Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SALIVARY GLAND”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Organ formation in Drosophila: specification and morphogenesis of the salivary gland.

The Drosophila salivary gland has emerged as an outstanding model system for the process of organ formation. Many of the component steps, from initial regional specification through cell specialization and morphogenesis, are known and many of the genes required for these different processes have been identified. The salivary gland is a relatively simple organ; the entire gland comprises of only two major cell types, which derive from a single contiguous primordium. Salivary cells cease dividing once they are specified, and organ growth is achieved simply by an increase in size of individual cells, thus eliminating concerns about the potential unequal distribution of determinants during mitosis. Drosophila salivary glands form by the same cellular mechanisms as organs in higher organisms, including regulated cell shape changes, cell intercalation and directed cell migration. Thus, learning how these events are coordinated for tissue morphogenesis in an organism for which the genetic and molecular tools are unsurpassed should provide excellent paradigms for dissecting related processes in the more intricate organs of more complicated species.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Fine needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland lesions.

247 salivary gland lesions were subjected to fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology; 179 were designated as neoplastic lesions and 68 as non-neoplastic. Based on cytomorphologic features, the neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions were subcategorised. All but 36 of the neoplastic lesions were subjected to histopathologic study. The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology for neoplastic lesions was 91%. The sensitivity rate for detecting malignant tumours was 87.8% and the specificity 98.0%. There was 100% sensitivity for cytodiagnosis of benign tumours. The high sensitivity and specificity of cytodiagnosis makes FNA cytology a valuable diagnostic modality in the evaluation of salivary gland lesions.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2004

Salivary glands: applied anatomy and clinical correlates.

The major salivary glands include the paired parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. Salivary glands act as accessory digestive glands and produce a secretion referred to as saliva. Saliva has lubricating, cleansing, digestive and antimicrobial properties. The parotid is the largest salivary gland and saliva is secreted into the mouth via the parotid duct (Stensen's duct). The submandibular gland lies inferior to the body of the mandible and is susceptible to sialolithiases. Drainage is via the duct of the submandibular gland (Wharton's duct) into the floor of the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum. The sublingual glands are situated under the mucosa in the floor of the mouth, on the sides of the tongue. These glands are in relationship to important nerves in the surrounding tissue. Disease processes such as chronic intraparenchymal sialolithiasis and neoplastic changes frequently mandate surgical removal of the underlying salivary gland. Detailed, applied knowledge of anatomy on a regional basis is required to avoid inadvertent nerve damage during surgery and resulting litigation.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

DNA flow cytometry of reclassified subtypes of malignant salivary gland tumors.

Malignant salivary gland tumors are rare, constitute a heterogeneous group and are often difficult to diagnose histologically. This is borne out by the fact that in the present study 43.2% of 118 salivary gland tumors originally diagnosed as mucoepidermoid, acinic cell and adenoid cystic carcinomas had their original diagnosis altered upon reclassification. Patients with confirmed adenoid cystic carcinomas had a much worse prognosis than those with mucoepidermoid and acinic cell carcinomas. DNA flow cytometry showed that very few of the above mentioned three types of malignant neoplasms revealed aneuploid DNA stemlines, indicating that this is not a relevant prognostic tumor marker within the groups. However, several of the tumors that had their diagnosis changed, mostly to undifferentiated adeno- or squamous cell carcinomas, showed aneuploid DNA stemlines. The survival time of patients with aneuploid tumors was considerably reduced compared to those with diploid tumors. Among confirmed acinic cell, mucoepidermoid and adenoid cystic carcinomas the S-phase fraction was a significant prognostic factor, as it was among all tumors examined. This indicates that DNA aneuploidy and S-phase fractions are potential prognostic factors for malignant salivary gland tumors, and that DNA flow cytometry may assist the characterization of such tumors.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed2004

[Undifferentiated salivary gland carcinomas].

