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PubMed2025

Subgenomic divergence and functional innovation following whole-genome duplication in Maleae species of Rosaceae.

Whole-genome duplication (WGD) drives plant evolution by inducing karyotype rearrangements and gene loss through subgenome fractionation. In this study, we investigate post-WGD evolutionary dynamics in Rosaceae, focusing on Maleae species, which uniquely experienced an additional WGD. Using phylogenetic and synteny analyses, we reveal that chromosomal breakpoints act as hotspots for localized fractionation, contributing to blurred homoeologous origins and influencing gene retention patterns. Here, we reconstruct karyotype evolution across Rosaceae subfamilies, highlighting chromosome reductions and lineage-specific rearrangements in Dryadoideae, Rosoideae, and Amygdaloideae. We also identify a bias for retaining transcription factors and hormone-related genes from older WGDs in subsequent polyploidy events. Transcriptome analysis classifies WGD-derived genes in Maleae species, such as apple and loquat, into three expression groups, with hormone-enriched genes playing roles in lignification and fruit-related innovations. These findings demonstrate the interplay between chromosomal breakpoints, biased retention, and functional divergence, revealing their contributions to genomic and phenotypic evolution in Maleae and their adaptive success within Rosaceae.

Genome, Plant↗
PubMed1999

Retinaldehyde alleviates rosacea.

BACKGROUND: Anecdotal observations suggest that retinoic acid may be effective in mild rosacea. AIM: Our aim was to investigate, by an exploratory clinical and instrumental study, the effects of a topical formulation with the retinoic acid precursor retinaldehyde, in patients with vascular signs of facial rosacea. METHODS: Female patients were treated with a 0.05% retinaldehyde cream that was applied once daily for 6 months. Clinical assessments of persistent erythema and telangiectasia were performed every month, using a 4-point severity score (absent to severe). The clinical response for each parameter was defined as a decrease of at least 1 grade in the severity score. In addition, erythema was further evaluated by measurement of the a* parameter, using a spectrophotometer on lesional and nonlesional areas. RESULTS: A total of 23 women comprised the study population. At baseline, 10 patients had diffuse erythema, 3 patients had isolated telangiectasia and 10 patients had both. During retinaldehyde treatment, a clinical response was revealed in about 75% of the patients with erythema, after 5 months (p < 0.05). Similarly, isolated telangiectasia responded to retinaldehyde, although to a lesser extent and after a longer period of treatment (46% responders after 6 months, nonsignificant). Using the spectrophotometer, the a* parameter diminished in patients with erythema by about 15%, after 2 months of treatment (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that retinaldehyde has beneficial effects on the vascular component of rosacea.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2002

Permethrin 5% cream versus metronidazole 0.75% gel for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Permethrin 5% cream used against human ectoparasites suggests that it may be effective in papulopustular rosacea. METHODS: This study included 63 patients diagnosed as having papulopustular rosacea based on the clinical and histological findings. Patients were randomly assigned into permethrin (n = 23), metronidazole (n = 20) and placebo (n = 20) groups. Scores of erythema, telangiectasia, edema and rhinophyma and the numbers of papules, pustules, inflammatory nodules and Demodex folliculorum were determined. Twenty-three patients were given permethrin 5% cream (Zalvor 5% skin cream, 20 patients metronidazole 0.75% gel (Roza gel and 20 patients placebo cream (Basis cream, in packages looking identical to those of metronidazole and permethrin creams, and were recommended to apply them to their faces twice a day. All patients were also given SPF 20 cream for protection against sunlight. Two months of treatment were planned, and the patients were invited to the clinic for fortnightly controls. Scores of erythema, telangiectasia, edema and rhinophyma and the numbers of papules, pustules, inflammatory nodules and D. folliculorum were recorded at each visit. The mean scores of erythema and the mean numbers of papules, pustules and D. folliculorum were determined at baseline and on days 15, 30, 45 and 60. Side effects were also detected. RESULTS: The effect of permethrin 5% cream on D. folliculorum was superior to that of metronidazole 0.75% gel. The effect of permethrin 5% cream on erythema and papules was found to be more effective than placebo and as effective as metronidazole 0.75% gel. However, it had no effect on telangiectasia, rhinophyma and pustules. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the application of permethrin 5% cream twice daily for 2 months can be as effective and reliable as metronidazole in the treatment of rosacea and a greater benefit can be gained when it is combined with other systemic and/or topical treatments.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2003

Evaluating the quality of rosacea studies: implications for the patient and physician.

