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PubMed1998

RESEARCH: An Ecoregional Approach to the Economic Valuation of Land- and Water-Based Recreation in the United States

/ This paper describes a framework for estimating the economic value of outdoor recreation across different ecoregions. Ten ecoregions in the continental United States were defined based on similarly functioning ecosystem characters. The individual travel cost method was employed to estimate recreation demand functions for activities such as motor boating and waterskiing, developed and primitive camping, coldwater fishing, sightseeing and pleasure driving, and big game hunting for each ecoregion. While our ecoregional approach differs conceptually from previous work, our results appear consistent with the previous travel cost method valuation studies.KEY WORDS: Recreation; Ecoregion; Travel cost method; Truncated Poisson model

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Influence of Llamas, Horses, and Hikers on Soil Erosion from Established Recreation Trails in Western Montana, USA

/ Various types of recreational traffic impact hiking trails uniquely and cause different levels of trail degradation; however, trail head restrictions are applied similarly across all types of packstock. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative physical impact of hikers, llamas, and horses on recreational trails. Horse, llama, and hiker traffic were applied to 56 separate plots on an existing trail at Lubrecht Experimental Forest in western Montana. The traffic was applied to plots at intensities of 250 and 1000 passes along with a no-traffic control under both prewetted and dry trail conditions. Soil erosion potential was assessed by sediment yield and runoff (using a Meeuwig type rainfall simulator), changes in soil bulk density, and changes in soil surface roughness. Soil moisture, slope, and rainfall intensity were recorded as independent variables in order to evaluate the extent that they were held constant by the experimental design. Horse traffic consistently made more sediment available for erosion from trails than llama, hiker, or no traffic when analyzed across wet and dry trail plots and high and low intensity traffic plots. Although total runoff was not significantly affected by trail user, wet trail traffic caused significantly greater runoff than dry trail traffic. Llama traffic caused a significant increase in sediment yield compared to the control, but caused erosion yields not significantly different than hiker traffic. Trail traffic did not increase soil compaction on wet trails. Traffic applied to dry trail plots generally resulted in a significant decrease in soil bulk density compared to the control. Decreased soil bulk density was negatively correlated with increased sediment yield and appeared to result in increased trail roughness for horse traffic compared to hiker or llama traffic. Differences described here between llama and horse traffic indicate that trail managers may want to consider managing packstock llamas independent of horses.KEY WORDS: Recreational impacts; Sediment yield; Trail degradation

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Computer Simulation Modeling for Recreation Management: A Study on Carriage Road Use in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA.

/ The number of visits to outdoor recreation areas has increased dramatically in the last three decades, leading managers and researchers to wonder if there is a limit to the amount of use a resource such as a park can accommodate. One of the difficulties in addressing this carrying capacity-related question has been the complex nature of visitor travel patterns on often extensive networks of roads and trails. Systematic direct observation is often impractical and anecdotal information is usually inadequate. This study explores the utility of computer simulation as a tool for describing visitor travel by building a dynamic model of visitor travel on the carriage roads of Acadia National Park, Maine, USA. The simulation model uses empirical inputs such as travel routes and travel speeds to generate simulated recreation days on the carriage roads. Data on persons-per-viewscape (PPV) conditions were then gathered from multiple model runs and incorporated into the National Park Service's visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) planning process. Results show that PPV conditions under present-day use levels do not violate proposed standards of quality. Results also show likely PPV conditions under scenarios of increasing use and in different areas within the carriage road system. Goodness-of-fit validity tests indicate the model is an accurate representation of the actual system. The findings of this study suggest that computer simulation is useful for estimating current carrying capacity conditions, predicting future conditions, and guiding related research. KEY WORDS: Computer simulation modeling; Carrying capacity; Recreation management; Acadia National Park

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Arterial consequences of recreational drug use.

