Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Promethazine”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Fetal distress due to intravenous administration of pethidine (meperidine) with promethazine during labour.

Fetal bradycardia due to uterine hypertonia was observed after the intravenous administration of pethidine (meperidine) 75 mg with promethazine 25 mg during active labour. These analgesic drugs are known to affect uterine contractions by enhancing both amplitude and frequency, but are thought to affect uterine tone minimally. Twenty cases of uterine hypertonia resulting in fetal bradycardia were monitored in a period of 6 months in women receiving these drugs during labour. In all cases, the uterine hypertonia appeared shortly after the drug administration. The uterine hypertonus as well as the fetal bradycardia were self limited and no intervention was undertaken. Recognition of this phenomenon is important in order to prevent unnecessary anxiety on the part of medical attendants.

Bradycardia↗
PubMed1978

The effect of drug concentration on the thermal (dark) degradation of promethazin hydrochloride in aqueous solution.

The thermal (dark) degradation of promethazine hydrochloride in aqueous solution presents a complex kinetic picture. The process is oxygen dependent and is modified by EDTA. In citrate buffer, pH 4.0, ionic strength 0.5M, containing 0.1% EDTA, the thermal degradation at 90 degrees can be fitted to first order rate plots at drug concentrations up to 1.56 x 10.27 (0.5%) and to zero order rate plots at drug concentrations greater than 9.35 x 10.2M (3.0%). At intermediate concentrations no simple equation can describe the data. These effects have been correlated with the formation of drug micelles and the rate date have been interpreted on the basis of a first order monomer process and a half order micellar process occurring simultaneously.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1971

A comparative study of conventional premedication (pethidine, promethazine, and atropine) and neuroleptanalgesia (droperidol and phenoperidine) for peroral endoscopy.

A double blind comparison of conventional premedication (pethidine, promethazine, and atropine) and neuroleptanalgesia (droperidol and phenoperidine) failed to demonstrate any difference in either the comfort of the patient or ease of instrumentation in 70 upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopies. Further trials are needed before conventional premedication is abandoned.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Diazepam, promethazine and propiomazine as hypnotics in elderly inpatients.

Diazepam 5 mg, promethazine 25 mg, propiomazine 25 mg, and placebo as sleeping aids were studied in 40 elderly inpatients. The drugs were administered in a random order, double-blind, on 21 nights. All active drugs were found effective in the mentally normal elderly, but in the psychogeriatric group of 20 patients, only propiomazine very significantly reduced the number of nocturnal awakenings and only diazepam almost significantly shortened the initial sleep latency, although duration of sleep was prolonged in both groups. There was neither loss of efficacy of the trial drugs nor rebound on withdrawal. Psychomotor skills and serum prolactin levels remained unaffected.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

The comparative bronchodilator properties of alkyl quaternary salts of promethazine.

Several salts of thiazinamium, a quaternary analogue of promethazine, administered by aerosol, possessed equipotent anticholinergic activity in anesthetized guinea pigs but the duration of this effect differed somewhat. N-Butyl substitution in the side chain, but not the corresponding ethyl or n-propyl substitutions, reduced the aerosol anticholinergic potency and duration. There was also a tendency for a corresponding reduction in antihistaminic activity with different alkyl substitutions and for a greatly reduced duration of this effect.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1985

Adverse effects of meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for sedation in pediatric patients.

A combination of meperidine (M) 25 mg/ml, promethazine (P) 6.5 mg/ml, and chlorpromazine (C) 6.5 mg/ml is widely used to produce sedation in pediatric patients. A dose of MPC 0.1 ml/kg is recommended for cardiac catheterization, but no specific guidelines for dosing or frequency of monitoring have been established for patients undergoing other types of procedures. The adverse effects of MPC were studied prospectively in 95 patients undergoing various procedures. MPC was given parenterally at a dose of 0.07-0.11 ml/kg. Four patients developed respiratory depression. In these patients, the lowest respiratory rate ranged from 12 to 20 per minute. The lowest pulse rate ranged from 92 to 102 per minute. Three patients had received recommended or lower than recommended doses of MPC. One who received MPC 0.07 ml/kg developed respiratory arrest within 30 minutes; another required naloxone, and all recovered within 10 hours. These cases suggest the need for frequent monitoring and specific dosing guidelines for MPC use in pediatric patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of ethanol and promethazine on awareness of errors and judgements of performance.