BACKGROUND: Patients suffering from rosacea may experience frequent blushing and flushing, erythema, telangiectasia, and/or rhinophyma. In an attempt to find effective treatments, many studies have been performed. OBJECTIVE: It is important to be able to evaluate the quality of clinical trials where agents have been used to treat rosacea, and to compare the effectiveness of the different therapies used for this indication. METHODS: The reports on the efficacy and safety of the different drug therapies were evaluated using predetermined criteria. We searched MEDLINE (1966-2002) for studies where rosacea was treated with the various therapies. The criteria used to assess the quality of the studies were: randomization, blinding (double, single, or open), aims clearly defined, prior sample size calculation, whether inclusion and/or exclusion criteria were outlined, baseline comparison of patient characteristics and demographics, interventions and efficacy parameters defined, compliance assessed, statistical analysis performed including intention-to-treat evaluation of efficacy of therapy. RESULTS: Using the above-mentioned criteria, each study was rated in order to determine the quality of the clinical trial. The maximum score a study could attain was 20. To determine if high-quality studies are cited more often than the lower-quality papers, the number of times a study had been cited since its publication was measured. We found 13 of the 42 studies scored greater than 14; these studies were rated as high-quality studies. There was no significant association between high-quality papers and the number of times they had been cited, suggesting that other factors are also taken into consideration when a given study is cited. CONCLUSION: It is important for investigators and clinicians to be aware of the parameters that count towards designing a high-quality protocol since such studies are more likely to reflect efficacy rates that are accurate. Furthermore, it is essential that when a study is written up, the pertinent information regarding the design of the trial and the manner in which it was conducted are conveyed to the reader.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of rosacea.

BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a common disease, with an estimated prevalence of 5-10%. Established systemic and topical treatment is often effective but requires continuous medication. AIM: We report the outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in 4 patients with rosacea. METHODS: Prior treatment consisted of standard treatment with tetracycline and metronidazole. The treatment was however either ineffective or the patients were dissatisfied with the need for continuous treatment. The patients all received standard treatment with PDT. RESULTS: The treated skin cleared in 3 of the 4 patients. Treatment with light alone did not appear to have any effect. In one of the patients there has been no relapse during a 9-month follow-up. In 2 patients, remissions lasted 3 months, during which time no additional or supplementary treatment was used. CONCLUSION: Our observation suggests that PDT may play a role in the future treatment of selected cases of rosacea.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Diagnosis and treatment of rosacea fulminans.

Rosacea fulminans is a rare disease of unknown cause which occurs exclusively in women well past adolescence. It was previously called pyoderma faciale because of its confinement to the face covering most of the surface with innumerable fluctuant inflammatory nodules and papules which frequently fuse and form monstrosities. Seborrhea prior to onset is typical. It is not a pyoderma; neither it is infectious or a variant of acne conglobata. The patients respond well to a therapeutic regimen including isotretinoin in combination with topical and systemic corticosteroids. The response is superior and much more rapid than in patients treated with oral antibiotics. Rosacea fulminans is the only indication for topical or systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of rosacea. Scarring is often minimal when the lesions clear. No recurrence is seen.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1984

T-cell subsets in acne rosacea lesions and the possible role of Demodex folliculorum.

