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PubMed2005

John Coakley Lettsom's American friends.

John Coakley Lettsom (1744-1815) regarded his West Indies birthplace and the New England states as integral parts of the colonial Empire, and described himself as Americanus. He had numerous friends in the American medical profession and was generous to them with books, plants and financial support. They travelled to Europe with letters of introduction to him and some of them became corresponding members of the Medical Society of London. This work is a brief profile of some of these academic friends.

Colonialism↗
PubMed2005

Sir George Newman (1870-1948).

George Newman (1870-1948) was a major figure in the development of public health and school medicine in the years between World Wars I and II. From a Quaker background, he became first Chief Medical Officer to the Board of Education and then Chief Medical Officer to the Ministry of Health. In these posts he wrote many reports to the minister concerned and stimulated others. He educated the public in health matters with notable literary skill. He remained an active Quaker all his life.

England↗
PubMed2007

Spirituality in African Americans with diabetes: self-management through a relationship with God.

The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical model about how the spirituality of African Americans affects their self-management of diabetes. The sample consisted of 29 African American men and women, ages 40 to 75, with type 2 diabetes. The authors used a grounded theory design and collected data using minimally structured interviews. The method of analysis was constant comparison. The core concept identified was Self-Management Through a Relationship With God. Participants fell into one of three typologies: (a) Relationship and Responsibility: God Is in Background; (b) Relationship and Responsibility: God Is in Forefront: (c) Relationship and Relinquishing of Self-Management: God Is Healer. These typologies varied according to how participants viewed their relationship with God and the impact of this relationship on their self-management. The spirituality of these African Americans was an important factor that influenced the self-management of their diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Predictors of intention to promote family planning: a survey of Protestant seminarians in the United States.

The purpose of this study was to examine Protestant seminary students' intention to promote family planning. Intention to promote family planning and its predictors were examined by testing a conceptual model based on the theory of planned behavior and social cognitive theory. A nonrepresentative sample of 635 seminarians (90.5% Anglo; 66.5% male) from 10 theological schools in the United States completed a mailed survey. Students were classified according to their religious beliefs as conservative (61.9%) and nonconservative (38.1%), and group differences in intention (and its correlates) were examined. Structural equation modeling was used to assess relationships among attitudes toward sexuality, attitudes toward family planning, subjective norms, knowledge, self-efficacy, and intention for both conservative and nonconservative students. Results indicated that the relationships among predictors of intention were essentially similar for both conservative and nonconservative seminarians, with attitudes and self-efficacy for promoting family planning exhibiting the strongest direct effects on intention.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Process evaluation of an effective church-based diet intervention: Body & Soul.

Body & Soul has demonstrated effectiveness as a dietary intervention among African American church members. The process evaluation assessed relationships between program exposure and implementation factors and study outcomes and characterized factors important for adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Data sources included participant surveys and qualitative interviews with program staff, church liaisons, and volunteer advisors who conducted motivational interviewing (MI) calls. Outcomes included changes in dietary intake and psychosocial variables. Process variables included program exposure, participation, and dose and perceptions about MI calls. Results showed that attendance at project events, receiving educational materials, and self-reported quality of the MI calls were associated with significantly (p < .05) greater fruit and vegetable intake, decreased fat consumption, and other secondary outcomes. Interviews indicated implementation and sustainability issues and needs including more training to enhance MI implementation as well as ongoing support and resources. The results have implications for future dissemination efforts of Body & Soul.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The health-e-AME faith-based physical activity initiative: Description and baseline findings.

This article provides an overview of the development, implementation, and baseline findings from a statewide faith-based physical activity (PA) initiative. The 3-year program is training African Methodist Episcopal volunteers across South Carolina to implement programs to increase PA in their congregations. To date, 98 churches have been trained. Interviews done with a random sample (n = 39) indicated that 54% are implementing at least one PA program. The baseline telephone survey (N = 571) estimates that 27.8% of the population is regularly active, 54.9% underactive, and 17.3% sedentary. Baseline rates of regular PA were higher in those who were younger, healthier, and nonsmokers. Challenges to date have included obtaining rosters and implementing a large-scale program with limited resources. Interest in the program has been strong and supported by church leaders. Current efforts are on training additional churches and working with those already trained to support sustainability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Leading the flock: organ donation feelings, beliefs, and intentions among African American clergy and community residents.

