an adult surgical intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the validity and reliability of a new sedation scale, the Motor Activity Assessment Scale (MAAS). DESIGN: Prospective, psychometric evaluation. SETTING: Sixteen-bed surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of a 937-bed tertiary care, university-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-five randomly selected, adult, mechanically ventilated, nonneurosurgical patients who were admitted to the SICU > or = 12 hrs after surgery and were not receiving neuromuscular blockers. INTERVENTION: Four hundred assessments (eight per patient) were completed consecutively but independently, in pairs, at standardized times (both day and night) by two nurses who were preselected for each assessment from a pool of 32 pretrained SICU nurses. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: To estimate validity, paired assessments (four/patient) compared the MAAS result with the subjective assessment using a 10-cm visual analog sedation scale, the percent change in blood pressure and heart rate from the previous 4-hr baselines, and the number of recent agitation-related sequelae. To estimate reliability, paired assessments (four/patient) measured correlation between assessments of the same type (e.g., MAAS-MAAS). Generalized estimating equations, which accounted for the four repeated measures in each patient, supported MAAS validity by finding a linear trend between MAAS and the visual analog scale (p < .001), blood pressure (p < .001), heart rate (p < .001), and agitation-related sequelae (p < .001) end points. The MAAS (kappa = 0.83 [95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 0.94]) was found to be more reliable than subjective assessment using the visual analog scale (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.32 [95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.55]). CONCLUSIONS: The MAAS is a valid and reliable sedation scale for use with mechanically ventilated patients in the SICU. Further studies are warranted regarding the effect of MAAS implementation in our SICU on patient outcomes, such as quality of sedation and length of mechanical ventilation, as well as the use of the MAAS in other patient populations (e.g., medical).

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Persistence of small-scale anisotropies and anomalous scaling in a model of magnetohydrodynamics turbulence

The problem of anomalous scaling in magnetohydrodynamics turbulence is considered within the framework of the kinematic approximation, in the presence of a large-scale background magnetic field. The velocity field is Gaussian, delta-correlated in time, and scales with a positive exponent xi. Explicit inertial-range expressions for the magnetic correlation functions are obtained; they are represented by superpositions of power laws with nonuniversal amplitudes and universal (independent of the anisotropy and forcing) anomalous exponents. The complete set of anomalous exponents for the pair correlation function is found nonperturbatively, in any space dimension d, using the zero-mode technique. For higher-order correlation functions, the anomalous exponents are calculated to O(xi) using the renormalization group. The exponents exhibit a hierarchy related to the degree of anisotropy; the leading contributions to the even correlation functions are given by the exponents from the isotropic shell, in agreement with the idea of restored small-scale isotropy. Conversely, the small-scale anisotropy reveals itself in the odd correlation functions: the skewness factor is slowly decreasing going down to small scales and higher odd dimensionless ratios (hyperskewness, etc.) dramatically increase, thus diverging in the r-->0 limit.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale: a further development of the Chalfont Seizure Severity Scale.

Seizure severity scales have recently been identified as an important additional outcome measure in trials of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale (NHS3) is presented as a refined version of the Chalfont Seizure Severity Scale. The principal advantages of the new version are that it is quicker and simpler to apply, the limits of reliability are now clearly defined, and construct validity for the scale is available. The scale is administered by a health professional during an interview with a patient and a witness to the seizures. It contains seven seizure-related factors and generates a score from 1 to 27. An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.90 was obtained during interobserver and test-retest reliability assessment, suggesting that the scale is sufficiently reliable for group studies. Scores for an individual patient should be interpreted with caution in light of the limits of agreement obtained. Validation experiments indicate that NHS3 measures seizure severity in a manner compatible with the subjective impression of people with epilepsy. We suggest that the NHS3 is a valid, easily applicable measure of seizure severity that is acceptably reliable for use in trials of novel AEDs.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The Rutter Parent Scale A2 and Teacher Scale B2 in Chinese. II. Clinical validity among Chinese children.