BACKGROUND: Recreational drug use is becoming an increasing problem throughout the world. Many of the drugs used and their routes of administration have the potential to cause damage to the vascular system. Intravenous drug administration with the risk of arterial puncture predisposes to the formation of infected pseudoaneurysms. Inadvertent intra-arterial injection predisposes to distal limb ischaemia. Cocaine has numerous effects not only on the heart, but also potentially on any vascular bed. METHODS: A systematic review of published literature with regard to the arterial consequences of recreational drug abuse was undertaken by undergoing an electronic search. RESULTS: Most of the available literature is in the form of case reports and case series. Pseudoaneurysm formation is a serious consequence for intravenous drug users. For femoral aneurysms vessel ligation is the safest option with a low amputation risk. A high proportion of patients do have symptoms of claudication in the long term. Intra-arterial injections can result in limb threatening ischaemia. Systemic anticoagulation forms the mainstay of treatment. Cocaine has significant effects upon both the myocardium and the arterial tree in general. Arterial problems must always be considered in cocaine users who present acutely. CONCLUSION: The consequences of recreational drug use will result in an increased exposure of vascular surgeons to its associated complications posing unique and challenging problems.

Aneurysm, False↗
PubMed2006

A therapeutic education programme for diabetic children: recreational, creative methods, and use of puppets.

Patient education is an important aspect of care to young diabetic children. The use of playthings and recreational activities is an effective way to help children develop harmoniously by integrating the paradox of having to become compliant with treatment and medication while becoming autonomous in life. This paper presents the evaluation of a therapeutic education programme which was attended by 14 young diabetic patients aged 10-12. In order to take into account the learning capacities and strategies linked to the children's age and development stage, the programme's methods were mainly interactive and recreational. In particular, puppets were used as a means to enable the children to express themselves on different aspects of diabetes-related difficulties in their everyday life. The results of the study show that recreational methods and tools can effectively be implemented into therapeutic patient education programmes so as to enable children to develop various treatment-related skills. As far as the psychosocial skill of expressing one's difficulties and emotions is concerned, the use of puppets was found to be an effective means to facilitate the development of such a skill. Moreover, puppets were found to have a projective and transactional function that allowed children to make decisions and react autonomously, and thus regain control on situations in which they had previously felt disempowered.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Frequency of headaches associated with the cervical spine and relationships with anthropometric, muscle performance, and recreational factors.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate headache specifically associated with the cervical spine, and factors associated with it. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, population-based observational study. SETTING: Two agriculturally based municipalities in southern Tasmania, Australia. PATIENTS: Four hundred fifty adults were randomly selected from electoral rolls; after refusals and exclusions, 427 subjects participated. OUTCOME MEASURE: For analysis, subjects were divided into three groups: those who did not have a particular type of headache in the previous month, those reporting fewer than two headaches of this type for the month (occasional headache), and those reporting two or more (frequent) headaches of this type in the month. STUDY FACTORS: Information collected by questionnaire and by objective measurement on anthropometric and functional measurements, wearing glasses or dentures, usual occupation, and usual recreational activities. RESULTS: The monthly prevalence of frequent headaches associated with the cervical spine was 28.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.2-32.9), and another 35.4% (30.9-40.1) of subjects had these headaches occasionally. The frequency of headache occurrence was associated with a difference between front and back neck length of 2 cm or more. Occasional participation in recreational sport by men and wearing glasses by women were significant predictors of headache. CONCLUSION: Headaches of this type were more frequent in subjects with a long anterior neck length relative to their posterior neck length, particularly if they occasionally participated in recreational sports (men) or wore glasses (women).

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Recreational and sporting injury to the adolescent knee and ankle: Prevalence and causes.

This study describes the prevalence of adolescent ankle and knee injuries from participation in recreational and sporting activities. Data were collected over a one-week retrospective time frame from 3,538 subjects aged 11-12 years and 15-16 years from the Adelaide metropolitan region. Young people reported participating in 142 recreational activities and, overall, one injury was reported by every fourth subject and in every third activity. Knee and ankle injuries were the most prevalent, reflecting approximately 13 and 14 per cent respectively overall. The most commonly reported activities which had large numbers of knee and/or ankle injuries were investigated in this paper. There were significant differences in risk of ankle and knee injury within age and gender strata for different activities, although similar mechanisms and types of injury were found for both knees and ankles. Strategies to prevent adolescent lower limb sporting and recreational injury are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Pediatric wilderness recreational deaths in western Washington State.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the causes and characteristics of pediatric recreational wilderness deaths. METHODS: All deaths of children between 12 months and 20 years of age involving a wilderness recreational activity in 5 western Washington counties between 1987 and 1996 were identified by medical examiners' logs. Univariate analysis was used to examine variables such as age, gender, activity, mechanism of injury, adult presence, blood alcohol level, safety equipment, and mode of evacuation. RESULTS: Of 40 cases meeting inclusion criteria, 90% involved male subjects and 83% of victims were 13 to 19 years old. Hiking (33%), swimming (20%), and river rafting (10%) were the most common activities. Death was most often by drowning (55%) or closed head injury (26%). No victim was alone. All children younger than 10 years of age were accompanied by an adult, in contrast to only 26% of individuals 10 years or older. Only 4 victims had drugs or alcohol in their system. No victim wore a personal flotation device or helmet, and only 5% had foul weather gear. Although nearly one third of victims were transported by airlift, more than half of the victims were dead at the scene. CONCLUSION: Males and teenagers were the 2 major risk groups for recreational wilderness deaths. Traditional activities such as hiking and swimming were the most common causes of death. Children younger than 10 years died despite the presence of an adult, whereas teenagers were usually with groups of peers. The majority of victims were not prepared for adverse events with basic safety equipment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Recreational drugs.