Undifferentiated salivary gland carcinomas may be divided into small cell and large cell types. Among large cell undifferentiated carcinomas, lymphoepithelial carcinomas have to be distinguished, the latter of which are endemic in the Arctic regions and southern China where virtually all cases of these tumors are associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Association with EBV may also be observed in sporadic cases, and detection of EBV gene products may aid their diagnosis. Immunohistology may be employed to resolve the differential diagnosis of undifferentiated salivary gland carcinomas, comprising malignant lymphomas, amelanotic melanomas, Merkel cell carcinomas, and adenoid cystic carcinomas, in particular in small biopsy materials. Because of the rarity of undifferentiated salivary gland carcinomas, the differential diagnosis should always include metastases of undifferentiated carcinomas arising at other primary sites, particularly when expressing the thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1).

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2004

The effects of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on the secretory rate of cockroach (Periplaneta americana) salivary glands.

The acinar salivary glands of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, are innervated by dopaminergic and serotonergic nerve fibers. Serotonin stimulates the secretion of protein-rich saliva, whereas dopamine causes the production of protein-free saliva. This suggests that dopamine acts selectively on ion-transporting peripheral cells within the acini and the duct cells, and that serotonin acts on the protein-producing central cells of the acini. We have investigated the pharmacology of the dopamine-induced secretory activity of the salivary gland of Periplaneta americana by testing several dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists. The effects of dopamine can be mimicked by the non-selective dopamine receptor agonist 6,7-ADTN and, less effectively, by the vertebrate D1 receptor-selective agonist chloro-APB. The vertebrate D1 receptor-selective agonist SKF 38393 and vertebrate D2 receptor-selective agonist R(-)-TNPA were ineffective. R(+)-Lisuride induces a secretory response with a slower onset and a lower maximal response compared with dopamine-induced secretion. However, lisuride-stimulated glands continue secreting saliva, even after lisuride-washout. Dopamine-induced secretions can be blocked by the vertebrate dopamine receptor antagonists cis(Z)-flupenthixol, chlorpromazine, and S(+)-butaclamol. Our pharmacological data do not unequivocally indicate whether the dopamine receptors on the Periplaneta salivary glands belong to the D1 or D2 subfamily of dopamine receptors, but we can confirm that the pharmacology of invertebrate dopamine receptors is remarkably different from that of their vertebrate counterparts.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1997

Salivary gland scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate in Sjögren's syndrome: relationship to clinicopathologic features of salivary and lacrimal glands.

Salivary gland scintigraphy was performed on 52 patients who were suspected of having Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and the results were compared with clinicopathologic features of the salivary and lacrimal glands. The time-activity curves which were obtained from computer-assisted analysis of 99mTc-pertechnetate (99mTc) scintigraphy were classified into four types (normal, median, flat and sloped types). The stimulated parotid flow rate decreased and the incidence of SS-related sialographic and histopathologic findings increased significantly as the scintigraphic abnormality advanced. In addition, the lacrimal gland function decreased and the proportion of patients diagnosed as having keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) increased significantly as the scintigraphic abnormality advanced. These results indicate that the results of scintigraphy are related not only to the clinicopathologic features of the salivary glands but also to the lacrimal gland function in SS.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase 9 production in human salivary gland acinar cells by cepharanthine occurs via down-regulation of nuclear factor kappaB: a possible therapeutic agent for preventing the destruction of the acinar structure in the salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome patients.

OBJECTIVE: Our previous results suggested that suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) could prevent the destruction of acinar tissue in the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of cepharanthine on the suppression of TNFalpha-induced MMP-9 production in NS-SV-AC, an SV40-immortalized normal human acinar cell clone. METHODS: After pretreatment with or without cepharanthine, NS-SV-AC cells were treated with TNFalpha alone or with a combination of TNFalpha and cepharanthine. The expression of MMP-9 was then examined at the protein and messenger RNA levels. In addition, the effect of cepharanthine on the morphogenetic behavior of NS-SV-AC cells cultured on type IV collagen-coated dishes in the presence of TNFalpha was examined. RESULTS: Although TNFalpha induced the production of MMP-9 in NS-SV-AC cells, this production was greatly suppressed when cells were pretreated with cepharanthine, followed by treatment with both TNFalpha and cepharanthine. In addition, cepharanthine suppressed the TNFalpha-stimulated NF-kappaB activity by partly preventing the degradation of IkappaBalpha protein in NS-SV-AC cells. When NS-SV-AC cells were seeded on type IV collagen-coated dishes in the presence of both TNFalpha and plasmin, type IV collagen interaction with the cells was lost and the cells entered apoptosis. However, pretreatment with cepharanthine restored the aberrant in vitro morphogenesis of the NS-SV-AC cells. CONCLUSION: These results may indicate a molecular mechanism by which cepharanthine is able to protect against the destruction of the acinar structure in salivary glands from patients with SS.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1999