This is the second of two papers about the Rutter Scales A2 and B2 among Chinese children in Hong Kong. A consecutive series of patients (n = 124) suffering from emotional and conduct disorders is compared with two control groups. Similarities and differences were found when compared with Rutter's original work. In particular, not all the items could differentiate between patients and controls. But with total scores constructed according to local standards the combined sensitivity of both Scales was highly satisfactory (96% for boys and 93% for girls). No combined specificity was available owing to the design of the study, but the respective value for individual Scales was satisfactory (using optimal cut-off points the lowest specificity was 74% for Scale A2 in boys). Their discriminative power for conduct and emotional disorders was good except in the case of A2 with emotionally disordered girls where only 13% of the cases were correctly identified. Again except A2 in girls the compositions of the anti-social and neurotic subscores of both Scales among Chinese children were similar to that for English children. It appears that these two simple Scales do have important potentials among Chinese children.

Child↗
PubMed1998

A statistical investigation of the scaling factor method of beta-ray dose distribution derivation: the scaling factor for water to bone.

Reliable methods of estimating doses are essential for the use of beta emitting radionuclides for radiotherapy. The passage of electrons through matter is a very complex phenomenon due to the large number of elastic and inelastic interactions resulting in scattering and energy losses. The analytical solution for the electron transport being intractable, the problem has been addressed by the Monte Carlo technique. Empirical or semiempirical less time consuming methods, such as the scaling factor method, may appear more preferable in practice when dealing with complicated source distributions. The method, proposed by Cross and co-workers [AECL Report Nos. AECL-1617 (1982), AECL 10521 (1992)] consists in the derivation of beta-ray dose distribution in other media from those in water by using a "scaling factor" or "relative attenuation factor" on distance and a closely related renormalization factor imposed by the energy conservation. This work investigates the accuracy of the scaling factor method using a statistical approach, a generalized chi 2 test, focusing on the particular case of potential interest, the scaling factor for water to bone. The direct comparison of the shapes of the depth dose deposition curves in the two media indicates discrepancies of less than 5% up to at least 60% of the range in bone, a depth within which 95% of the initial energy is deposited. The scaling factor derived by this method, 0.9720 +/- 0.0012, confirms the existing experimentally determined value of 0.973 +/- 1% [AECL Report No. AECL-10521 (1992)]. The accuracy of the determination is increased by almost a factor of 10. A way of improving the scaling method, especially for depth over the 60% continuous slowing down approximation range, by using a modulation function is also proposed.

Beta Particles↗
PubMed2006

The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale and the geriatric depression scale in Parkinson's disease.

We assessed the concurrent validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) against the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Forty-six non-demented PD patients were assessed by a neurologist on the Ham-D. Patients also completed four mood rating scales: the HADS, the GDS, the VAS and the Face Scale. For the HADS and the GDS, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves were obtained and the positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) were calculated for different cut-off scores. Maximum discrimination between depressed and non-depressed PD patients was reached at a cut-off score of 10/11 for both the HADS and the GDS. At the same cut-off score of 10/11 for both the HADS and the GDS, the high sensitivity and NPV make these scales appropriate screening instruments for depression in PD. A high specificity and PPV, which is necessary for a diagnostic test, was reached at a cut-off score of 12/13 for the GDS and at a cut-off score of 11/12 for the HADS. The results indicate the validity of using the HADS and the GDS to screen for depressive symptoms and to diagnose depressive illness in PD.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Effects of instructions and rating scales on item selection for the BSRI scales.