The war against substance abuse continues in today's society and the sports world often seems to be in the middle of all the attention, especially among the media. New recreational drugs arrive on the scene from time to time, much like GHB, but the predominant substances of abuse continue to be marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. As research evolves in efforts to stay current and determine any potential performance effects of new substances, the literature has changed very little regarding the more common recreational drug and their effects on athletic participation. New studies are emerging comparing recreational drug use among athletes versus nonathletes. Findings include differences among these groups regarding individual sports, team sports, contact versus noncontact sports, and gender-specific sports. Higher risk-taking behavior contribute to these findings and is known to be more prevalent among an athletic population. Overall, illicit drug use in America in 1996 remained about the same as in 1995 after rising steadily since the early 1990s. About 13 million Americans used drugs at least monthly in 1996, up slightly from 12.8 million in 1995. Teenage drug and alcohol use fell to 9% in 1996, down from 10.9% in 1995. Attempts to recognize the early signs of substance abuse and identify those athletes "at risk" of experimenting with elicit drugs are paramount to the optimal treatment response program. The preparticipation examination remains the best initial format for establishing a sound physician-patient relationship. A thorough history including risk factors, family history, and personnel tendencies toward substance abuse should be obtained followed by an ongoing relationship between the athlete and his team physician. The better rapport between the athlete and team physician, the higher likelihood of early recognition of a developing substance abuse problem. Likewise, the earliest intervention usually leads to the most optimal treatment response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Implications of coliform variability in the assessment of the sanitary quality of recreational waters.

The most widely used indicator of the sanitary quality of recreational waters is the coliform group of bacteria. Present techniques of coliform enumeration are imprecise, and this fact is too often overlooked in routine water quality surveys as well as in research efforts seeking quantitative relationships between coliform density and the health effects of recreational waters. To illustrate this point, three years of data gathered by the New York City Department of Health as part of their routine beach water sampling programme were re-analysed, taking the limited precision of each coliform estimate into account. Re-analysis showed 56.6% of the data were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) from the standard being used. This large percentage of the data was of little value in determining the acceptability of the waters being sampled relative to the standard being used and thus represented a substantial waste of time and expense. Of the remaining data, half indicated acceptable water quality and half indicated unacceptable water quality relative to the standard. These three years of data, therefore, gave little information on the acceptability of the water quality at this location with respect to the standard being used. The data further suggest significant differences in coliform density within sample dates. It is recommended that in future water quality surveys, or in studies of the health effects of recreational waters as related to coliform density, emphasis should shift from maximizing the number of sample dates to maximizing the number of replicate determinations made per sample date.

Enterobacteriaceae↗
PubMed2006

Otolaryngological requirements for recreational self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving.

Recreational self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving continues to grow in popularity. Medical requirements to be 'fit to dive' vary throughout the world, from self-certification to a full medical examination prior to training. This review discusses the relative merits of the most commonly used guidelines for recreational SCUBA diving, with reference to common diving-related otorhinolaryngological conditions. Areas of controversy, such as fitness to dive after rhinological and otological surgery, are discussed. The authors suggest that a unified approach from the various recreational SCUBA diving organizations involved would aid in clarification for divers and physicians alike. The difficulties in achieving such a unified approach, however, should not be underestimated.

Barotrauma↗
PubMed2000

Cognitive, dissociative and psychotogenic effects of ketamine in recreational users on the night of drug use and 3 days later.

