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PubMed2002

Rape-law and woman's right--critical analysis vis-a-vis role of attending doctor.

According to Supreme Court rape is not only a crime against entire society, it destroyes the entire psychology of woman and pushes her into deep emotional crisis. The need at present is to mould and evolve the rape-law so as to make it more sensitive and responsive to the demands of the time in order to resolve the basic problem. The rape-laws have some lacunae which need a fresh look for necessary changes. The necessary changes can be suggested and made in relation to sexual intercourse, age of the rape victim, genital tract defects in woman, HIV infection, injury inflicted on the victim with corroboration of evidence and circumstances which must be supervised with high precaution. It must be remembered that doctors and scientific experts play most crucial and vital role and ignorance of rape-law and lack of high degree expertise skill can make the accused easily set at liberty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Expert witness in cases of rape].

The decision to try a rape case in court may depend on the medico-legal evidence documented by a doctor. Generally, doctors have little knowledge of expectations and requirements in court regarding testimony and expert opinion. In 1990, the Norwegian Directorate of Health recommended that victims of rape and violence all over the country--independent of police notification--be offered a medical and a medico-legal examination and follow-up. The Oslo Emergency Hospital has practised this health service for six years. The article describes the Oslo routine as a basis for doctors with little or no knowledge of the subject. Rape trauma, a variant of post-traumatic stress disturbance, manifests over time as physical, psychological and social reactions which influence the patient's health. The doctor must therefore follow the patient over time in order to apply this diagnosis. Rape trauma may be unknown to the court; a reason why the doctor should inform the prosecutor if it is decided that the case is to be tried in court. In order to document rape trauma as evidence the doctor must be called as an expert medical witness and not as an ordinary witness.

Expert Testimony↗
PubMed2004

Medical, legal and financial aspects of rape in South Africa.

Rape is an emotive topic, about which has been generated much heat but little light. Some cynics (usually male) believe that there is no such thing as rape. At the other extreme are those (usually female) who believe that every woman who alleges rape has been raped, and that many more rapes go unreported. The truth obviously lies somewhere in between. This paper examines the practical and financial difficulties involved in the medico-legal management of complainants and of their accused.

Female↗
PubMed1986

The pattern of rape in Benin City, Nigeria.

A retrospective study of 330 female victims of alleged rape seen over a 3-year period [1981-1983] in Benin City, Nigeria revealed that children of elementary school age (6-12 years) and adolescent girls (13-19 years) were the major victims; 48.2 percent of the reported cases occurred in children below 13 years of age. Major differences were noted in the pattern and clinical presentation of rape between the child and adult victims. Group rape involving multiple assailants was encountered mostly in adult victims amongst whom the incidence was 47%. Physical injuries following rape were seen in 33% of the alleged victims; injuries to the genital area occurred in 45% of the child rape victims and in 16% of the adult victims while injuries to extragenital areas of the body were found mostly in the adult victims.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Cognitive mediators of reactions to rape.

Subjects were exposed to slides that primed different concepts associated with aggression, close personal interactions between men and women, and women as sex objects. Then, as part of an ostensibly unrelated study, they read the testimonies of several rape victims and made judgments concerning both the victim and the alleged rapist. Exposure to negative consequences of aggression apparently threatened subjects' beliefs in a just world, leading subjects to interpret rape incidents in ways that reaffirm this belief (i.e., it strengthened subjects' beliefs that the defendant should be punished, but it also caused them to attribute more responsibility for the incident to the victim). Portrayals of close personal relationships between men and women increased male subjects' beliefs that rape victims were responsible for the incident, but had the opposite effect on female subjects' beliefs. Portrayals of women as sex objects decreased male subjects' beliefs in the victim's credibility and increased their beliefs that she was responsible for the incident; however, it had the opposite effects on female subjects' judgments. Despite their effects on judgments of the rape victim, priming manipulations did not affect beliefs that the defendant should be convicted. Implications of these results for the effects of the public media on attitudes and beliefs about rape are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Sexual abuse prevention with high-risk males: the roles of victim empathy and rape myths.

The outcome of two sexual abuse prevention programs, one emphasizing victim empathy and the other stressing modifying rape myths, was evaluated with high-risk males. Sixty-eight high-risk males, as determined by self-reported likelihood of committing sexual abuse, were randomly assigned to an empathy-treatment, a facts-treatment, or a no-treatment control group. Treatment effects were assessed using subjects' pre- and post-treatment scores on the Likelihood of Sexually Abusing scale, the Rape Empathy Scale, the Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence scale, the Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale, and a test of self-reported sexual arousal to forced versus consenting sex. In addition, posttest scores on an Asch-type conformity measure were obtained. Results of validity checks indicated that high-risk subjects differed from low-risk subjects on a number of rape-related variables, that the victim-empathy condition increased subjects' empathy, and that subjects found both treatments to be credible and helpful. Comparisons between the empathy-, facts-, and no-treatment group contraindicated the practice of dispelling rape myths as a method of preventing rape among high-risk males.

