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PubMed2005

Distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity in the chicken stomach.

NOS-immunoactive nerve structures were studied in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus) stomach using single-labelling immunofluorescence. The examined tissues were collected from 10-12 months old laying hens (n=11), Isabrown and Zielononózka races. The distribution and number of the nerve fibres was examined considering differences between the proventriculus and gizzard, and also between particular layers of the stomach wall. Large or moderate numbers of nerve fibres showing NOS-immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) were found in all major layers of both parts of the stomach. In the muscular layer of the gizzard, NOS-positive nerve cell bodies were also observed. Small or moderate numbers of nerve terminals were distributed around blood vessels. NOS-IR nerve fibres associated with blood vessels were slightly more numerous in the gizzard than in the proventriculus. The widespread occurrence of NOS in both parts of the hen stomach can prove its important role in the control of digestive processes. It seems that there is a reasonable necessity of further, more detailed studies on morphological characteristics of the nitrergic nerve structures the bird alimentary tract, their functional significance and plasticity in different physiological and pathological conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Organ culture studies on the efficiency of infection of chicken tissues with avian infectious bronchitis virus.

Long-term organ cultures of a range of tissues collected from specific pathogen-free chickens were employed to determine their susceptibility, and their capacity for subsequent virus production, following inoculation with avian infectious bronchitis (AIB) virus. When inoculated with approximately 2-0 log10 median ciliostatic doses (CD50) of a classical highly egg-adapted vaccine strain (H120) of AIB virus, 9 of 23 tissues were shown to be susceptible, namely the nasal turbinates, trachea, air sac membranes,lungsasal turbinates, trachea, air sac membranes, lungs, proventriculus mucosa, thyroid, kidney, ovary and oviduct. When the remaining 14 tissues were inoculated with a high dose of virus (6.8 log10 CD50), the conjunctiva, caecel tonsil, testis and bursa of Fabricius were susceptible whereas the oesophagus and cloaca responded minimally. Inoculation of the same range of tissues with a high or low dose of a field strain (HVI9) of AIB virus produced similar results, except for a number of individual variations in response, due possibly to strain differences in pathogenicity. Determinations of the minimal infectious dose requirements of the susceptible tissues revealed that the efficiency of infection with the H120 strain was highest for the nasal turbinate and tracheal tissues, and thereafter, in order of decreasing efficiency, were the air sac membranes, lung, oviduct, proventriculus mucosa, conjunctiva, kidney, ovary, bursa of Fabricius, thyroid, testis, caecal tonsil, cloaca and oesophagus. The relevance of these results is discussed in connection with the early events in the pathogenesis and the clinical syndrome of AIB infection in chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Isolation, structures, and biologic activity of neurotensin-related peptides generated in extracts of avian tissue.

Two immunoreactive neurotensin-related peptides generated by the action of endogenous protease(s) on protein substrates during acid extraction of avian tissues have been isolated from extracts of turkey skin and proventriculus. One was identified as the pentadecapeptide, H-Phe-Glu-Arg-Phe-Gln-Gly-Met-Arg-Thy-Arg-Gly-Pro-Tyr-Phe-Leu-OH and the other was its C-terminal octapeptide fragment. Each peptide showed partial homology to the C-terminal, biologically active region of avian neurotensin, and isolated preparations displayed pharmacologic activity at submicromolar concentrations. Synthetic preparations were shown to be indistinguishable from the native peptides during high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and bioassay. Analysis by HPLC indicated that similar peptides could be generated in extracts of proventriculus, pancreas, small intestine, skin, heart, lung, and skeletal muscle. These results, establishing the presence of a neurotensin-related sequence which can be liberated from protein(s) by the action of tissue enzyme(s), suggest that peptide(s) similar to neurotensin may be rapidly formed in order to promote physiologic regulation in multiple tissue(s).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Altered branching of serotonin-containing neurons in Drosophila mutants unable to synthesize serotonin and dopamine.