CONTEXT: Despite a considerable potential role in organ donation for African American clergy, there has been little investigation to date of the beliefs, attitudes, and personal intentions of such clergy regarding donation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intentions regarding organ donation among African American clergy to those of African American residents of the same large US city. DESIGN: Focus groups and 3 cross-sectional surveys. SETTING: Greater Houston, Tex, metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 761 randomly selected African American community residents and 311 African American clergy. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Beliefs about the importance of organ donation; how comfortable one is in thinking about donation; whether one believes that organ donation is against one's religion; trust in healthcare professionals regarding death declaration; concerns that donation leads to body mutilation; and the likelihood that one will donate one's own organs upon death. RESULTS: Compared to general African American residents, African American clergy in the Houston area were found more often to believe in the importance of donation; to be more comfortable with thinking about donation; to feel more certain that donation was not against their religion; to believe that they could trust healthcare professionals regarding death declaration; to feel less often that donation leads to mutilation of the body; and to indicate a greater likelihood of donating their own organs upon death. The same was found to be true among clergy and congregants of the largest religious denomination in Houston, the Baptists.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Can a cancer program-sponsored spiritual event meet with acceptance from patients and other attendees?

BACKGROUND: While many cancer patients derive strength from spiritual or religious faith, concern often remains regarding how different patient subgroups and other community members might react to faith-based services when sponsored by a secular health care organization. METHODS: "A Sacred Gathering for Those Touched by Cancer" was presented in 2 Catholic and 2 Protestant churches. The service included key themes (surrendering fear, peace, hope, community support, and God's love) reinforced by Scripture, music, ritual, and prayer. Patients, clergy, and staff participated. Questionnaires evaluating attendee characteristics, emotional response to the service, and satisfaction with service components were distributed. RESULTS: Attendees (women: 80%; Catholic: 71%; half older than 50 years) returned 450 questionnaires. Most found the service very (83%) or somewhat (14%) helpful. Multivariate regression of perceptions indicated (1) the opinion that the service was helpful was associated with the perception that the service made the respondent feel hopeful (P < .0001), that respondents found inspirational messages important (P = .058), and that the respondent was a current patient (P = .018) and (2) an angry response reported by respondents was associated with current patient status (P = .0044). Men tended to feel less loved by God (P = .012) and people (P = .034) and less hopeful (P = .057) than women did. Men liked music less (P = .048), liked Scripture and prayers concerning community less (P = .040), and found prayer (P = .0035) less important. However, men felt the gatherings were as helpful as women did. Past patients felt less sadness than did others (P = .0084). Increased perceived helpfulness of the service was associated in a multivariate analysis with current patient status, feeling hopeful as a result of the service, increased appreciation of the service's inspirational message, and the perception that the service was not too long. CONCLUSIONS: While almost all attendees found the service somewhat or very helpful, distinct preferences and reactions to the service were noted for gender, patient status, and religious affiliation. This evaluation will help tailor future events to better meet the spiritual needs of cancer patients and their loved ones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Mental health issues among clergy and other religious professionals: a review of research.

The authors reviewed the literature on mental health issues among clergy and other religious professionals, using electronic searches of databases of medical (Medline), nursing (CINAHL), psychology (PsycINFO), religious (ATLA), and sociological research (Sociofile). The existing research indicates the Protestant clergy report higher levels of occupational stress than Catholic priests, brothers, or sisters. Catholic sisters repeatedly reported the lowest work-related stress, whereas women rabbis reported the highest stress levels in various studies. Occupational stress appears to be a source of family stress among Protestant clergy--a factor which clergy and their spouses believe the denominational leadership should address. High levels of stress also have been found to be associated with sexual misconduct among clergy. The authors make several recommendations based on these and other findings they report in their review.

