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PubMed1992

A differential sensitivity to recombinant human interferon-alpha 2a between normal and chronic myeloid leukaemic peripheral blood granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units.

The sensitivity to recombinant human interferon-alpha 2a (IFN) of peripheral blood granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (PB CFU-GM) from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) was studied in a semi-solid clonogenic assay, and compared with normal PB CFU-GM. Like normal PB CFU-GM, the growth of CML PB CFU-GM in vitro was found to be dependent on the plating concentration used. The optimal CFU-GM growth occurred when CML PB mononuclear cells (MNC) were plated at low concentrations in the range of 0.01-0.1 x 10(5)/ml, compared to the range of 0.3-3.0 x 10(5)/ml optimal for CFU-GM growth in normal subjects. The optimal plating concentration for CML PB CFU-GM was similar to that observed in PB collected from patients with ovarian carcinoma during haematological recovery following chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression (recovery phase). The recovery phase PB was used as a source of non-leukaemic cells with a higher incidence of CFU-GM similar to that of CML. IFN produced a dose-related inhibition of CFU-GM growth in normal, recovery phase ovarian carcinoma and CML, PB MNC. The IFN concentration required to inhibit 50% of the CFU-GM in culture (LD50) was found to be significantly influenced by the plating concentration. When cells were cultured at 1.0 x 10(5) MNC/ml the mean LD50 for 7 CML patients was similar to that in normal (n = 5) or recovery phase (n = 5) peripheral blood, 273 i.u./ml, 1047 i.u./ml and 795 i.u./ml, respectively. In contrast when CML cells were cultured at 0.03 x 10(5) MNC/ml the concentration for optimal CML CFU-GM growth, the mean LD50 was significantly lower than that in normal PB and recovery phase PB, 4 i.u./ml, 251 i.u./ml and 78 i.u./ml, respectively (p less than 0.05). This is the first report of a differential sensitivity to IFN between CML and non-CML progenitors using an optimized PB CFU-GM assay system and proposes that further study of the in vitro culture of CML progenitors may increase our understanding of the clinical effects of IFN.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2004

[Changes of P-selectin and E-selectin in children with Kawasaki disease].

OBJECTIVE: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a kind of febrile disorder without definite etiology. The pathologic change of KD is characterized by nonspecific vasculitis, which mainly involves the coronary artery. Some patients may have coronary angioma formation, and some of them will result in the coronary narrowing or embolism. Notwithstanding that KD has been one of the most common causes for acquired heart diseases in childhood in addition to the rheumatic fever, the pathogenesis of the vascular damage remains unknown. This study was conducted to explore the pathophysiological role of cell adhesion molecules (P-selectin and E-selectin) on the endothelial lesions in KD, and to look for the evidence of direct relationship between the plasma levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules (P- and E-selectin) and the incidence of the coronary artery lesion (CAL). METHODS: Soluble P-selectin (PS), E-selectin (ES), thromboxane-B(2)(TXB(2)), 6-keto-PGF(1)alpha (6-KPGF(1)alpha) were measured in 36 patients with KD, 20 patients with febrile disease and 30 healthy children by using double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay. Patients with KD were separated into acute phase group, subacute phase group, recovery phase group, coronary artery lesion group (CAL), non-coronary artery lesion group (NCAL), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) effective group (body temperature back to normal after 48 hours of using IVIG), and IVIG ineffective group. RESULTS: Plasma PS and ES levels in the acute phase group [(211 +/- 28 and 186 +/- 14) ng/ml], subacute phase group [(238 +/- 27 and 151 +/- 13) ng/ml] and recovery phase group [(198 +/- 21 and 1008 +/- 9) ng/ml] were significantly higher than those in the healthy group [(102 +/- 36 and 72 +/- 10) ng/ml, P < 0.01]. The plasma PS levels remained higher after the treatment, but in IVIG effective group, the PS and ES levels declined significantly (P < 0.01) compared with those in acute phase group. Plasma PS and ES levels of CAL group [(281 +/- 78 and 210 +/- 52) ng/ml] were significantly higher than those of NCAL group [(217 +/- 15 and 108 +/- 10) ng/ml, P < 0.01]. In contrast to 1 week after the treatment, the PS and ES in IVIG effective group at the time point of 2 weeks after the treatment decreased more significantly (P < 0.01). While the PS and ES in IVIG ineffective group remained higher at the time point of 2 weeks after the treatment, which showed no significant difference compared with those 1 week after the treatment (P > 0.05). One week after the treatment, the PS levels of IVIG effective and ineffective groups did not descend, and there was no significant difference in PS between these two groups at this time point. Two weeks after the treatment, the PS and ES in IVIG ineffective group remained higher than those in IVIG effective group, and there was a significant difference between them. The peak level of PS appeared in the subacute phase. TXB(2) levels of KD in acute phase group increased markedly, which were significantly higher than those of healthy group [(345 +/- 127 and 190 +/- 69) ng/L, P < 0.01]. There was no significant difference between subacute phase group and healthy group. No significant difference was found between CAL group and NCAL group (P > 0.05). The levels of TXB(2) declined quickly after the treatment. The 6-KPGF(1)alpha level in KD of acute phase group, subacute phase group and recovery phase group [(7.1 +/- 2.8, 10.8 +/- 3.7 and 11.3 +/- 4.0) ng/L, respectively] was significantly lower than that of healthy group [(17.7 +/- 5.8) ng/L, P < 0.01], and the levels did not recover to normal even 2 weeks after the treatment. There was no significant difference 6-KPGF(1)alpha levels between CAL group and NCAL group (P > 0.05). In the febrile group, PS and ES levels showed no significant differences compared with healthy children (P > 0.05). ES level of KD patients was significantly correlated with CRP levels (r = 0.79 P < 0.01). In febrile group, there was no significant correlation between ES and CRP. There was a significant correlation between PS and PLT levels in KD patients (r = 0.75 P < 0.01), and no significant correlation between PS and PLT levels in febrile patients. CONCLUSION: The increase of plasma PS and ES levels in KD acute phase and subacute phase might play an important role in the pathophysiology of the endothelial damage. E- and P-selectin may potentially be a predictor of CAL in patients with KD.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Immune response induced by airway sensitization after influenza A virus infection depends on timing of antigen exposure in mice.