The anatomy of peripheral serotonin-containing fibers (5-HT fibers) in the gut of wild-type Drosophila larvae was compared to mutants deficient in the gene that encodes the enzyme dopa decarboxylase (DfDdc mutants). The 5-HT fibers, located in the proventriculus and midgut, were visualized immunocytochemically by using a monoclonal antibody against 5-HT. Since DfDdc larvae are devoid of 5-HT and dopamine in the nervous system, the highly selective uptake capability of 5-HT neurons was used to visualize the 5-HT fibers. We found that the absence of 5-HT and dopamine in the nervous system of DfDdc animals does not prevent 5-HT fibers from reaching their appropriate targets. However, these fibers in the mutant show a 2-fold increase in the extent of branching. This effect is specific to 5-HT fibers, since glutamate-like and FMRFamide-like immunoreactive fibers of the proventriculus and midgut remain unaffected in the mutant. Low but detectable levels of dopamine and 5-HT in the CNS are sufficient to prevent the increase in arborization, as indicated by analyses of a temperature-sensitive Ddc allele (Ddcts2), which has very low dopa decarboxylase activity. The abnormally extensive branching of 5-HT fibers also can be partially rescued by feeding DfDdc larvae with dopamine. In contrast, feeding with a 5-HT-containing diet had no effect on the mutant phenotype. Hypotheses that could explain the mutant phenotype are proposed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Enhanced blocking capacity of the plague microbe in the body of the flea].

During the stay of plague microbe in the organism of flea, under the effect of bactericidal factor increases its ability to form the block of proventriculus in these insects. Thus, in fleas infected on white mice, which were infected in a natural way through blocked individuals, the block of proventriculus appears 2 to 3 times as often (59.5 and 34.0%) as in insects (15.02%) infected on animals, which were infected artificially.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich (Struthio camelus).

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich was studied in 20 birds varying in age from 2 weeks to 12 months. The lungs occupied the dorsal third of the thorax, and the heart lay in the cranioventral thorax perpendicular to the long axis of the body. There was no pleural cavity. The liver was situated in the caudoventral part of the thorax, and the proventriculus occupied the left cranial part of the abdomen between the 7th vertebral rib and the acetabulum. The gizzard lay in the cranioventral part of the abdomen, resting on the sternum and abdominal floor. The duodenum formed a loop from right to left, with the pancreas lying between the 2 limbs of the loop. The coiled jejunum and ileum occupied the ventral part of the abdomen between the gizzard and pelvis. The two caeca lay on either side of the terminal ileum with their apices in the pelvis. The rectum was the longest part of the intestine and could be divided into a thick proximal segment situated in the right dorsal part of the abdomen, and a thin distal part that occupied the left caudodorsal part of the abdomen. The trilobed kidneys lay along the ventral surface of the synsacrum, with the adrenal glands at their cranioventral poles. The testes lay ventrally to the cranial divisions of the kidneys, whereas the left ovary was situated ventrally to the cranial division of the left kidney. The spleen lay wedged in between the right kidney, caudal vena cava and proventriculus. The thyroid glands were situated at the cranial borders of the subclavian arteries, and the thymus lay at the base of the neck.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1980

[Histological study of Xenopsylla cheopis fleas infected with the ulegeic subspecies of the plague microbe, Yersinia pestis ulegeica].

The plague microbe of the Ulegei subspecies is able to cause the stable infection of fleas of X. cheopis, which is accompanied by the formation of "block" in most individuals. The preservation of the plague agent in these ectoparasites is characterized by its variation in the number that undergoes cyclic changes depending on the feeding rate and digestion. The bloodsucking is accompanied by the excretion of some microbes and by the reproduction of the remaining ones in the midgut and proventriculus which lasts the whole 1 st stage while dense clots of erythrocytes are preserved in the intestine. In the course of blood digestion the reproduction of microbes is replaced by their dying off and when the digestion is over the quantity of microbes increases again. In this period small cocci, which form dense clots in the midgut and proventriculus, are the dominant form of microbes.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[The relationship between stomach tumor development in mice and DMBA distribution].