Walkup and Abbott (1978) stated that Edwards and Ashworth's (1977) failure to replicate Bem's (1974) selection of items for the Masculinity and Femininity Scales of the Bern Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) may be attributed to differences in the instructions and anchored rating scales used in the two studies. The present study tested the hypothesis that presence of various interaction effects involving instructions and rating scales would influence the acceptability of items for the BSRI Masculinity and Femininity Scales. Results based on the evaluation of individual items by Bem's item selection criteria in each of the four experimental conditions obtained by systematically manipulating two instructions (Bem's and Edwards' instructions) and two rating scales (Bem's and Edwards' rating scales) and also those based on the analysis of variance of item mean desirability ratings from the four experimental conditions supported the hypothesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia: development of a new clinical scale.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a reliable and valid clinical scale measuring the severity of ataxia. METHODS: The authors devised the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) and tested it in two trials of 167 and 119 patients with spinocerebellar ataxia. RESULTS: The mean time to administer SARA in patients was 14.2 +/- 7.5 minutes (range 5 to 40). Interrater reliability was high, with an intraclass coefficient (ICC) of 0.98. Test-retest reliability was high with an ICC of 0.90. Internal consistency was high as indicated by Cronbach's alpha of 0.94. Factorial analysis revealed that the rating results were determined by a single factor. SARA ratings showed a linear relation to global assessments using a visual analogue scale, suggesting linearity of the scale (p < 0.0001, r(2) = 0.98). SARA score increased with the disease stage (p < 0.001) and was closely correlated with the Barthel Index (r = -0.80, p < 0.001) and part IV (functional assessment) of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS-IV) (r = -0.89, p < 0.0001), whereas it had only a weak correlation with disease duration (r = 0.34, p < 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: The Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia is a reliable and valid measure of ataxia, making it an appropriate primary outcome measure for clinical trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Comparability of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale--survey form with infants evaluated for developmental delay.

The Vineland Social Maturity Scale and its revision, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-Survey Form, were evaluated with infants referred for suspected developmental delay. Since the latter is being used more often by psychologists in evaluation and placement of children in the age group of birth to two years, comparative studies must ensure appropriate placement of children observed to have developmental delays. The present study indicated significantly higher over-all adaptive functioning on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-Survey Form for 33 black and 11 white infants of mean age 12 mo. than on the original Vineland scales. Substituting the Survey Form for the original Vineland scales when evaluating developmentally delayed infants is questionable. These results are also noteworthy in that children whose Vineland Social Maturity scaled scores make them eligible for special services would be excluded if the revised form were used in the evaluation process.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

Scaling of response scale adverbs among black-American adults.

Although some attention has been given to the scale characteristics of modifying adverbs in Likert scales, the existing work has been concerned primarily with majority group members. Toward the goal of identifying valid labels for use on Likert scales with black-American respondents, 105 black-American adults scaled each of 27 adverbs (e.g., very, most) on four different adjectives (e.g., important). Four criteria for a set of ideal adverbs were identified for univalent scales. No set of four adverbs, however, met the criteria. Differences in the mean ratings of eight of the adverbs were found by sex group and across the four adjectives modified. The adverbs were not scored at the extremes of the continuum, despite our asking the respondents to rate the adverbs used to define the end points of the continuum. High variances were found across all adverbs. Further research must address the respondents' perceptual frame in the use of such scales.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of depression in college students: Geriatric Depression Scale versus Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

103 college students took the Geriatric Depression Scale and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale along with five measures of life satisfaction. The correlation between scores on the first scales was .66. Both depression scales had moderate negative correlations (-.34 to -.71) with each measure of life satisfaction. However, on every measure of life satisfaction, the correlation with scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale was higher than with those on the CES-Depression Scale.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Relationship between the Bracken Basic Concept Scale and the Differential Ability Scales with an at-risk sample of preschoolers.

This study investigated the relationship between the Bracken Basic Concept Scale and the Differential Ability Scales with 35 at-risk preschoolers between the ages 3-6 and 5-11. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of .70 was obtained between the Bracken Basic Concept Scale Total Test scores and the General Conceptual Ability scores of the Differential Ability Scales. This association supports the use of the Bracken scale to predict intelligence if replicated with a larger sample and specific handicaps. In addition, support for the administration of the more brief Bracken School Readiness Composite compared to using the Bracken Total Test score in the prediction of the Differential Ability Scales General Conceptual Ability score was found.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1988

A comparison of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Reaction Level Scale (RLS85).