To study which phase of viral infection promotes antigen sensitization via the airway and which type of antigen-presenting cells contributes to antigen sensitization, BALB/c mice were sensitized by inhalation of ovalbumin (OA) during the acute phase or the recovery phase of influenza A virus infection, and then 3 weeks later animals were challenged with OA. The numbers of eosinophils and lymphocytes, the amounts of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the serum levels of OA-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgE increased in mice sensitized during the acute phase (acute phase group), while a high level of gamma interferon production was detected in those sensitized during the recovery phase (recovery phase group). In the acute phase group, both major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and CD11c were strongly stained on the bronchial epithelium; in the recovery phase group, however, neither molecule was detected. OA-capturing dendritic cells (DCs) migrated to the regional lymph nodes, and a small number of OA-capturing macrophages were also observed in the lymph nodes of the acute phase group. In the recovery group, however, no OA-capturing DCs were detected in either the lungs or the lymph nodes, while OA-capturing macrophages were observed in the lymph nodes. These results indicate that the timing of antigen sensitization after viral infection determines the type of immune response.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thrombomodulin, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in the plasma levels of thrombomodulin (TM), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PA1-1) as indices of endothelial injury/activation and fibrinolysis in childhood Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). METHODS: Twenty-six children with HSP aged between 4-15 years and 10 healthy controls were included in the study. Blood samples were taken from these patients at admission and 6-12 weeks after healing of skin rash and arthritis. Plasma levels of TM, t-PA and PAI-1 activities and t-PA and PAI-1 antigen (Ag) levels were measured. RESULTS: The plasma levels of TM, t-PA Ag and PAI-1 Ag in patients during the acute phase were significantly different from the controls. The difference in TM between the acute phase and recovery in patients was also significant. The decrease in plasma levels of t-PA Ag and PAI-1 Ag in patients between the acute and recovery phases was not significant. t-PA activity was significantly higher in the acute phase than in the recovery phase. CONCLUSION: We suggest that increased levels of TM, t-PA, and PAI-1 activity may reflect the presence of endothelial injury and/or activation and fibrinolytic activation in patients with HSP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Coronary vasomotor equivalents in the electrocardiographic behavior in induced ischemia].

