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PubMed2003

Recovery of surface bacteria from and surface sanitization of cantaloupes.

Practical, effective methods that could be implemented in a food service establishment (restaurant or delicatessen) for the surface sanitization of cantaloupes were microbiologically evaluated. Cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulates) were immersed in an inoculum containing Salmonella enterica serovar Poona or Pantoea agglomerans at ca. 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/ml. An efficient method for the recovery of bacteria from the cantaloupe surface was developed and validated. The method consisted of washing the entire melon with Butterfield's buffer containing 1% Tween 80 in a plastic bag placed inside a plastic pail affixed to an orbital shaker. Levels of S. enterica Poona recovered by washing the entire melon were significantly higher than those recovered by the more common laboratory method of blending the rind. P. agglomerans can be used as a non-pathogenic proxy for S. enterica Poona. A three-compartment surface sanitization method consisting of washing with an antimicrobial soap solution, scrubbing with a brush in tap water, and immersion in 150 ppm of sodium hypochlorite reduced the initial level of recoverable viable bacteria by 99.8%. When examined separately, scrubbing with a vegetable brush in tap water, washing with soap, and dipping in chlorine were found to reduce the bacterial load by 70, 80, and 90%, respectively.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2004

Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a sanitizer of lettuce leaves.

Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid are typically used to sanitize fresh fruits and vegetables. However, pathogenic organisms occasionally survive aqueous sanitization in sufficient numbers to cause disease outbreaks. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas generated by a dry chemical sachet was tested against foodborne pathogens on lettuce leaves. Lettuce leaves were inoculated with cocktail of three strains each of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium and treated with CLO2 gas for 30 min, 1 h, and 3 h in a model gas cabinet at room temperature (22 +/- 2 degrees C). After treatment, surviving cells, including injured cells, were enumerated on appropriate selective agar or using the overlay agar method, respectively. Total ClO2, generated by the gas packs was 4.3, 6.7, and 8.7 mg after 30 min, 1 h, and 3 h of treatment, respectively. Inoculated lettuce leaves exposed to ClO2 gas for 30 min experienced a 3.4-log reduction in E. coli, a 4.3-log reduction in Salmonella Typhimurium, and a 5.0-log reduction in L. monocytogenes when compared with the control. After 1 h. the three pathogens were reduced in number of CFU by 4.4. 5.3, and 5.2 log, respectively. After 3 h, the reductions were 6.9, 5.4, and 5.4 log, respectively. A similar pattern emerged when injured cells were enumerated. The ClO2, gas sachet was effective at killing pathogens on lettuce without deteriorating visual quality. Therefore, this product can be used during storage and transport of lettuce to improve its microbial safety.

Chlorine Compounds↗
PubMed2004

Lethality of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and a commercial fruit and vegetable sanitizer to vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis.

Chlorine, ClO2, and a commercial raw fruit and vegetable sanitizer were evaluated for their effectiveness in killing vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis. The ultimate goal was to use one or both species as a potential surrogate(s) for Bacillus anthracis in studies that focus on determining the efficacy of sanitizers in killing the pathogen on food contact surfaces and foods. Treatment with alkaline (pH 10.5 to 11.0) ClO2 (200 microg/ml) produced by electrochemical technologies reduced populations of a five-strain mixture of vegetative cells and a five-strain mixture of spores of B. cereus by more than 5.4 and more than 6.4 log CFU/ml respectively, within 5 min. This finding compares with respective reductions of 4.5 and 1.8 log CFU/ml resulting from treatment with 200 microg/ml of chlorine. Treatment with a 1.5% acidified (pH 3.0) solution of Fit powder product was less effective, causing 2.5- and 0.4-log CFU/ml reductions in the number of B. cereus cells and spores, respectively. Treatment with alkaline ClO2 (85 microg/ml), acidified (pH 3.4) ClO2 (85 microg/ml), and a mixture of ClO2 (85 microg/ml) and Fit powder product (0.5%) (pH 3.5) caused reductions in vegetative cell/spore populations of more than 5.3/5.6, 5.3/5.7, and 5.3/6.0 log CFU/ml, respectively. Treatment of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis spores in a medium (3.4 mg/ml of organic and inorganic solids) in which cells had grown and produced spores with an equal volume of alkaline (pH 12.1) ClO2 (400 microg/ml) for 30 min reduced populations by 4.6 and 5.2 log CFU/ml, respectively, indicating high lethality in the presence of materials other than spores that would potentially react with and neutralize the sporicidal activity of ClO2.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed2000

On-site sanitation: when the pits are full--planning for resource protection in faecal sludge management.