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the Reaction Level Scale (RLS85) were compared for rating neurosurgical patients in regard to ranking order of deficit severity, interobserver variability, and coverage for relevant factors. Four physicians, four registered nurses, and four assistant nurses performed 72 pairwise ratings on 47 neurosurgical patients. The rank correlation between the GCS sum score and the RLS85 was -0.94, suggesting the same ranking order of severity and indicating that the underlying concepts of somnolence, delirium, and motor responses in coma are evaluated in the same way. By the sign test, the RLS85 was shown to have better interobserver agreement than the GCS sum score and the eye-motor-verbal (EMV) profile. The interobserver grading disagreements in both scales were distributed over the entire range of responsiveness, and for the GCS sum score they were slanted to combined segments 9 to 15. The RLS85 showed full coverage of relevant factors, while 43 (60%) of the 72 test occasions in the GCS sum score and the EMV profiles showed untestable features, most often because of patient intubation. The pseudoscore (that is, the choice of value given to untestable features) affects interobserver agreement as well as the estimated overall patient responsiveness in the GCS sum score. Assessment by the order of applying the scales showed a significant effect on the GCS eye-opening scale (p = 0.01) and the GCS sum score (p = 0.03), indicating a sensitivity to environmental stimuli unrelated to the patient's status. This study demonstrates that basically the same information as that found in the separate eye, motor, and verbal scales of the GCS can be combined directly into the RLS85, which has better interobserver agreement and better coverage than the GCS sum score.

Coma↗
PubMed1999

Pediatric Escola Paulista de Medicina Range of Motion Scale: a reduced joint count scale for general use in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Different instruments are available to measure functional status in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA); however, none is based on the evaluation of joint range of motion (ROM). We designed and evaluated a ROM scale to be used as a complementary instrument in daily practice with JRA as well as in trials. METHODS: The 10 joint movements of the Pediatric Escola Paulista de Medicina Range of Motion scale (Pediatric EPM-ROM) were derived from 25 initial movements. The selection was based on 2 criteria: (1) consensus among 3 pediatric rheumatologists, one physical therapist, and one occupational therapist; and (2) choice of movements that presented the highest scores in a pilot study involving patients with JRA. The score for each joint ranges from 0 (full movement) to 3 (severe limitation) and the cutoff degrees of motion are, in general, based on the lack of ability to perform some activities of daily living. The test-retest reliability was assessed by administering the scale twice by the same observer, 4 to 10 days apart, always in the morning. The interobserver reliability was evaluated on the same day by 2 independent observers. Cross sectional construct validity was also assessed by correlating the values of some clinical variables with the scores of the Pediatric EPM-ROM scale. RESULTS: The instrument was applied to 34 patients with JRA, 11 systemic, 11 polyarticular, and 12 pauciarticular. The mean EPM-ROM score was 0.57 (SD 0.54, min 0, max 2.05). The test-retest and interobserver correlation coefficients were 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients comparing scores of the Pediatric EPM-ROM scale and other variables were satisfactory: Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire, r=0.55 (p<0.001); American College of Rheumatology global functional class, r=0.56 (p<0.001); and number of limited joints, r=0.65 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results provide evidence that the Pediatric EPM-ROM scale is a valid instrument to measure joint ROM in JRA.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Barcelona Bipolar Eating Disorder Scale (BEDS): a self-administered scale for eating disturbances in bipolar patients].