In effort angina the exercise test can shift the ST-segment during the active phase and/or recovery. To investigate whether coronary vasomotility has some part in these electrocardiographic patterns, in 15 patients with stable effort angina we performed a quantitative angiographic evaluation of single, significant coronary stenoses (greater than 50%) during: spontaneous rhythm, graded atrial pacing (max 160 b/min) and at 1-3-5 min of recovery, both without drugs and after Ca-blockade (nifedipine, 10 mg sl). The greatest ST changes were at peak of the pacing in 9 patients (Group 1) and at recovery in 6 (Group 2). In each patient the stenotic lumen was reduced by atrial pacing (-9%, p less than 0.03); in Group 1 the lumen recovered soon after the end of the pacing, whereas in Group 2 narrowings became greater (-17%, p less than 0.02) at about 3 min of the recovery phase. In both groups nifedipine did not prevent the enhancement of the stenosis during pacing, but avoided constriction and ST changes during recovery in Group 2. Thus, in effort angina a superimposed active vasoconstriction contributes to the increase of the ST changes during the recovery phase of the exercise.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Iron metabolism in burned children.

UNLABELLED: The administration of iron supplementation in children with burns has been a subject of controversy. Recent studies argue against its use in the acute phase of stress. To assess whether iron metabolism parameters show significant differences in the acute phase and the recovery phase of burn, 21 patients (age range: 17 months to 13 years) with burns of more than 10% of body surface who had not received blood transfusions or iron supplementation were studied. Sideraemia, ferritin, transferrin, transferrin saturation index (TSI) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed both in the acute and the recovery phase after burn. Sideraemia, transferrin, and TSI were significantly lower in the acute than in the recovery phase (17.3 +/- 3 vs 53.8 +/- 6.6 microg/dL, 190.5 +/- 15 vs 287.9 +/- 14.3 mg/dL and 7.7 +/- 1.3 vs 15.4 +/- 1.6%, P < 0.0001, P < 0.001 and P = 0.0006, respectively) while plasma ferritin and CRP were significantly higher (84.7 +/- 8.8 vs 43.1 +/- 8.5 ng/mL and 9.5 +/- 1.5 vs 0.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dL, P = 0.016 and P < 0.0001, respectively). When the above parameters were analysed based on age (< or = 2 years, > 2 years), the observed differences persisted. CONCLUSION: Hyposideraemia is a frequent finding in the acute phase of paediatric burns and is accompanied by increased ferritin levels and decreased transferrin concentrations. The low iron values tend to recover without the use of iron supplementation suggesting an endogenous block of iron release in the acute phase and indicates that iron therapy should be not recommended in the initial period of stress of the burned patient.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

[Quantitative and functional changes of T helper cell subsets in the bone marrow of severe aplastic anemia patients].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quantitative and functional changes of T helper (Th) cell subsets in the bone marrow of severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients and the relationship between these changes and the patients hematopoietic function. METHODS: By FACS, the quantity and ratio of Th1 and Th2 cells, the percentage of CD3(+)CD8(+) cells in the bone marrow were detected in 24 patients with SAA at active phase, 15 patients with SAA at recovery phase, and 16 normal controls. By radioimmunoassay, the serum levels of TNF-alpha, or IL-4 in 20 SAA patients at active phase, 12 at recovery phase and 16 normal controls were measured. The relationships between CD3(+)CD8(+) cells, TNF-alpha and Ret, ANC; and between Th1 cells and CD3(+)CD8(+) cells, TNF-alpha or Ret, ANC; between IL-4, balance of Th1/Th2 and Ret, ANC were evaluated. RESULTS: The percentages of Th1 and Th2 cells, and ratio of Th1/Th2 in bone marrow of SAA patients at active phase were (4.87 +/- 2.64)%, (0.41 +/- 0.26)% and 21.22 +/- 5.07, respectively, being higher than those of normal controls [(0.42 +/- 0.30)% (P < 0.01), (0.24 +/- 0.17)% (P < 0.05) and (1.57 +/- 0.93) (P < 0.01), respectively] and all of them reduced to normal levels of SAA at recovery phase (P > 0.05). The percentage of CD3(+)CD8(+) cells significantly decreased from (32.32 +/- 8.69)% at active phase to (13.76 +/- 2.96)% at recovery phase (P < 0.01). The serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-4 at active phase was (4.29 +/- 3.15) microg/L and (1.24 +/- 0.73) microg/L, respectively, being higher than those of normal controls (1.21 +/- 1.16) microg/L, (1.18 +/- 0.97) microg/L, but only the difference of TNF-alpha was statistically significant (P < 0.01). In recovery SAA patients, the serum levels of TNF-alpha significantly decreased to (1.46 +/- 1.41) microg/L (P < 0.01), and the levels of IL-4 increased markedly to (3.05 +/- 1.94) microg/L. The CD3(+)CD8(+) cells and TNF-alpha of patients negatively correlated with Ret (P < 0.05; P < 0.05) and ANC (P < 0.05; P < 0.05), Th1 cells correlated with CD3(+)CD8(+) cells and TNF-alpha positively (P < 0.01; P < 0.05), the Ret and ANC negatively (P < 0.01; P < 0.01), IL-4 and the balance of Th1/Th2 positively correlated with Ret and ANC (P < 0.05, P < 0.01; P < 0.01, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The bone marrow failure in SAA might be caused not only by the increase of Th1 cells, Th1 type effector cells and cytokines, but also by insufficient compensation of Th2 cells and Th2 type cytokines, which shifted the balance of Th1/Th2 favorable to Th1.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Inhibition of growth of cultured Babesia microti by serum and macrophages in the presence or absence of T cells.