Noninvasive scintigraphic method to quantify unstimulated secretions from individual salivary glands.

PURPOSE: Historically salivary gland function has been associated with maintenance of oral hygiene The difference in secretory behavior of parotid and submandibular glands has previously been shown. The purpose of this study was to establish a noninvasive technique for quantification of unstimulated (resting state) secretion of saliva based on the tracer output theory. PROCEDURES: A total of 14 99mTc-pertechnetate salivary function studies were performed under Gamma camera. The time activity curves were subjected to a two step background subtraction protocol (area normalised background subtraction, followed by a graphical method for background correction). Individual salivary glands were modeled as Organ Curve = Input - Output. From these Uptake rates and unstimulated salivary gland fractional output rates (FOR) were calculated. MAIN RESULTS: Parotid as well as submandibular glands have identical Uptake rates for the tracer. A distinct pattern was noted in submandibular glands as against parotid glands. Submandibular glands showed a steady rise in total quantity of unstimulated secretion. The FOR for submandibular glands was about three times higher than parotid glands (P< 0.000001). The observed distribution of FOR for parotid and submandibular glands FOR showed that parotid-FOR was normally on the lower side whereas submandibular-FOR showed a wide range of distribution which was multimodal in nature. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION: A unique approach has been presented for quantification of unstimulated salivary secretion. The method is simple and noninvasive.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Sialolithiasis in a residual Wharton's duct after excision of a submandibular salivary gland.

Treatment of salivary stones includes both surgical and non-surgical techniques. Surgical approaches range from excision of the sialolith, for those near the duct orifice, to removal of the affected salivary gland and its associated duct, for stones near the hilum of the gland. We present a case of two sialoliths triggering an acute infection in a residual Wharton's duct, 12 years after the removal of the associated submandibular gland. Excision of the sialoliths and treatment of the infected duct via sialodochoplasty was successfully performed in this patient. If the Wharton's duct is not removed with the associated submandibular gland, the potential for infection and continuous growth of dormant calcifications exists. We also address the aetiology, pathogenesis, and management of patients with sialolithiasis in the absence of a major salivary gland.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Specific expression of an A-kinase anchoring protein subtype, AKAP-150, and specific regulatory mechanism for Na(+),K(+)-ATPase via protein kinase A in the parotid gland among the three major salivary glands of the rat.

We have examined the expression of A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) in the three major salivary glands, i.e. the parotid gland (PG), submandibular gland (SMG), and sublingual gland (SLG), of the rat to elucidate the functional relevance between saliva secretion and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase regulation by protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation, since an AKAP subtype, AKAP-150, is known to be involved in the regulation of the ATPase in PG. Although AKAP-150 and its mRNA were clearly detected in the PG, they were hardly detectable in either the SMG or SLG. The membrane-bound form of the RII regulatory subunit of PKA, an index for the total amount of AKAP subtypes and therefore of the anchored PKA holoenzyme, was also undetectable in membranes from the SMG and SLG but was found in the PG; though a substantial and comparable amount of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase was present in all of these membrane preparations. Incubation with [gamma-32P]ATP revealed that Na(+),K(+)-ATPase in the PG membranes was quickly phosphorylated upon the addition of cAMP, whereas the ATPases in the membranes from SMG and SLG were not; though they were readily and equally phosphorylated by the exogenously added PKA catalytic subunit. AKAP-150 in the basolateral membranes of PG acinar cells was co-immunoprecipitated with RII by an anti-RII antiserum; and AKAP-150 and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase were immunohistochemically co-localized predominantly on the basolateral membranes, suggesting a possibility that the ATPase might directly interact with the AKAP to form an ATPase/AKAP/PKA complex or associate with the AKAP, such association being mediated via some scaffolding molecule. Expression of AKAP-150 and quick down-regulation of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase by AKAP-anchored PKA in response to cAMP elevation are characteristics specific to PG among the three major salivary glands, suggesting the presence of PG-specific regulatory mechanisms for saliva production/secretion.