Arousal↗
PubMed1993

Rape. Scope, impact, interventions, and public policy responses.

There are many ways for women to be victimized by strangers and by people they know, but rape is the crime women fear most. The research on the frequency, psychological aftereffects, somatic consequences, and immediate as well as delayed interventions for rape is reviewed; a brief consensus of the literature within each of these areas is developed; and the implications of the research for public policy are considered. Among the suggested policy responses are improvements in the databases on rape frequency, increased attention to measurement, a higher priority for teaching about rape in the education of health care providers, increased funding and technical assistance to rape crisis centers, and more diversity of interventions and research on their effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Rape as a crime of war. A medical perspective.

Although widespread, rape of women has been an underreported aspect of military conflict until recently. The current war in the former Yugoslavia has focused attention on the use of rape as a deliberate strategy to undermine community bonds and weaken resistance to aggression. In addition to providing treatment for individual survivors, the medical community has an important role to play in investigating and documenting incidents of rape. Such documentation can help to establish the magnitude of rape in war and hold perpetrators accountable. Since rape in war affects not only the individual but also the family and community to which the survivor belongs, the restoration of social and community bonds is central to the process of healing and must be addressed within the specific cultural setting.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Elements for the study of rape].

OBJECTIVE: To describe some characteristics of rape in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive study of rape victims who attended a specialized institution between 1990 and 1996. A support psychotherapist applied a semistructured questionnaire on the victims characteristics, the aggressor and the circumstances of the rape. RESULTS: A total of 531 victims were studied, 85.8% were females, almost half were minors and the median of scholarity was nine years. All aggressors were males, 62% were known to the victim, 86.7% were relatives or near to the family. Aggression occurred at the home of the victim or aggressor in 55.4% of the cases, 49.2% of the cases occurred in 4 of the 16 City districts. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied population, women were the gender with greatest risk of being raped, except in the 5 to 14 year old group in which boys were in greater risk. Unemployed and underpaid men were the most frequent aggressors. There is a greater risk of being raped by a member of the family, couple or friend than by a stranger, and in the victim's or the aggressor's home more than anywhere else. Findings point to the necessity of establishing preventive programs and providing specialized attention to victims and aggressors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Technological directions for processing rape proteins into protein concentrates and isolates].

Rape-seeds or rape-seed meal are relatively cheap, but valuable raw materials for the manufacture of protein concentrates and isolates which may be used as constituents of foodstuffs. The high content of crude fibres and also of thioglucosides leads to considerable difficulties in the development of techniques for the manufacture of high-grade protein preparations. To describe the procedure, certain production-technological properties of rape proteins are discussed, such as extraction parameters, coagulating conditions, processing temperature, amount of solvent, etc. On the basis of these data, the following techniques for the manufacture of rape protein products are presented: - protein concentration by means of the water diffusion method; - protein isolation with the aid of one or multi-stage extraction. Finally, the author reports of a fermenting procedure for the manufacture of protein biomass from coarse colza meal. Furthermore, he presents some data about the nutritional value of rape protein.

Food-Processing Industry↗
PubMed2004

Distribution and metabolism of D/L-, L- and D-glufosinate in transgenic, glufosinate-tolerant crops of maize (Zea mays L ssp mays) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L var napus).

The aim of the present study was to determine whether post-emergence application of glufosinate to transgenic crops could lead to an increase in residues or to the formation of new, hitherto unknown metabolites. Transgenic oilseed rape and maize plants were treated separately with L-glufosinate, D-glufosinate or the racemic mixture. Whereas about 90% of the applied D-glufosinate was washed off by rain and only 5-6% was metabolised, 13-35% of the applied L-glufosinate remained in the form of metabolites and unchanged herbicide in both transgenic maize and oilseed rape. The main metabolite was N-acetyl-L-glufosinate with total residues of 91% in oilseed rape and 67% in maize, together with small amounts, of 5% in oilseed rape and 28% in maize, of different methylphosphinyl fatty acids. These metabolites were probably formed from L-glufosinate by deamination and subsequent decarboxylation. The residues were distributed in all fractions of the plants, with the highest contents in treated leaves and the lowest in the grains (0.07-0.3% in maize and 0.4-0.6% in oilseed rape). There was no indication of an accumulation of total residues or of residue levels above the official tolerances for glufosinate.

Acetylation↗
PubMed2005

Development of crop-specific transposable element (SINE) markers for studying gene flow from oilseed rape to wild radish.