Skin biopsy specimens from 4 patients with typical acne rosacea lesions were examined for the presence of T-cell subsets using monoclonal antibodies. The infiltrates consisted chiefly of LEU-1 reactive T cells with a predominance of LEU-3a antibody positive helper-inducer T cells, while LEU-2a staining suppressor-cytotoxic T cells were scarce. These cells penetrated regularly into the follicular wall and the epidermis. The study showed that most T cells in the dermal granulomatous infiltrates around Demodex parts, which were displaced extrafollicularly, were helper-inducer T cells. The predominance of helper-inducer T-cell subsets in the dermal infiltrates of acne rosacea lesions in frequent association with Demodex supports the hypothesis that a cell-mediated immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rosacea.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Azelaic acid 15% gel: in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea.

Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring, straight-chain dicarboxylic acid which is effective in the treatment of rosacea, presumably on account of its anti-inflammatory properties. In randomized, double-blind, multicenter studies involving patients with moderate papulopustular facial rosacea, twice-daily topical application of azelaic acid 15% gel to the face was significantly more effective than twice-daily administration of either its vehicle (two studies) or metronidazole 0.75% gel (one study) in reducing inflammatory lesion counts and erythema severity. However, neither active treatment had a clinically discernable effect on telangiectasia. In all three studies, azelaic acid 15% gel recipients experienced continuous decreases in lesion counts and erythema throughout the 12- to 15-week treatment periods. However, the effects of metronidazole 0.75% gel plateauxed after 8 weeks. In other efficacy assessments in these studies, azelaic acid 15% gel was superior to its vehicle and metronidazole 0.75% gel in both the investigators' global assessment of rosacea and the investigators' end-of-study evaluation of overall improvement, and superior to its vehicle in the patients' end-of-study evaluation of overall improvement. The most frequent treatment-related cutaneous adverse events during administration of azelaic acid 15% gel include burning/stinging/tingling and pruritus (itching); however, these events are predominantly transient in nature and mild-to-moderate in intensity.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ocular rosacea].

Five cases of ocular rosacea (one male and four females) are reported in this paper. Two of the patients were with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, one with conjunctivitis chronica and blepharitis, one with conjunctivitis chronica and meibomitis, and one with reccurent corneal erosions with meibomitis and chordeloum. In four patients ocular symptoms preceded the occurence of skin lesions. The treatment with oral tetracyclines significantly improved the state of ocular rosacea in four patients, while in one case the changes of the anterior eye segment progressed in more severe state of ulcerative keratitis. It is considered that in almost 20% of the patients with rosacea ocular lesions may precede the skin changes, representing a diagnostic problem. Thus, in those cases multidisciplinary approach is suggested. Such approach is particularly important because of the decrease of morbidity and the prevention of the onset of the eye complications such as drastic worsening of visual acuity, i.e., the blindness.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rosacea fulminans in a patient with Crohn's disease: a case report and review of the literature.

Rosacea fulminans is a rare disorder of unknown cause that mainly affects postadolescent women, with abrupt onset and disfiguring course if left untreated. The simultaneous occurrence of rosacea fulminans and inflammatory bowel disease is rare and has been reported predominantly in the setting of ulcerative colitis. We describe here a case of rosacea fulminans in a patient with Crohn's disease and discuss a possible association between the two conditions.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2001

The ocular manifestations of rosacea.

The ocular manifestations of rosacea are commonly nonspecific and variable. The etiology of the inflammation is unknown and there is no diagnostic test for the disease. Ocular rosacea is often underdiagnosed, despite the potential for serious sight-threatening sequelae. When evaluating patients with rosacea, dermatologists should obtain a careful history of eye complaints and examine the eyelid margins thoroughly. Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms and is multifaceted. The foundation of treatment is good lid hygiene and oral tetracyclines. Those patients with moderate-to-severe ocular findings will benefit from a multidisciplinary approach, including evaluation by an ophthalmologist.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Topical metronidazole for rosacea.