Ethanol may affect detection and processing of errors in performance tasks, and thus influence the speed accuracy trade-off. In this double-blind study, 11 volunteers, (seven female, four male) took part in four sessions in which they received ethanol (Eth; mean blood alcohol concentration at 60 min: 87.3, SD: 18.4), placebo (Pla), promethazine 20mg (P20) and 30 mg (P30) in randomized order. A computerized four choice reaction time test (FCRT), other performance measures and visual analogue scales (VAS) were administered before dosing and at intervals up to 2.5h after. During the FCRT volunteers reported errors verbally. These reports were recorded together with error signals from the computer. The overall pattern of effects was as expected for Eth, with increases in errors for most tasks, and subjective drowsiness. P30 affected only the FCRT, and both P30 and P20 caused drowsiness. The number of errors made by the volunteers in the FCRT was significantly increased for both Eth (N 5.20, p 0.01) and P30 (N 3.81, p 0.01) compared to Pla (1.84) with no significant change in response speed. The proportion of errors detected was slightly but not significantly reduced (Pla 68%, Eth 63%, P30 57%). These results show that error processing is not significantly impaired by ethanol, and a reduction in awareness of errors cannot account for the increased errors which occur when performance is impaired by ethanol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of the efficacy of paracetamol versus paracetamol, codeine and promethazine (Painstop) for premedication and analgesia for myringotomy in children.

This prospective double-blinded study compared the analgesic effectiveness and incidence of complications of a compound preparation Painstop (Paedpharm Pty Ltd) containing paracetamol 12 mg, codeine 0.5 mg and promethazine 0.65 mg per 1.0 ml, dosage 1.0 ml/kg, with paracetamol 20 mg/kg. Ninety-five children aged 1 to 12 years, ASA 1-2, scheduled for myringotomy and drain tuber insertion as a day procedure were randomized to receive Painstop or paracetamol 30 to 60 minutes prior to surgery. Preoperative drowsiness and complications on induction and postoperative sedation, pain and times to achieve goals were recorded. The groups were comparable for age, gender, weight, anaesthetic technique and duration of surgery. Times to eye opening (P = 0.05) and first oral intake (P = 0.006) were significantly longer in the Painstop group. There was, however, no difference in times to discharge. Late sedation was more common in the Painstop group (P = 0.03). Pain scores were low and similar in both groups and the need for additional analgesia was uncommon.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed2001

The acute and sub-chronic effects of levocetirizine, cetirizine, loratadine, promethazine and placebo on cognitive function, psychomotor performance, and weal and flare.

AIM: To compare the central and peripheral H1 inhibitory effects of acute and sub-chronic doses of levocetirizine (L-CTZ), cetirizine (CTZ), loratadine (LOR) and promethazine (PRM) versus placebo, using a battery of psychomotor and cognitive tests together with measures of the weal and flare reaction. PRM was included in the study as a positive internal control to validate the sensitivity of the psychometric test battery to the CNS effects of the various treatments. METHODS: Twenty healthy volunteers (18-50 years) received L-CTZ 5mg, CTZ 10 mg, LOR 10 mg, PRM 30 mg and placebo once daily for four days in a five-way, double-blind, crossover study. For each treatment condition, subjects were assessed using a psychometric test system and a pinprick weal and flare response to 100 mg/ml histamine solution at baseline and at 1, 2, 3 ,4, 6, 8, 10 and 122 hours post-dose on days 1 and 4. The psychometrics comprised critical flicker fusion (CFF), choice reaction time (CRT), a continuous tracking task (CTT) and subjective rating scales for sedation (LARS). On days 2 and 3, subjects took their medication at pre-designated times while out of the unit. RESULTS: The verum (PRM) established the sensitivity of the test battery: a significant overall reduction in CFF thresholds on both days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05); an overall significant increase (impairment) in recognition, motor and total reaction times on day 1 (p < 0.05); a significant impairment of both the tracking accuracy and reaction time aspects of the CTT task on day 1 (p < 0.005) and significantly higher ratings of subjective sedation on day 1 (p < 0.05). L-CTZ, CTZ and LOR were not distinguishable from placebo in any of the objective and subjective tests at any time point on either day 1 or day 4. With regards to the peripheral inhibitory effects, L-CTZ inhibited both the weal and flare reaction, with maximum inhibition (almost 100%) occurring within two hours of drug ingestion. CTZ also showed evidence of potent peripheral inhibition of histamine, whereas PRM, and especially LOR, showed only a weak weal and flare reaction which had completely attenuated at day 4. CONCLUSIONS: In a study where the psychometric assessments were shown to be sensitive to impairment, L-CTZ 5 mg was found following both initial and repeated doses, but also to be demonstrably free from disruptive and sedative effects on objective measures of psychomotor and cognitive function. Similarly, CTZ showed evidence of pronounced antihistaminic activity and significantly reduced weal and flare scores after both acute and repeated doses, again without evidence of cognitive or psychomotor impairment. LOR also was non-sedative but the antihistaminic reaction was demonstrably weak.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Thermodynamic studies of the charge-transfer interactions of chloranilic acid with moclobemide and promethazine hydrochloride.