Burnout, Professional↗
PubMed2003

First look: what brings clergy candidates into ministry and what happens when they don't get it.

This article reports on a retrospective examination of all candidates for ordained ministry in Alabama-West Florida Annual Conference of The United Methodist Church from September 1995 to 1998. The results showed, contrary to expectations, that clergy in this annual conference are significantly more likely than the general population to become physically ill when placed under stress. One of the major stressors identified in this study was the likelihood that the clergy persons will not receive the high levels of affirmation and reinforcement they look for. The author presents some conclusions and suggestions both for action to change the predictions and for further research.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Homelessness.

The author, acknowledging the reality of homeless persons in most communities, explores the meanings and dynamics of homelessness, and the need to recognize the variety of participants needing to be recognized in appreciating the complexity of this segment of society. He raises the issue of how pastoral caregivers become involved in providing authentic care to this sub-culture and offers examples from his own experiences as a volunteer chaplain in the Salvation Army Corps.

Anecdotes as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Youthful visitors and hospitable hosts: exercises in misunderstanding.

This article explores Gordon W. Allport's account of his visit with Sigmund Freud and Milton J. Nauss's account of his visit with Albert Einstein when they were young men. The analysis focuses on how the visitors' preconceptions of their hosts influenced the conversation; on their hosts' use of humor to spare themselves more painful emotions and their visitors the painful consequences of such emotions; and on the fact that both men's subsequent accounts misunderstand their hosts' attitudes and behaviors, thus indicating that they had not learned as much as they might have learned about themselves from the encounter.

Communication↗
PubMed2005

Social versus individual motivation: implications for normative definitions of religious orientation.

The traditional interpretation of "intrinsic" religiousness has fostered an unchallenged assumption that normative and substantive religious motivation is inherently individual and personal. Social motives for religiousness and structured practices have been characterized as "extrinsic" and as lacking in formative significance. We argue that this view is most applicable in American Protestant religions, and hence existing religious motivation scales reflect a distinctly American Protestant view. We then show that social motives and structured ritual practices are, in fact, as normative as individual motivations in several religious traditions. In particular, we describe the social practices and motives normative for Judaism and certain streams of Christianity. We then discuss the potential relevance of this analysis to emotion, collective identity, and moral judgment.

Christianity↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between parity and bone mineral density in women characterized by a homogeneous lifestyle and high parity.

CONTEXT: We reported previously that Old Order Amish (OOA) women have fewer hip fractures and higher bone mineral density (BMD) than non-Amish Caucasian women. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether the high parity characteristic of OOA women contributes to their relative bone health. Previous data on the long-term effects of parity on BMD have yielded conflicting results with few data from very high parity populations. This observational study included participants in the Amish Family Osteoporosis Study, begun in 1997 to identify genetic and clinical determinants of osteoporosis in the OOA. We measured BMD by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at the spine, hip, and distal radius in 424 parous OOA women aged 40 and older (mean age, 57.7 +/- 12 yr; mean parity, 7.6 +/- 2.9). RESULTS: Increasing parity was associated with later menopause (P = 0.001) and modestly, but not significantly, higher body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.09). Increasing parity was associated with higher BMD at the total hip and trochanter (age-adjusted P = 0.02 and 0.03), no longer statistically significant after accounting for BMI. Among women aged 50-59 yr, parity was strongly associated with BMD even after accounting for age and BMI (age-adjusted P = 0.02), although this was not true for women younger than 50 or at least 60 yr old. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that high parity is associated with increased hip BMD in OOA women, largely mediated by higher BMI. The parity-hip BMD association remained statistically significant after accounting for age and BMI only in women aged 50-59 yr, partially explained by a later menopausal age with high parity. The benefit of high parity on BMD appeared to be lost soon after the menopausal transition, and, therefore, these data provide evidence of neither a detrimental nor beneficial effect of high parity on long-term bone health.

Age Distribution↗