The character of blastomogenic action of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene on the stomach in its parenteral administration was studied on different lines of mice. Under the same conditions DMBA distribution was investigated in the proventriculus and gastric glandular tissues. In DMBA application on mice skin oin the dosage of 0.05 mg per animal in 0.1 ml of acetone proventricular tumors developed in 34% of mice of line CC57Br, in 10% of mice of line CC57W, and in 11% of mice of line C3HA, and in 19% of white nonpedigree mice. In intraperitoneal injection of DMBA in the dose of 0.5 mg per mouse in 0.2 ml of saline solution proventricular tumors appeared in 56% of CC57Br mice (in 9 of 16) and in one of five mice of CC57W line. Whereas, in application of DMBA onto mice skin in the dose of 0.5 mg per mouse in 0.1 ml of acetone the DMBA content in the proventriculus was 13 times higher than that in gastric glandular tissues.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1976

[Functional and morphological differentiation of the allantoic endoderm under the influence of the proventricular mesenchyme in the avian embryo].

The allantoic endoderm of Chick and Quail embryo associated with mesenchyme from 5 to 6-days proventriculus, differentiates into a proventriculus-type epithelium. The glands develop well and produce pepsin, an enzyme characteristic of the proventirculus. Splanchnopleure mesenchyme of the 3-day embryo is also able to bring about the heterotypic differentiation of allantoic endoderm.

Allantois↗
PubMed1996

[Experimental infection of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Mall) with Trypanosoma congolense (ZRE/G143/90). Parasite cycle and vector competence in the tsetse fly].

This report presents an experimental study of the life cycle of Trypanosoma congolense (ZRE/G 143/90) in relation to the vectorial competence of Glossina morsitans (Mall). The rate of engorgement at the time of an infectious meal and the mortality before day 15 of the life cycle were not significantly different between male and female flies. The mesocyclic forms of trypanosomes were regularly observed in the proventriculus, crop duct, oesophagus, cibarium and proboscis, except in the crop. On day 12 of the cycle, epimastigote forms were predominant in the proboscis. On day 13 of metacyclogenesis, four out of six rats (67%) used for feeding the flies were positive for trypanosomes upon buffy coat examination. These results demonstrate the short incubation period of trypanosomes in the vertebrate host and precociousness of the vectorial competence of some individuals of G m morsitans (Mall). Among the three cyclic stages, only the procyclic forms in the intestine showed a significant difference between the sexes, the male flies being more infected than the females. Metacyclogenesis undergoes three cleavages leading to the successive and permanent establishment of the procyclic, mesocyclic and metacyclic forms in the midgut, proventriculus and proboscis respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Postnatal development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in chickens.

The postnatal development of chicken mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the eyes, lungs, and intestines were investigated with monoclonal antibodies specific for either all leucocytes, B lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, IgM, IgG, or IgA. Attention has been paid to the relation of lymphoid infiltrates with their surrounding mucosae, the segregation into B-cell and T-cell areas, development of germinal centers, and secretory immunoglobulins. Abundant secretory IgM and IgA was detected in the epithelium of the Harderian glands in the orbits, even though they lacked large leucocyte infiltrates with germinal centers. Lymphoid tissues in the mucosae of lungs and intestines developed separate B-cell and T-cell areas. The proventriculus, Meckel's diverticulum, and Peyer's patches generally contained germinal centers from 12 weeks of age on. Because chickens as young as 2 weeks old had germinal centers in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and cecal tonsils, these areas were probably highly stimulated by antigens. Isotype-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to detect IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-bearing follicular cells in the same germinal center.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Immunoreactive substance P in the chicken gut: distribution, development and possible functional significance.