In urban centres of industrializing countries, the majority of houses are served by on-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks and unsewered toilets. The faecal sludges (FS) collected from these systems are usually discharged untreated into the urban and peri-urban environment, posing great risks to water resources and to public health. Contrary to wastewater management, the development of strategies to cope with faecal sludges, adapted to the conditions prevailing in developing countries, have long been neglected. The authors describe the current situation in FS management and discuss important issues regarding FS management. Further, treatment options are presented which may prove sustainable in industrializing countries. The objective is to make planners and decision-makers aware of the challenges posed by faecal sludges and of the need to include FS management in strategic planning for urban sanitation improvements.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2000

[A cavitary sanitizing device in the prevention and treatment of suppurative inflammatory complications after multiple gunshot wounds of the internal organs].

The author proposes to use a modified ultrasound waveguide (cavitary sanitizer) for the closed method of treatment of patients with deeply localized pyo-inflammatory foci (abscesses, peritonitis, purulent paranephritis etc.). The device is described as well as the principle of its action. The content of the medicine mixture for "insonification" of the injured organs and the surrounding tissues is proposed. An experience with using the cavitary sanitizer in 12 wounded allows the preliminary results of the treatment to be estimated as positive.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2001

Towards a recycling society: ecological sanitation--closing the loop to food security.

A recycling society must switch from linear solutions to circular approaches, protecting ecosystems and harmonising with natural systems. Ecological sanitation, an alternative to conventional approaches, considers excreta a resource. Excreta are rendered safe at the source prior to reuse. The ecosystem approach helps restore soil fertility, and ultimately enhances food security. It is a system requiring little or no water; thus it conserves and protects fresh and marine water sources, enhances biodiversity, and it may confer multiple benefits in urban settings. It can generate jobs, be financially more affordable than conventional approaches, improve local ecology, create decentralised economies, and contribute toward improved health and nutrition of people. Ecological sanitation closes water and nutrient loops, reducing reliance on external inputs and reducing output of wastes from the system.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2001

Performance indicators in water and sanitation for developing areas.

There is a move throughout the developed world to introduce benchmarking techniques to the management of water and sanitation systems. The indicators that are being considered for benchmarking purposes tend to cover a broad band of activities that are part of the scope of management of large organisations. Most of the lists that have been prepared do not really cater for the implementation and operation of small rural schemes. The greatest need is the implementation of sustainable schemes for this category of consumer. The implementation of a rural water and sanitation scheme involves the negotiation in the initial stages with the local community representatives of what the community wants and how it will be provided and operated. This may have to be preceded by a period of empowerment so that the negotiations can be conducted by informed people. At the conclusion of the negotiations a business plan can be prepared that should be implemented in association with the community. The project is at this stage mainly in the control of a professional engineer, responsible for the technical interpretation of the business plan and the management of the construction phase. Finally, after commissioning, a water service provider will be responsible for the operation, management and maintenance of the scheme on a sustainable basis. The key actions and activities are identified and performance criteria defined. As communication at the beginning of the project is a critical component, the success of this is confirmed by examination and discussion as to how much has in fact been communicated and understood correctly. Other performance indicators for the operational phase are derived from the conventional ones used in the developed world. Finally, it is important that the participants, do not see the measurement of performance as a threatening situation, but rather a stepping stone to improvement of not only performance, but also of subsequent reward.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed2001

Reduction of illness absenteeism in elementary schools using an alcohol-free instant hand sanitizer.

Hand washing is the most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable disease. The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to assess whether an alcohol-free, instant hand sanitizer containing surfactants, allantoin, and benzalkonium chloride could reduce illness absenteeism in a population of 769 elementary school children and serve as an effective alternative when regular soap and water hand washing was not readily available. Prior to the study, students were educated about proper hand washing technique, the importance of hand washing to prevent transmission of germs, and the relationship between germs and illnesses. Children in kindergarten through the 6th grade (ages 5-12) were assigned to the active or placebo hand-sanitizer product and instructed to use the product at scheduled times during the day and as needed after coughing or sneezing. Data on illness absenteeism were tracked. After 5 weeks, students using the active product were 33% less likely to have been absent because of illness when compared with the placebo group.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2002

Workshop 8 (synthesis): challenges of expanding ecological sanitation into urban areas.