The screening of wild populations for evidence of gene flow from a crop to a wild related species requires the unambiguous detection of crop genes within the genome of the wild species, taking into account the intraspecific variability of each species. If the crop and wild relatives share a common ancestor, as is the case for the Brassica crops and their wild relatives (subtribe Brassiceae), the species-specific markers needed to make this unambiguous detection are difficult to identify. In the model oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n = 38)-wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, RrRr, 2n = 18) system, we utilized the presence or absence of a short-interspersed element (SINE) at a given locus to develop oilseed rape-specific markers, as SINE insertions are irreversible. By means of sequence-specific amplified polymorphism (SINE-SSAP) reactions, we identified and cloned 67 bands specific to the oilseed rape genome and absent from that of wild radish. Forty-seven PCR-specific markers were developed from three combinations of primers anchored either in (1) the 5'- and 3'-genomic sequences flanking the SINE, (2) the 5'-flanking and SINE internal sequences or (3) the SINE internal and flanking 3'-sequences. Seventeen markers were monomorphic whatever the oilseed rape varieties tested, whereas 30 revealed polymorphism and behaved either as dominant (17) or co-dominant (13) markers. Polymorphic markers were mapped on 19 genomic regions assigned to ten linkage groups. The markers developed will be efficient tools to trace the occurrence and frequency of introgressions of oilseed rape genomic region within wild radish populations.

Brassica napus↗
PubMed1997

Fatty acid distribution and lipid metabolism in developing seeds of laurate-producing rape (Brassica napus L.).

The fatty acid composition and content of membrane and storage lipids of two transgenic laurate-producing rape (Brassica napus L.) lines were monitored during seed development. The two lines, the medium-laurate (ML) line and the high-laurate (HL) line, accumulated 34 mol% and 55 mol% of laurate in their seed triacylglycerols, respectively. The diacylglycerols contained about 17 and 33 mol% of laurate in the ML- and HL-lines, respectively, from the mid-stage of seed development up to seed maturity. The ML-line showed a maximal relative laurate content in phosphatidylcholine (17 mol%) at the mid-stage of seed development whereafter the content decreased to 2.7 mol% with seed maturity. The laurate content in phosphatidylcholine was observed to remain high (26 mol%) in the HL-line from the mid-stage to the end of triacylglycerol deposition. Thereafter, the relative content decreased and reached 6.6 mol% in the mature seeds. There was an enhanced activity of lauroyl-phosphatidylcholine-metabolizing enzymes in the seed membranes from laurate-producing lines compared with control lines, which might explain the decrease seen in laurate content in phosphatidylcholine during seed maturation. A comparison of the laurate distribution in the lipids from developing laurate-producing rape seeds and developing seeds from three species naturally accumulating laurate at similar levels revealed differences in laurate metabolism compared with these species. The results suggest that phospholipids and triacylglycerols are synthesized from the same diacylglycerol pool in rape seeds and that rape lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase do not have the same preference for laurate substrates as the corresponding enzymes in seed tissues naturally accumulating this acyl group. In addition, the mechanisms that specifically remove or exclude laurate from membrane lipids appear less effective in rape seed than in tissues naturally evolved to synthesize laurate-rich oils.

Brassica↗
PubMed2001

Effect of organic matter and liming on the reduction of cadmium uptake from soil by triticale and spring oilseed rape.

The aim of the study conducted on triticale and spring oilseed rape was to determine the role of liming, brown coal and compost medium in reducing the effect of cadmium contamination (at the rates of 0, 7.5, 15 and 22.5 mg Cd kg(-1) of soil) on yield and chemical composition of the crop. In the series of experiments without liming, a considerable decline in the yield of spring triticale grain, straw, root weight and green mass yield of rape was observed in response to the soil contamination with cadmium. Brown coal and especially compost medium added to soil neutralised the negative effect of cadmium on the grain yield and reduced a decrease in the yield of straw and roots of triticale. Soil liming proved to reduce the yield drop in oilseed rape caused by the contamination of soil with cadmium. The content of cadmium in roots and grain of spring triticale far exceeded that determined in triticale straw. The pollution of soil with cadmium caused a 26-fold increase in the content of this metal in grain, a 10-fold increase in roots of triticale and a twofold in oil-seed rape. Application of compost medium, brown coal and, to a smaller extent, liming reduced the level of cadmium in the parts of triticale brought to investigation. The soil contamination with cadmium caused certain modifications in the content of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium in spring triticale and in the content of N-total, potassium and magnesium in spring oilseed rape.

Brassica↗
PubMed1998

PTSD as a mediator between childhood rape and alcohol use in adult women.