AIMS: Recreational use of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, ketamine, is increasing. The present study aimed to examine both the acute and residual effects of this drug on cognitive function, dissociation and schizotypal symptomatology in recreational users. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: A parallel group design was used to compare 20 volunteers who reported having taken ketamine with 19 volunteers who reported no consumption of ketamine on the relevant night (day 0). All 39 participants were tested on day 0 and again 3 days later. On each test occasion a battery of tests was administered which tapped a wide range of memory functions, attention, dissociation, schizotypal symptomatology and mood. FINDINGS: Groups were broadly matched for polydrug use apart from ketamine. Acute effects on day 0 replicated previous laboratory studies showing a broad spectrum of cognitive impairments following ketamine administration as well as marked dissociative effects and schizotypal symptomatology. Three days later, ketamine users had significantly higher scores than controls on both dissociation and schizotypal symptomatology. On some cognitive measures there were no group differences on day 3; however, on tests tapping semantic memory, the ketamine users showed persisting impairments compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine appears to induce acute and severe impairments of working, episodic and semantic memory as well as psychotogenic and dissociative effects. Three days after drug ingestion, recreational users display semantic memory impairment and dissociative and schizotypal symptomatology which could reflect chronic or residual effects of taking the drug or pre-existing differences in ketamine users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pulmonary function of recreational divers: a cross sectional study.

Long term effects on respiratory function have been found in adult professional divers and have indicated the development of small-airway disease. The aim of this report was to investigate pulmonary lung function and breathing pattern of recreational divers, especially in young subjects. Pulmonary function was measured in 84 air divers (aged 8 - 38 years) and in a matched control group of 89 subjects (aged 8 - 34 years). Static lung volumes, dynamic lung volumes and flows, transfer factor for carbon monoxide (T(Lco) ), maximal static pressures and CO(2) rebreathing test were measured. We observed no significant differences for all lung function parameters between divers and non divers in children and adolescents. Adult air divers showed a significant decrease in T(Lco) in absolute values (5.74 vs 6.26 ml x min(-1) x mmHg(-1) x l(-1), p = 0.03) and normal values and no significant difference in % predicted (112 vs 119 %), a higher maximal inspiratory pressure at functional residual capacity (-92 vs -74 cm H(2)O, p < 0.05) and at residual volume (-108 vs -88 cm H(2)O, p < 0.05) than adult controls. Adult divers also had a decreased resting respiratory frequency (13 c x min (-1) vs 17 c x min (-1) respectively, p < 0.01) and a higher carbon dioxide threshold (52 mm Hg vs 49 mm Hg respectively, p < 0.05) than adult controls. No significant differences occurred between adults divers and non divers for obstruction parameters. In this study, no airway obstruction or transfer factor reduction was observed in young recreational divers. Lower CO(2) threshold and higher inspiratory pressure were obtained in adult recreational divers compared to controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of spatio-temporal, metabolic, and psychometric responses in recreational and highly trained swimmers during and after a 400-m freestyle swim.