After seven papers discussing specific examples of ecological sanitation projects, the workshop considered the background, motivation and feasibility of this technology. It was agreed that ecological sanitation could help tackle water scarcity, health protection and, by recycling water and nutrients into agriculture, food scarcity. Dense cities are probably unsuitable for its implementation, but rural, town and peri-urban areas are promising. Key issues that remains are: the microbiological and chemical risks associated with the technology; the need for major information, education and support programmes; effective linking to reuse schemes; tailoring systems to meet local physical, socio-economic and cultural circumstances.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Philosophical, ecological and technical challenges for expanding ecological sanitation into urban areas.

Ecological sanitation seems often to be taken to mean no more than an alternative toilet, whereas it should be understood more broadly as embodying a closed-loop approach to the management of human excreta. In the next 25 years the urban population of Africa and Asia is expected to double. By facilitating the revival of urban agriculture and avoiding the adverse environmental impacts of conventional treatment strategies, ecological sanitation can play a major role in providing food security and public health in a sustainable future.

Africa↗
PubMed2002

[Laparoscopic sanitation of the abdominal cavity in combined treatment of peritonitis].

Standard methods of treatment were analyzed in 228 patients with general peritonitis of different etiology: sanitation and drainage of abdominal cavity, peritoneal lavage, programmed laparotomy compared with laparoscopic sanitation (LS) performed in 60 patients. A significant decrease in the number of purulent-inflammatory complications, intestinal fistulas and broncho-pulmonary complications were seen after LS. It was most effective for treatment of peritonitis with Mannheim peritoneal index from 16 to 29 points (lethality 11.8%) compared with conventional treatment (p < 0.05). Indications and contraindications for LS, original device "BRUSAN" were developed. Abdominal LS is a highly effective and mini-invasive method of local treatment in general peritonitis.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed2003

[Mupirocin: prophylaxis of hospital-acquired infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and sanitation of hospital environment].

Clinical efficacy of mupirocin ointment (dermatic and nasal) was evaluated in the treatment of oncologic patients with nosocomial infections of the staphylococcal etiology and carriers of S.aureus among the medical personnel. The use of dermatic ointment of mupirocin, a local antibiotic, in the treatment of the inpatients with nosocomial infections of the staphylococcal etiology allowed to lower at least 2.5 times the number of the prescriptions of vancomycin, a systemic antibiotic. The use of mupirocin nasal ointment provided absolute eradication of S.aureus strains in the carriers. Recolonization of the nasal passages with S.aureus in some carriers started only 3 months after the eradication. A 6-month observation of the carriers after the sanitation showed that the recolonization frequency by the end of the observation period amounted to 19%. A prolonged for more than 4 months effect of the treatment with mupirocin was stated in 81% of the cases. The monitoring of S.aureus circulation in the intrahospital environment revealed that its level during that period was 6 times lower than the initial one which was obviously due to the use of mupirocin (dermatic and nasal) for the carrier sanitation and the patient treatment.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2004

An assessment of sanitation protocols for commercial transport vehicles contaminated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

The objective of this study was to develop and test a rapid (< 2 h) sanitation protocol designed for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) positive commercial transport vehicles involving cold water washing and disinfection via fumigation using scale models of weaned pig trailers. The study consisted of 2 phases. Following experimental contamination of model trailers with PRRSV MN 30-100 (5 x 10(5)TCID50), phase 1 evaluated the presence or absence of PRRSV RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on swabs collected from the trailer interiors 0, 60, and 90 min after treatment. Phase 2 consisted of evaluating the infectivity of trailers 90 min posttreatment by monitoring changes in the PRRSV-status of naive sentinel pigs housed for 2 h. Treatments included washing only (treatment 1), washing plus formaldehyde fumigation (treatment 2), washing plus fumigation with glutaraldehyde-quaternary ammonium chloride (treatment 3), and washing plus overnight drying (treatment 4). Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus RNA was detected in all trailers (20 out of 20 replicates) at 60 and 90 min following the application of treatments 1 and 2. These trailers also contained infectious PRRSV, as determined by the infection of naive pigs housed in treated trailers and the testing of organic debris collected from the interior of trailers by swine bioassay. At 90 min posttreatment, all trailers treated with glutaraldehyde-quaternary ammonium chloride were PCR-negative, non-infectious to sentinel pigs, and swine bioassay negative. Similar results were observed in trailers allowed to dry for 8 h. Under the conditions of this study, it appears certain disinfectants may possess different levels of efficacy against PRRSV and PRRSV-positive models may be effectively sanitized in the absence of overnight drying.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of Ontario health and sanitation requirements for day nurseries with that of other provincial and state legislation.