INTRODUCTION: The presence of eating disorders in bipolar population is not rare, with rates over 10 %, according to the few available epidemiologic studies, however the literature on this issue is still scarce. An even higher percentage of bipolar individuals suffer from serious problems related to eating behavior without fulfilling criteria for DSM-IV eating disorder. METHODS: The Bipolar Eating Disorders Scale (BEDS) was designed on the basis of the existing eating scales, adjusted to the characteristics of bipolar disorders from the complaints of our sample of patients (n=350). Subsequently, a group of experts made the selection of the most representative and independent items in order to obtain a short, 10-item scale, aimed at assessing the intensity and frequency of eating dysfunctions in the bipolar population and not at diagnosis. We administered the scale to a healthy control group (n=55) to evaluate feasibility and to determine the cut-off score. RESULTS: The BEDS is a 10-item simple, self-administered scale. Average time of completing this scale is about 1.13 min (1 min, 21 seconds) +/-26 seconds. Median score was 6 and the mean score was 6.6 with a standard deviation of 3.7, this being the reason why the cut-off point was found to be around 13 points. Patients receiving scores over 13 may require an individualized intervention to evaluate which were the main difficulties and to propose treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The BEDS allows for a rapid and effective evaluation of both the intensity and the frequency of eating dysfunctions in bipolar patients in order to perform an adequate intervention for the specific needs of each one of the patients.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1977

The reliability and internal consistency of the motivation rating scale and the general trait rating scale.

The Motivation Rating Scale (MRS) and General Trait Rating (GTRS) Scales have been proposed as methods for assessing personality traits of athletes. The scales are easily accessible and are proposed for use as coaching tools. A coach's form and athlete's form of each test was administered to 149 male and female varsity high school basketball players and their coaches in eight different states. Means and standard deviations for all variables as well as test-retest reliability coefficients, trait inter-correlations, correlations between test forms, and Alpha coefficients were calculated. Results suggest that each of the four scales was independent of the others, with the coach's form of the MRS showing reasonable reliability and reasonable internal consistency for selected traits. There is some indication that "trait generalization" among coaches may inflate the test-retest reliability of the coach's form of the MRS. No convincing evidence is presented to support the notion that any of the four scales measure the traits the scales are purported to measure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[The Pain Perception Scale--a differentiated and change-sensitive scale for assessing chronic and acute pain].

Presented is a diagnostic instrument to assess chronic and acute pain, that allows multifaceted and standardized quantification of pain experience. This tool--the Pain Experience Scale ("Schmerzempfindungsskala"--SES)--measures two dimensions of subjectively felt pain, the affective characterization as well as modes of sensory characterization of pain. Applications range from degenerative or inflammatory joint and back pain to headache/migraine, neuropathias and other pain-related diseases (age 16 to 80 years). Completion, evaluation, and interpretation are done easily. Scale development had comprised 3 steps of research for obtaining a model of invariant structure and homogenous factors. Scale analyses demonstrated the instrument's reliability, and numerous studies illustrated the validity of the scale. They showed that factorial, convergent and discriminant validity can be regarded as given. Moreover, the scale proved to be sensitive in experimental pain studies. Additionally, specific patterns of scores could be observed validly for 18 different groups of disease/pain. Special efforts were invested to show its sensitivity to change in the course of pains. Here, the Pain Experience Scale proved to be suitable in postoperative pain, drug-based pain therapies, different psychological pain management approaches, physiotherapeutic prevention, and a multimodal treatment programme of a specialized pain clinic. In German-speaking countries, the SES has been in use for several years as a well-proven instrument in medical care, clinical research as well as field evaluation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A scale for the quantitative evaluation of male copulative function (the MCF scale)].

A scale of total quantitation of male copulative function (MCF) is offered to facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring of MCF abnormalities, control of MCF correction. The scale is based on normal values provided by statistical data on sexual activity of males and its age-related changes. The patient is asked to answer 13 questions of the questionnaire listed under the numbers I-XIII. Each question has 6 variants of answer having the score 0 to 5. The patient is to choose one variant and write down his choice. Such MCF scale is able to identify both sexual disorder and defects in components of the copulative cycle. The scale was applied 89 times to study sexual function of 68 males aged 24-77 years. The scale findings and those of a comprehensive clinical examination coincided. The scale was found useful in evaluation of male copulative function as a whole and by components, for analysis of the detected disorders, differentiation between psychogenic factor and primarily organic one, for ascertaining attitude of the patient to his sexual dysfunction.

Coitus↗