A Kinase Anchor Proteins↗
PubMed1976

Intraoral cancer of the minor salivary glands.

Intraoral minor salivary gland carcinomas are relatively uncommon. The glands are concentrated in the mucosa of the mouth but occur over a wide area in the head and neck region. Little is known about the etiologic factors responsible for these tumors. Histologically, most salivary gland tumors are similar to those occurring in the parotid gland, but are more likely to be malignant. The most common presentations is an asymptomatic submucosal mass on the palate in a patient in the fifth or sixth decade, although it can occur in any age group. Neck node metastases occur in about one fourth of these patients. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice; irradiation may be a useful adjunctive method of palliation. Multiple recurrences over a long period of time are the rule, with 5 year survival for all malignant lesions being 44.5 per cent. The survival decreases another 10 per cent for each succeeding 5-year period of follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Ultrasonography in the study of salivary gland lesions in children.

Salivary gland lesions are uncommon in children and may be related to the parotid, submandibular or sublingual glands. Inflammatory lesions are the most common cause of salivary gland abnormalities in children and can be due to acute viral, acute suppurative, or recurrent acute or chronic inflammation. Intraparotid lymphadenitis may also occur, as in cat-scratch disease or in other causes of cervical lymphadenitis. Salivary gland neoplasms are rare in children, and most of them are benign including mainly hemangioma, pleomorphic adenoma, or lymphangioma. Other lesions, such as sialolithiasis, mucocele, or ranula, may also be seen. Ultrasonography should be the initial imaging study used for the examination of salivary gland lesions in children, given the fact that most of such lesions are benign and are shown up clearly by sonography. In most cases, this technique permits the differentiation of intraglandular and extraglandular lesions, and may suggest the correct diagnosis. The entire lesion could not be totally depicted by US however, and other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI may be necessary. Vascular lesions can be demonstrated more clearly through the use of color Doppler imaging. Some of the lesions may appear similar, and clinical correlation is important for the differential diagnosis. This article discusses the sonographic appearance and clinical manifestations of the spectrum of salivary gland abnormalities that may occur in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Salivary glands: a paradigm for diversity of gland development.

The major salivary glands of mammals are represented by three pairs of organs that cooperate functionally to produce saliva for the oral cavity. While each type of gland produces a signature secretion that complements the secretions from the other glands, there is also redundancy as evidenced by secretion of functionally similar and, in some cases, identical products in the three glands. This, along with their common late initiation of development, in fetal terms, their similarities in developmental pattern, and their proximate sites of origin, suggests that a common regulatory cascade may have been shared until shortly before the onset of overt gland development. Furthermore, occasional ectopic differentiation of individual mature secretory cells in the "wrong" gland suggests that control mechanisms responsible for the distinctive cellular composition of each gland also share many common steps, with only minor differences providing the impetus for diversification. To begin to address this area, we examine here the origins of the salivary glands by reviewing the expression patterns of several genes with known morphogenetic potential that may be involved based on developmental timing and location. The possibility that factors leading to determination of the sites of mammalian salivary gland development might be homologous to the regulatory cascade leading to salivary gland formation in Drosophila is also evaluated. In a subsequent section, cellular phenotypes of neonatal and adult glands are compared and evaluated for insights into the mechanisms and lineages leading to cellular diversification. Finally, the phenomena of proliferation, repair, and regeneration in adult salivary glands are reviewed, with emphasis on the extent to which the cellular diversity is reversible and which cell type other than stem cells has the ability to redifferentiate into other cell types.

Animals↗