Spectrophotometric absorption studies gave evidence for the formation of strongly bonded charge-transfer complexes between moclobemide and promethazine hydrochloride with chloranilic acid in non-aqueous media comprising chloroform and 1,4-dioxane. The transitions involved were detected at wavelengths longer than those of the single pure substances in the visible region. Equilibrium constants from the Scott equation could be measured together with other thermodynamic parameters and molar absorptivities at different temperatures. Theoretical arguments are presented as to the spontaneity of these interactions.

Benzamides↗
PubMed2001

Mechanistic appraisal of the charge-transfer complexes of promethazine with chloranil: a modelling approach.

Various mechanisms are often used to explain the interaction between electron donors and acceptors. Commonly proposed mechanisms are those in which the acceptor interacts with the aromatic pi-systems in the donor molecule or the acceptor forms a weak interaction of the Lewis acid with Lewis base type. In this study, the above mechanisms were examined as well as other possible mechanisms. Promethazine was chosen as the model drug containing aromatic systems capable of pi-pi interaction as well as N-methyl group capable of forming a complex with the weak Lewis acid, p-chloranil. Our modelling studies revealed that the situation where the p-chloranil interacts with a protonated N-methyl group is the most significant mechanism of interaction, based on the calculated energies for the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the Tripos force field energy terms and also the stability of the complexes during molecular dynamics simulations.

Chloranil↗
PubMed1996

Effect of 30 mg of morphine alone or with promethazine or prochlorperazine on the exercise capacity of patients with COPD.

OBJECTIVE: We have shown that the administration of 0.8 mg/kg of morphine (M) to patients with COPD resulted in a 20% increase in the maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max), but was associated with significant drowsiness and euphoria. The objective of the present study was to ascertain whether lower doses of M alone or in combination with prochlorperazine (PC) or promethazine (P) could elicit significant increases in exercise tolerance. DESIGN: The exercise capacity, psychological status, and reaction times were assessed before and 60 min after the patients received placebo (PLAC), 30 mg M orally, 30 mg M plus 10 mg PC (M-PC), or 30 mg M plus 25 mg P (M-P) in a randomized double-blind crossover study. In a secondary study, nine patients were tested on three separate days before and after receiving PLAC, 25 mg P, or 30 mg M plus 25 mg P. PATIENTS: Seven COPD patients (FEV1=0.99 +/- 0.30 L, Vo2max=990 +/- 315 mL/min) who were ventilatory-limited. SETTING: Veterans Affairs medical center. RESULTS: After the patients ingested M-P, the increase in the Vo2max (129.0 +/- 104 mL/min), the workload (10.0 +/- 6.5 W) and the maximum minute ventilation (4.0 +/- 3.9 L/min) were significantly greater (p<0.05) than after PLAC ingestion (-4.8 +/- 79 mL/min, 1.4 +/- 6.9 W, and -1.6 +/- 2.4 L/min, respectively). Changes after the ingestion of M, P, o r M-PC were intermediate. The M-PC combination adversely affected the patient's reported mental status (Bond visual analog scale) more than the M-P or M regimens. No regimen significantly affected the reaction time. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the administration of 30 mg of M plus 25 mg of P significantly improves the exercise tolerance of patients with COPD, without significantly impairing the mental capabilities of the subjects. The utility of this regimen over longer time periods needs to be evaluated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Glutaric acidemia, type I, missed by newborn screening in an infant with dystonia following promethazine administration.