OBJECTIVE: Though a relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later alcohol use among women has been documented, little is known about the pathways that link these two variables. A tension reduction hypothesis posits that emotional distress precedes substance usage. PTSD symptomatology resulting from childhood sexual abuse is examined as a possible source of emotional distress that may cause subsequent alcohol use. METHOD: A sample of adult women was selected and interviewed on two occasions 1 year apart and childhood rape history, lifetime PTSD symptoms, and lifetime alcohol use were assessed. Path analytic techniques were used to evaluate the mediating role of PTSD symptoms on the relationship between childhood rape and subsequent alcohol use. RESULTS: A history of childhood rape doubled the number of alcohol abuse symptoms that women experienced in adulthood. Path analysis and cross-validation results demonstrated significant pathways connecting childhood rape to PTSD symptoms and PTSD symptoms to alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that PTSD symptomatology which develops after childhood rape may be one of many variables that affect alcohol abuse patterns in women who were victims of childhood sexual abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Chemical changes induced by methyl jasmonate in oilseed rape grown in the laboratory and in the field.

The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) spraying on the chemistry of Brassica plants was investigated. Glucosinolates (GLS) in the leaves, stems, and roots of laboratory-grown oilseed rape (Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera cv. Tuli and Valo) 3 and 7 days after MJ treatment were analyzed. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from whole oilseed rape plants were collected 3 days after MJ treatment. GLS were also analyzed from field-grown oilseed rape (cv. Valo) treated with MJ. The production of indolyl GLS in laboratory-grown oilseed rape, especially the concentration of 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethyl (4-OH-glucobrassicin) in leaves, stems, and roots, 3-indolylmethyl (glucobrassicin) in stems, and 4-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl (4-methoxyglucobrassicin) in roots, was induced after MJ treatment. The VOC emission profile changed after MJ treatment, and homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) was detected only in MJ-treated plants. The GLS concentration in the field-grown plants was significantly higher in MJ-treated plants than in control plants. These results suggest that spraying with MJ induces the production of secondary compounds, that is, GLS and VOCs, in Brassica plants. The induction of VOC emissions in oilseed rape is comparable to that caused by insect feeding damage. Thus, MJ-treated crop plants may become less palatable to insect herbivores and more attractive to natural enemies of herbivores.

Acetates↗
PubMed1998

Identification of volatile organic compounds emitted in the field by oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) over the growing season.

BACKGROUND: Oilseed rape has been associated by rural dwellers with seasonal symptoms, such as sneezing, coughing, headache and eye irritation, during its flowering season, for a number of years. This study was performed to identify the volatile chemicals emitted from oilseed rape in the field. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to establish which volatile chemicals may be causative factors of oilseed rape allergy/toxicity. METHODS: The volatile organic compounds were sampled over the flowering period using a modified entrainment technique for headspace analysis under field conditions. These volatiles were then identified using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The major constituents identified were the monoterpenes limonene, sabinene, beta-myrcene, and cis-3-hexen-l-ol acetate, a 'green leaf' volatile. The minor constituents included monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, short chain aldehydes and ketones, other 'green leaf' volatiles and organic sulphides including the respiratory irritant, dimethyl disulphide. CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the diversity of volatile chemicals emitted by oilseed rape and confirms field emissions to be broadly similar to those found previously in laboratory studies. A review is carried out on the scientific literature already published on oilseed rape flower headspace analysis.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1997

Mycotoxins in ingredients of animal feeding stuffs: I. Determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in oilseed rape meal and sunflower seed meal.

A multi-toxin method was developed for the detection of some of the known Alternaria mycotoxins, altenuene, iso-altenuene, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid and altertoxin I in oilseed rape meal and sunflower seed meal. The method involves extraction of the toxins with an acidified mixture of acetonitrile: aqueous potassium chloride solution, followed by liquid-liquid extraction and further purification using gel permeation chromatography. The final extract is then examined on a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic gradient system with both fluorescence and UV detection. The average recoveries found were 94, 84, 109, 85, 66 and 93% for spiked oilseed rape meal samples and 91, 89, 96, 75, 61 and 102% for spiked sunflower meal samples with limits of determination of about 40, 50, 50, 40, 350 and 200 micrograms/kg for the above toxins, respectively. Detection limits were about 30% of these values. Thirty samples of oilseed rape meal and 22 samples of sunflower meal were examined using the methods developed. Twenty of the oilseed rape products which had been grown in the UK were free from contamination while 10 contained one or more of tenuazonic acid, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether. In contrast, all of the sunflower meal samples, of Argentinean, Indian or EC origin, were contaminated with one or more of alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid. Average levels of alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were 68, 55 and 730 micrograms/kg, respectively for the contaminated samples of oilseed rape meal and 180, 100 and 1900 micrograms/kg, respectively for the contaminated samples of sunflower seed meal.

Alternaria↗