Spatio-temporal, metabolic and psychometric responses during and after a 400-m freestyle swim trial were investigated for gender and skill-level effects. Thirty-four men and women, 18 national and international competitors and 16 recreational swimmers, were compared. Mean speed, stroke rate (SR), and stroke length (SL) were obtained from video recordings. Peak heart rate (HR) and the lactate value (Hla) were determined, as were the recovery kinetics, i.e., the recovery time index (RTI) for heart rate and %Hla (r) for the lactate values. Well-being was assessed with the Profile of Mood States questionnaire (POMS). Subjective workload was assessed with the NASA-TLX questionnaire. The experts showed less variation in their swim speed than the recreational swimmers. The male experts showed greater SL and the female experts showed greater SL and SR. No significant difference was noted between the experts and recreational swimmers for peaks of HR and Hla, POMS (157.3 +/- 15.1 vs. 163.1 +/- 21.5), or subjective workload (32.4 +/- 6.7 vs. 31.6 +/- 6.1). The experts exhibited higher RTI (- 38.5 +/- 5.5 % vs. - 31.1 +/- 5.4 %) and %Hla (r) (8.6 +/- 7.18 % vs. 1.65 +/- 8.2 %). They also showed an improvement of 7.8 +/- 2.6 % for men and 6.02 +/- 1.6 % for women between the performance time for the trial and the best competitive time of the season. Last, our results suggest that the 400-m freestyle trial is a valid field test to evaluate the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) of swimmers with different training status. The systemic analysis herein described can be used to set the end-of-season target time for expert competitors. Attention should focus on SL, race management, and the physiological recovery for training prescription.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Recreational physical activity and the risk of cholecystectomy in women.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity may be an important determinant of the risk of gallstone disease in women, both independently and as a result of its role in maintaining body weight. METHODS: We prospectively studied recreational physical activity (such as jogging, running, and bicycling) and sedentary behavior (such as spending hours watching television) in relation to the risk of cholecystectomy, a surrogate for symptomatic cholelithiasis, in a cohort of 60,290 women who were 40 to 65 years of age in 1986 and had no history of gallstone disease. As part of the Nurses' Health Study, the women reported on questionnaires mailed to them every two years both their activity level and whether they had undergone cholecystectomy. During a 10-year follow-up period (1986 to 1996), 3257 cases of cholecystectomy were documented. RESULTS: Recreational physical activity was inversely related to the risk of cholecystectomy. The multivariate relative risk for women in the highest as compared with the lowest quintile of physical activity was 0.69 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.61 to 0.78). In contrast, sedentary behavior was independently related to an increased risk of cholecystectomy. As compared with women who spent less than 6 hours per week sitting while at work or driving, women who spent 41 to 60 hours per week sitting had a multivariate relative risk of 1.42 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.89), and women who spent more than 60 hours per week sitting while at work or driving had a multivariate relative risk of 2.32 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.26 to 4.26). These associations persisted after we controlled for body weight and weight change. CONCLUSIONS: In women, recreational physical activity is associated with a decreased risk of cholecystectomy. The association is independent of other risk factors for gallstone disease, such as obesity and recent weight loss.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of adult recreational drug use via the World Wide Web: the DRUGNET study.

DRUGNET was a cross-sectional survey of adult recreational drug users (i.e., not abusers) via the World Wide Web of the Internet. The purpose of this survey was to provide a unique, broad description of nondeviant adult recreational drug users. The survey instrument had four divisions: demographic and lifestyle indices, drug use history, legal history and attitudes about drug issues, and the General Well-being Schedule (GWBS). Responses were received from 1,473 self-identified drug users. Of these, 567 completed only the first section, leaving 906 respondents who completed the entire survey. The typical respondent was a White male who was well educated, employed full-time, a participant in recreational and community activities, and who described his physical health status as good. Their mental health, as measured by the GWBS, was similar to the general adult U.S. population. Their drug-taking behavior appeared to be well-controlled, at mild to moderate levels in both frequency of use and degree of intoxication. These findings have major implications for drug policy and indicate the need for further research on the majority of drug users, who may be expected to resemble this sample more than they do clinical populations of drug abusers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Recreational substance use and tolerance of efavirenz in HIV-1 infected patients.

During the past few years, efavirenz has been increasingly used in the treatment of HIV1 infection. Its main side effect is a syndrome of central nervous system stimulation occurring in 40-50% of adults in the first few weeks of therapy which might be observed at increased frequency in subjects concurrently using recreational substances. We therefore conducted a single center, retrospective study in 134 patients treated with efavirenz and found no significant differences in CNS side effects or discontinuation rates between recreational substance (cocaine, ecstasy, cannabis) users and non-users. Although our study is limited, the results support the idea that efavirenz can be safely prescribed to patients using recreational substances.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Development and validation of AIMFREE: Accessibility Instruments Measuring Fitness and Recreation Environments.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a series of 16 survey instruments measuring fitness and recreation accessibility, collectively referred to as AIMFREE (Accessibility Instruments Measuring Fitness and Recreation Environments). General domains of assessment included the built environment, equipment, programmes, policies, and training and behaviour. METHODS: Fitness and recreation professionals (n=35) assessed fitness centres/swimming pools (n=35) in nine regions across the US. Rasch analysis was used to assess the psychometric properties of the instrument. RESULTS: The AIMFREE evidenced adequate to good fit to the Rasch model and adequate to good internal consistency (r=0.70 - 0.90). Test-retest reliability ranged from 0.70 (entrance areas) to 0.97 (swimming pools). Analysis of differential item functioning indicated that item calibrations generally did not differ significantly between urban and suburban environments. CONCLUSION: The AIMFREE instruments demonstrated adequate to good fit to the Rasch model with several of the subscales demonstrating well to excellent separation of facility accessibility.

Architectural Accessibility↗