The distribution and cellular localization of substance P in the chicken gut was studied by immunocytochemistry and immunochemistry. Substance P-containing nerve fibers are numerous in the gut wall. They occur in the smooth muscle layer as well as in the mucosa, where they are associated with blood vessels or surround the intestinal crypts. The fibers are particularly numerous in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, where substance P-containing nerve-cell perikarya are also encountered. Substance P was found also in scattered endocrine cells of the small intestine, caeca and colon. Previously, bombesin-containing cells, which are numerous in the proventriculus, have been mistakenly identified as substance P cells due to cross-reactivity of certain antisera against substance P. Immunochemistry revealed the highest concentration of substance P differs slightly from that of synthetic bovine substance P, suggesting that chicken substance P differs structurally from mammalian substance P. Substance P-containing nerve fibers in the chicken gut develop slowly after hatching, apparently beginning in the duodenum; at approximately 20 weeks after hatching the distribution pattern is fully developed. A functional investigation was performed on the isolated chicken caecum to clarify the role of substance P in the contractile behavior of smooth muscle. Substance P contracted the caecum over a wide dose range; the contractile response was greater in 20 week-old chickens than in 4 and 10 week-old animals. Electrical field stimulation caused a relaxation of the caecum and a contraction upon cessation of stimulation. Neither of these responses, both of which are neurally mediated, were inhibited by adrenergic and cholinergic blockade. It is conceivable that the contractile response following electrical stimulation is caused by substance P released from nerve fibers in the smooth muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Histamine distribution in the gastrointestinal wall of germ free and conventional chicken: evidence of the role of the digestive microflora.

The digestive microflora produces a decrease of the mucosal histamine content in the wall of the chicken colon but has no significant incidence in the upper part of the digestive tract. The anatomical and physiological particularities of the chicken digestive tract permitted to observe that wall histamine concentration depends on different factors. Endogenous factors control the wall histamine content in the proventriculus, independantly of the diet and/or of the presence of a microflora. Diet has a specific incidence upon the gastrointestinal wall of the host in the crop and in the colon. The colon microflora decreases the effect of the diet essentially when the chicken are fed a semi synthetic diet. Interactions between the diet and the microflora could induce physiopathological manifestations.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A neurochemical characterisation of the golden hamster myenteric plexus.

The neurochemical composition of nerve fibres and cell bodies in the myenteric plexus of the proventriculus, stomach and small and large intestines of the golden hamster was investigated by using immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques. In addition, the procedures for localising nitric-oxide-utilising neurones by histochemical (NADPH-diaphorase) and immunohistochemical (nitric oxide synthase) methods were compared. The co-localisation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase in the myenteric plexus of all regions of the gut was also assessed. The results demonstrated the presence of nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies immunoreactive to protein gene product, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, tyrosine hydroxylase, 5-hydroxytryptamine and nitric oxide synthase in all regions of the gastrointestinal tract examined. The pattern of distribution of immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies containing the above markers was found to vary in different regions of the gut. Myenteric neurones and nerve fibres containing immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase reactivity, however, were shown to have an identical distribution throughout the gut. In contrast to some studies on the guinea-pig and rat, the co-existence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase was seen in only a small population of myenteric neurones.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Organ growth in chick embryos incubated in 40% or 70% oxygen.

Incubation of eggs in 60% oxygen has been shown to enhance growth of the chick embryo. To determine whether oxygen accelerates growth over a range of concentrations, eggs were incubated in 40% or 70% O2. Control eggs, pair-matched by initial weight, were simultaneously incubated in room air (21% O2). Embryo and organ weights from matched pairs of eggs were compared on incubation days 14, 16 and 18 (40% O2) or 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 (70% O2). Embryos incubated in 40% O2 displayed a pattern of growth enhancement similar to that previously reported for 60% O2. Accelerated embryonic growth was maintained through day 18. The heart showed the greatest percentage increase in weight over control, exceeding that of the whole embryo on days 16 and 18. The brain displayed significant enhancement only on day 16. Weight of the liver was unaffected by hyperoxia. Embryos in 70% O2 exhibited accelerated growth in all of the tissues examined early in incubation. Growth rate of the hyperoxic embryos then declined, so that embryo weight on day 18 did not differ from control. The brain, heart, eye, and proventriculus plus gizzard from 70% O2 embryos weighed significantly less than controls on day 18. Growth inhibition was most striking in the heart; heart/body weight ratio of 70% O2 embryos was significantly less than control throughout the observation period. The results confirm the growth accelerative effect of oxygen and suggest that the degree of growth enhancement is proportional to the ambient oxygen concentration. Accelerated growth cannot be maintained, however, in 70% O2.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

In vitro hatching of the infective eggs of Ascaridia galli in tissue extracts.