Serum and macrophages from the acute-phase (days 12-14 p.i.) and recovery-phase (days 23-25 p.i.) of infection of mice with Babesia microti were analyzed for their ability to inhibit the in vitro growth of B. microti in the presence or absence of T cells. Recovery-phase serum was inhibitory to the growth of B. microti, whereas, acute-phase serum had no inhibitory effects. Both acute- and recovery-phase macrophages inhibited B. microti growth. The co-culture of acute- but not recovery-phase T cells with macrophages from uninfected control mice was inhibitory to the growth of B. microti. Growth of B. microti was also inhibited in cultures containing macrophages from uninfected control mice plus culture supernatant fluid from acute-phase but not recovery-phase T cells. The supernatant fluid from B. microti cultures with acute-phase T cells contained IFN-gamma detected by a sandwich ELISA, whereas cultures with control T cells or recovery phase T cells did not. Results of the present study suggest the likelihood of a protective role against B. microti in mice for antibody which appeared in recovery-phase serum and for macrophages activated by IFN-gamma from acute-phase T cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

K+ -stimulated Na+ transport in frog-skin epithelia.

Increasing [K+] from 2.5 mmol/l to 115 mmol/l on the serosal side of the frog skin produces a rapid decrease of short-circuit current (Isc) that is followed, within a few minutes, by a recovery of Isc to near or above its control value. After isolation of the epithelium by a procedure involving collagenase treatment and physical removal of the corium, increasing serosal [K+] still produced a depression of Isc but no significant recovery phase. By itself, collagenase treatment reduced but did not eliminate the recovery phase. The recovery phase was also markedly depressed by the beta-adrenergic blocker oxprenolol, but not by propranolol, atropine or indomethacin. Amiloride, given during the recovery phase, caused Isc to reverse to a small outward value. These results suggest that the recovery phase of Isc seen in the response to increased serosal [K+] represents an increase in Na+ influx through amiloride-sensitive channels which is triggered by the release of an intermediary agent, possibly a beta-adrenergic agonist, from some structure in the corium.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microcalorimetric study of the toxic effect of selenium on the mitochondrial metabolism of Cyprinus carpio liver.

The metabolic thermograms and heat output of mitochondria isolated from carp liver have been determined by using an LKB bioactivity monitor. The thermogram can be divided into four parts: the lag phase, active recovery phase, stationary phase, and decline phase. The thermokinetic equation was established for the active recovery and decline phase of metabolism as follows: dP/dt = k(m)P (1-SP). The rate constants k1 and k2 of two phases of active recovery and decline phase have been also calculated. The metabolism activity of mitochondrial inhibited by a high concentration of trace element selenium has been studied. The metabolic heat released, time of each phase, and rate constants can be significantly influenced by excess of selenite added. These results suggested that a high concentration of selenium can damage the structure and function of mitochondria, and thus influence their metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Predicting the severity of graft-versus-host disease from interleukin-10 levels after bone marrow transplantation.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the most important complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. We investigated the possibility of predicting severe acute GVHD using plasma interleukin-10 levels in 31 patients who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. In patients with acute GVHD, the interleukin-10 (IL-10) level increased significantly from the aplastic phase through the leukocyte recovery phase after transplantation (P < 0.05, paired t-test). The ratio of the IL-10 level in the aplastic phase to that in the leukocyte recovery phase was significantly correlated with the severity of acute GVHD (P < 0. 05, t-test), and the incidence of grade III or IV disease was significantly increased (P < 0.0001). Since IL-10 antagonizes various other cytokines that induce acute GVHD, determination of the IL-10 level is equivalent to assessing the total production of cytokines promoting GVHD. The ratio of the IL-10 level in the aplastic phase to that in the recovery phase seems to be useful for predicting the subsequent risk of acute GVHD.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Elevated biopterin and homovanillic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid from children with aseptic meningitis.