Rosacea is relatively common, typically occurring in individuals of Northern European and Celtic origin between 30 and 50 years of age. It is more common in women, but may be more severe in men. Currently there is no cure available for rosacea, but it can be controlled with topical and oral drug therapy. Topical metronidazole 1% cream is approved by the US FDA for the treatment of inflammatory lesions (papules and pustules) and erythema associated with rosacea. This treatment option is effective, safe and well tolerated.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2002

Rosacea and atopic dermatitis. Two common oculocutaneous disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To increase awareness of the oculocutaneous manifestations of two common skin diseases. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: We reviewed clinically relevant articles from the dermatologic and ophthalmologic literature. The PubMed database was searched from January 1965 to January 2001 to locate retrospective and prospective cohort and descriptive studies using the MeSH terms acne rosacea; eczema; and dermatitis, atopic. Most literature on the topic is based on descriptive research. MAIN MESSAGE: Several dermatologic problems are known to have ophthalmologic sequelae. Rosacea and atopic dermatitis are two common skin conditions that can have concomitant eye disease. Degrees of skin and eye disease vary; certain cases require specialty referral and other cases can be managed effectively by family physicians. CONCLUSION: Better appreciation of how rosacea and atopic dermatitis overlap with eye disease will result in more appropriate referrals and more comprehensive patient care.

Dermatitis, Atopic↗
PubMed2002

Rosacea: a common, yet commonly overlooked, condition.

Rosacea is a common, but often overlooked, skin condition of uncertain etiology that can lead to significant facial disfigurement, ocular complications, and severe emotional distress. The progression of rosacea is variable; however, typical stages include: (1) facial flushing, (2) erythema and/or edema and ocular symptoms, (3) papules and pustules, and (4) rhinophyma. A history of exacerbation by sun exposure, stress, cold weather, hot beverages, alcohol consumption, or certain foods helps determine the diagnosis; the first line of treatment is avoidance of these triggering or exacerbating factors. Most patients respond well to long-term topical antibiotic treatment. Oral or topical retinoid therapy may also be effective. Laser treatment is an option for progressive telangiectasis or rhinophyma. Family physicians should be able to identify and effectively treat the majority of patients with rosacea. Consultation with subspecialists may be required for the management of rhinophyma, ocular complications, or severe disease. (Am Fam Physician 2002;66:442.)

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2003

Rosacea fulminans associated with pegylated interferon alpha-2B and ribavirin therapy.

Rosacea fulminans is characterized by the sudden onset of large, coalescing nodules and draining sinuses on the face. A few reports have linked medications to this condition, but none have described the onset of rosacea fulminans with pegylated interferon or ribavirin therapy. We report a patient who presented with rosacea fulminans after initiation of therapy for Hepatitis C.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed2004

Rosacea as an inflammatory disorder: a unifying theory?

Rosacea is increasingly being viewed as an immune-based disorder. Various immune factors, such as eicosanoids, proinflammatory cytokines, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, appear to be involved in the vascular, inflammatory, and proliferative subtypes of this disorder. Many pharmacologic agents that effectively treat the symptoms of rosacea show anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulating effects, providing further evidence that rosacea is an inflammatory disorder.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Mechanism-based selection of pharmacologic agents for rosacea.

All effective agents used to treat rosacea have a common mechanism of action: anti-inflammatory effects. Concomitant with this, many of these agents also show antioxidant effects. Both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may address the proposed underlying pathophysiology of rosacea. Future topical formulations may involve the combination of active pharmacologic agents and sunscreens or sun blocks to address the proposed etiologic role played by UV radiation in the pathophysiology of rosacea.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Rosacea subtypes: a treatment algorithm.

Based on various signs and symptoms, the National Rosacea Society (NRS) Expert Committee has divided the syndrome of rosacea into 4 major subtypes: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular (inflammatory), phymatous, and ocular. Each of the subtypes can be divided further into more specific subgroups. For example, sensory rosacea is an additional subtype that can be recognized and treated. Signs and symptoms may direct therapy. This article proposes an overview of common treatments based on subtypes. Treatments that have been validated by randomized controlled trials are reviewed. However, many excellent treatments have not been validated by double-blind randomized trials.

Algorithms↗