Extracts of proventriculus (PE) and small intestine (IE) of fowl were used, for the first time, as media for the in vitro hatching of infective eggs of Ascaridia galli. Hatching was successful in a mixture of equal parts of PE and IE (MIP) under normal air and under different concentrations of CO2, but not under 100% CO2. A very highly significant retardation (P less than 0.001) in the rate of hatching appeared as the concentration of CO2 was increased, indicating that high levels of CO2 inhibit the process of hatching. 100% of the eggs hatched in PE in 40.5 min whereas they did not hatch at all in IE, suggesting that IE alone has no influence on egg hatching. The shortest time taken for 100% of the eggs to hatch in this study suggests that the present method of hatching is faster than all previous methods used by different workers.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide, bombesin, and gastrin-cholecystokinin like peptides in the avian intestinal tract and brain.

The distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), bombesin and gastrin-cholecystokinin in the chicken was studied by radioimmunoassay of tissue extracts. VIP was present in high concentrations in colon (186 +/- 29 pmol/g), cloaca (116 +/- 27 pmol/g), jejunum (97 +/- 14 pmol/g) and pancreas (15 +/- 3 pmol/g) but not detected in lung, liver or thymus. The highest concentration of bombesin was in the proventriculus (92 +/- 13 pmol/g), negligible in remaining gut but found in brain. Gel chromatography indicated two forms of bombesin: one form eluting with bombesin-14 and the other with gastrin releasing peptide. Gastrin-like immunoreactivity was found in low levels in the gut and brain. The concentrations were higher with an antiserum which cross reacted with the carboxy terminus common to gastrin-17 and CCK compared to a gastrin specific antisera (P less than 0.01). This suggests that the carboxy terminal region has been conserved during evolution. Each distribution pattern of bombesin, VIP and gastrin CCK is different, and distinct from that found in mammals, suggesting specific roles for these peptides in birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

An 8bp indel in exon 1 of Ghrelin gene associated with chicken growth.

Ghrelin, acts as the endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogues receptor (GHS-R), is a novel growth hormone (GH) releasing peptide with reported effects on food intake in chickens. In this study, an 8 bp indel polymorphism in exon 1 of the chicken Ghrelin (cGHRL) gene was genotyped in a F(2) designed full-sib population to analyze its associations with chicken growth and carcass traits. Later, mRNA level in the proventriculus was determined by real-time PCR to reveal the expression feature of cGHRL gene. Result showed that this 8 bp indel was significantly associated with body weight at the age of 28 days (BW28) and 56 days (BW56), eviscerated weight (EW) and leg muscle weight (LMW) (P<0.05), highly significantly associated with hatch weight (HW), BW14, 21, 35, 42, 49, 90 and body length (BL), dressed weight (DW), eviscerated weight with giblet (EWG), wing weight (WW), breast muscle weight (BMW) and head and neck weight (HNW) (P<0.01). Meanwhile, A allele (with 'CTAACCTG') was positive for chicken growth as individuals with AA genotype had the highest value of all traits. Analysis on cGhrelin mRNA level revealed that it differed significantly among individuals with three genotypes (P<0.05). Individuals with AB genotype had the highest mRNA level, whereas that of AA had the lowest one. It was concluded that this 8 bp indel of cGHRL gene was significantly associated with most body weight and body composition traits, and negative effect of endogenous Ghrelin on chicken growth were indicated by this study.

Animals↗