To examine biopterin fractions and biogenic amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in aseptic meningitis, the concentrations of homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and the total, the oxidized form, and the reduced form of biopterin were determined in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from 15 children with aseptic meningitis in the acute phase, 15 children with aseptic meningitis in the recovery phase, and six other children as controls. The concentration of each substance was significantly higher in the acute phase than in the recovery phase. Homovanillic acid in the acute phase was significantly increased compared to that in the control group. The concentrations of the total, the oxidized form, and the reduced form of biopterin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were higher in the acute phase than those in the controls; however, the differences were not significant. The concentration of each substance in the recovery phase was not significantly different from that in the controls. There was no difference in the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/homovanillic acid ratio or in the reduced form/total biopterin ratio among the patients in acute and recovery phases and the controls. These results suggested that levels of biopterin and biogenic amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid are increased in the acute phase of aseptic meningitis and return to normal during the recovery phase. This is the first report of increased concentrations of biopterin fractions and biogenic amine metabolites in aseptic meningitis.

Biopterins↗
PubMed1998

Role of free oxygen radicals and prostanoids in the pathogenesis of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura.

The pathogenesis of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) is still controversial. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress and cyclooxygenase (CO) pathway products in the pathogenesis of HSP. In order to investigate this, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating lipid peroxidation, prostaglandin E (PGE)-like activity as inflammatory mediator and vitamin E (vit-E) levels indicating anti-oxidant status were studied in a group of 10 children with HSP (five girls and five boys, aged 6-21 years, mean 10.7 years), both in the acute and recovery phase of the disease and in five age and sex-matched healthy children as a control group. The patients were also grouped into low and high clinical score groups. Plasma levels of MDA and PGE-like activity were significantly elevated in the active phase of HSP compared to the recovery phase. Vit-E levels were significantly reduced in the active phase compared to the recovery phase. The plasma levels of PGE-like activity of the patients obtained in the active phase were significantly higher than the levels of the control group, whereas the levels of the recovery phase were significantly lower than in the control group. No such difference between the controls and MDA and vit-E levels in the patient group was shown. No correlation between the clinical scores and the parameters studied could be found. Our findings indicate that oxidant stress and CO pathway products may play a role in the pathogenesis of HSP.

Child↗
PubMed2006

[Serum levels of IL-5 and LTB4 in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura].

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the serum levels of interleukin-5 (IL-5), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) at different phases to explore the role of IL-5, LTB4 and CRP in the pathogenesis of HSP. METHODS: Serum levels of IL-5, LTB4 and CRP in 27 normal children and 31 children with HSP at the acute phase and the early recovery phase were detected using ELISA. RESULTS: The serum levels of IL-5, LTB4 and CRP in children with HSP were 53.8 +/- 4.2 pg/mL, 95.3 +/- 12.0 pg/mL and 36.10 +/- 11.78 mg/L, respectively at the acute phase. The values were significantly decreased at the early recovery phase (37.8 +/- 3.9 pg/mL, 45.7 +/- 10.1 pg/mL, 18.35 +/- 6.43 mg/L; P < 0.01), but remained higher than those in normal controls (12.7 +/- 3.2 pg/mL, 17.6 +/- 5.7 pg/mL, 4.75 +/- 2.85 mg/L; P < 0.01). The serum levels of IL-5 and LTB4 positively correlated to the CRP level. CONCLUSIONS: The serum levels of IL-5 and LTB4 in children with HSP increased during the acute phase and decreased at the early recovery phase, suggesting that IL-5 and LTB4 may be involved in the pathogenesis of HSP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sevoflurane titration using bispectral index decreases postoperative vomiting in phase II recovery after ambulatory surgery.