We report a child initially diagnosed with promethazine-induced dystonia despite a lack of response to diphenhydramine therapy. On further evaluation, the child was diagnosed with glutaric acidemia, type I (GA-I), an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by the deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. The characteristic clinical feature of GA-I is an acute encephalopathic and neurologic crisis typically occurring during a catabolic state. Despite slow improvement, many patients do not fully recover from a neurologic crisis, and residual neurologic morbidity can be significant. Although newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry is expected to enable presymptomatic diagnosis of GA-I, this patient was not detected by newborn screening with tandem mass spectrometry. Therefore, a high suspicion of GA-I must be maintained in the evaluation of childhood dystonia, even when newborn screening results are reportedly normal.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed2003

Beliefs and social norms about codeine and promethazine hydrochloride cough syrup (CPHCS) onset and perceived addiction among urban Houstonian adolescents: an addiction trend in the city of lean.

In the current study, we used a qualitative approach to investigate relevant beliefs and norms associated with codeine and promethazine hydrochloride cough syrup (CPHCS) consumption, initiation, and perceived addiction among 48 alternative school students who identified themselves as current CPHCS users. In general, both boys and girls believed that CPHCS addiction started during an individual's initial consumption. A majority of both groups reported that their second CPHCS event was initiated during the same or next day after their first event. Our findings suggest that friends and an innovative form of hip-hop music called "screw" are strong reinforcers of CPHCS use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The metabolism of chlorpromazine and promethazine to give new 'pink spots'.

1. The 'pink spots' observed in the in vivo and in vitro metabolism of chlorpromazine and promethazine were identified as N-oxidation products of 2-chlorophenothiazine and phenothizaine,, respectively. 2. Incubations of the latter two compounds with fortified hepatic fractions from rabbit and guinea-pig gave the corresponding hydroxylamines, the nitroxides which were purplish-pink and gave characteristic e.s.r. signals, and the N-hydroperoxides which were the major pink compounds and gave no e.s.r. signals. Each hydroxylamine was readily oxidized to an N-hydroperoxide in air and the latter readily reduced back in solution to the corresponding hydroxylamine by ascorbic acid. 3. The synthesis, chemical properties and the i.r., u.v., n.m.r., e.s.r., and mass spectra of the above compounds, their sulphoxides and phenothiazine-N-peroxides are reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of pregnenolone carbonitrile, promethazine and antipyrine pretreatment on antipyrine metabolite formation in rats.

The effect of three inducers of cytochrome P-450-mediated drug oxidations (Pregnenolone carbonitrile, promethazine and antipyrine) on antipyrine metabolite kinetics has been investigated using the urinary metabolite pattern and 14CO2 exhalation rate (CER)-time profile following [N-methyl-14C]antipyrine administration. The CER-time profiles showed the characteristic changes associated with induction, namely, increased maximum CER and decreased half-life, previously observed in phenobarbitone and beta-naphthaflavone-induced rats. Calculation of formation rate constants based on urinary recovery of 3-hydroxymethyl-, 4-hydroxy- and nor-antipyrine indicated no clear selectivity of induction by any pretreatment. However, the percentage increase of the latter two metabolites was two- to four-fold greater than for the former metabolite. The use of the metabolite ratio (3-hydroxymethylantipyrine/norantipyrine) is proposed to assess the qualitative nature of induction of antipyrine metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of oral chloral hydrate with intramuscular ketamine, meperidine, and promethazine for pediatric sedation--preliminary report.

Fifteen consecutive pediatric patients ranging from 3 to 5 years old were selected to receive one of three sedative/hypnotic techniques. Group 1 received oral chloral hydrate 50 mg/kg, and groups 2 and 3 received intramuscular ketamine 2 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, respectively. In addition to ketamine, patients in groups 2 and 3 received transmucosal intramuscular injections of meperidine and promethazine into the masseter muscle. Sedation for the satisfactory completion of restorative dentistry was obtained for over 40 min on average in the chloral hydrate group, but completion of dental surgery longer than 40 min was achieved in groups 2 and 3 only by intravenous supplements of ketamine.

Administration, Oral↗