Comprehensive minimum licencing standards for child day nurseries were obtained from four Canadian provinces and five U.S. states for the purpose of comparison with current Ontario health and sanitation requirements pertaining to day nurseries. Over 30 provisions dealing with sanitation, infection prevention, and child health and safety were examined. Our review has highlighted deficiencies in Canadian provincial legislation compared with state minimum licencing standards; we provide recommendations for the updating of Ontario provincial day nursery legislation to correct perceived regulatory weaknesses.

Canada↗
PubMed1994

Watson, Swellengrebel and species sanitation: environmental and ecological aspects.

Following the discovery of mosquito transmission of malaria, the theory and practice of malaria control by general and selective removal of specific vector populations resulted particularly from Malcolm Watson's empirical work in peninsular Malaysia, first in the urban and peri-urban areas of Klang and Port Swettenham and subsequently in the rural rubber plantations, and from the work of N.H. Swellengrebel in nearby Indonesia on the taxonomy, ecology and control of anophelines. They developed the concept of species sanitation: the selective modification of the environment to render a particular anopheline of no importance as a vector in a particular situation. The lack of progress along these lines in India at that time is contrasted with that in south-east Asia. The extension of species sanitation and related concepts to other geographical areas and to other vector-borne disease situations is outlined.

Ecology↗
PubMed1994

The effectiveness of a u-v toothbrush sanitizing device in reducing the number of bacteria, yeasts and viruses on toothbrushes.

Sixty-six sterile toothbrushes were exposed to one of the following microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillis subtilis, Serratia marcescens and Baker's yeast. The Pollenex DS60 Daily Dental Sanitizer was found to be effective in substantially reducing the number of retained bacteria and yeasts as compared to contaminated toothbrushes not treated with such a device. Different toothbrush types had different response rates. Seventy-two sterile toothbrushes were exposed to Herpes Simplex Virus, Type I and seventy-two sterile toothbrushes were exposed to Parainfluenza Virus, Type III. The Pollenex DS60 Daily Dental Sanitizer consistently killed both viruses on all of the toothbrushes treated. Both viruses were consistently retained on non-treated toothbrushes for at least 24 hours.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1954

Health education aspects of sanitation programmes in rural areas and small communities.

In large population centres, the sanitarian can effect the environmental changes needed without necessarily gaining the widespread participation or understanding of the people who are to benefit. In villages and rural areas, however, this is not so, since the people themselves will have to perform many of the actions needed to break the chain of transmission of disease. The sanitarian, to be successful, must therefore apply the sciences of human behaviour in any attempt to carry out environmental improvements.Before any educational programme for environmental sanitation can be planned, it is necessary to obtain the essential facts about the people of the community. It is, for instance, necessary to find out what health problems they recognize and are interested in, how much they already know, what the usual channels of communication are, what social, cultural, and other influences are operating, and what are the existing resources that could contribute to the programme. In the actual planning, the sanitarian must consider how to get the participation of the people, what decisions can be left to the people themselves, what informational materials are likely to be needed and how they are to be used, and what the criteria of progress are to be.If all these questions are satisfactorily answered, the sanitarian can assist the people to accept responsibility for their own improvement.

Communication↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of Dey and Engley (D/E) neutralizing medium to Letheen medium and standard methods medium for recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from sanitized surfaces.

The ability of Dey and Engley (D/E) Neutralizing Medium to recover Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 from tile surfaces exposed to a commercial phenol (Mikro-Bac) and a quaternary ammonium compound (Mikro-Quat) was compared to recovery with Letheen Medium. Standard Methods Medium was used as a control recovery medium. Organisms were exposed to both antimicrobials for varying time periods, then were recovered by swab and Rodac plate on both test media. The recovery by either procedure was significantly higher with Dey and Engley (D/E) Neutralizing Medium than with Letheen and Standard Methods Medium. The D/E Medium shows promise for evaluating antimicrobial chemicals used in environmental sanitation.

Culture Media↗