UNLABELLED: We tested the hypothesis that titration of sevoflurane using bispectral index (BIS) of the electroencephalogram decreases postoperative nausea and vomiting and improves recovery after outpatient gynecologic laparoscopy. After propofol induction, anesthesia was maintained in all patients with sevoflurane in 65% nitrous oxide and oxygen. In the BIS-Titrated group (n = 32), sevoflurane was titrated to maintain the BIS between 50 and 60 during surgery. In the Control group (n = 30), sevoflurane was adjusted to keep hemodynamic variables within 25% of control values. The severity of pain, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and recovery variables were recorded. In the Control group, 30% of the patients had BIS <40 during surgery (versus 0 in the BIS-Titrated group). Orientation and ability to drink were achieved earlier in the BIS group (P < 0.05). At 30 min after cessation of nitrous oxide, patients in the BIS group performed better in the psychomotor recovery test (P < 0.01). In Phase II recovery room, these patients had significantly less vomiting than the patients in the Control group (16% versus 40% of the patients, respectively, P < 0.05). No differences were found in times to achieve home readiness. IMPLICATIONS: In patients undergoing outpatient gynecologic laparoscopy, the monitoring of bispectral index decreases vomiting in Phase II recovery room, but it has no effect on the time to achieve home readiness.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Diagnostic role of 99mTc hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime brain single photon emission computed tomography in Sydenham's chorea.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine whether technetium-99m hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging is capable of detecting perfusional abnormalities in Sydenham's chorea (SC) patients and contributing to diagnosis of SC. METHODS: In this study, 17 SC patients were evaluated. HMPAO SPECT was performed on all patients at the acute phase and six of them at the recovery phase. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed to 13 patients. SPECT images of basal ganglia and thalamus were evaluated both visually and by measuring the radioactivity uptakes. Ten subjects constituted the control group. RESULTS: HMPAO SPECT was visually evaluated as indicating hyperperfusion in the basal ganglia and thalamus in 16 patients, and evaluated as normal in one patient at the acute phase. The radioactivity uptakes of basal ganglia and thalamus of the patients at the acute phase were found statistically higher than those of the patients at the recovery phase, and also higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). A significant difference between the radioactivity uptake of the patients at the recovery phase and those of the control group was not found (P > 0.05). Only one patient did not show any abnormality in both acute and recovery phases. MRI study did not show any abnormality in the basal ganglia and thalamus. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that brain SPECT can contribute to the diagnosis of SC as an objective tool. Resolving of the hyperperfusion at the recovery phase provides further support for the diagnosis of SC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

T cell subsets in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid from children with aseptic meningitis.

T cell subsets in peripheral blood (PB) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from patients with aseptic meningitis were studied using quantitative two-color fluorescence analysis with a flow cytometer. The percentage of HLA-DR+/CD3+ lymphocytes (activated T cells) in CSF was significantly increased in the recovery phase when compared to the acute phase, while no significant change in the activated T cells in PB was observed. More interestingly, CD4+ T lymphocytes in CSF were increased in the acute phase and subsequently decreased in the recovery phase. Instead, CD8+ T lymphocytes gradually accumulated into the CSF in the recovery phase, resulting in a successive decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio. On the other hand, the CD4/CD8 ratio in PB remained normal during the course of aseptic meningitis. The present results suggest that T lymphocytes (CD4+ subset in the acute phase and CD8+ in the recovery phase) could be infiltrated and further activated at the site of inflammation, possibly in the subarachnoid space in the patients with aseptic meningitis.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2003

Low frequency fatigue of quadriceps muscle after sustained maximum voluntary contractions.

Immediately after sustained maximum voluntary contractions for 60 s, greater quadriceps muscle fatigue and, especially, low frequency fatigue is observed. The results of our study have shown that immediately after the exercise there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in muscle force induced by low (20 Hz) and high (50 Hz) stimulation frequencies and maximum voluntary contractions (it is not muscle length-dependent) and it did not recover to its initial (pre-exercise) level 15 min after the end of exercise. These observations suggest the observed low frequency fatigue may consist of 2 phases: an early, rapid recovery phase (to 3 min), likely related to muscle potentiation and metabolite build-up, and a slow recovery phase, which is not dependent on metabolite levels, but is especially dependent on muscle mechanical damage. There is an increase in low frequency fatigue during a slow recovery phase and it is more pronounced when low frequency fatigue is registered at short muscle length.

Adult↗