Maya aging: cross-cultural projective techniques and the dilemma of interpretation.
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Culture↗
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The use of projective assessment techniques in pediatric research.
A variety of projective techniques are available to pediatric nurse researchers. This article focuses on four of the most frequently used projective assessment techniques in pediatric research: the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); the Child Apperception Test (CAT); the Rorschach; and Human Figure Drawings (HFDs). Each of these techniques is described in terms of the underlying theoretical framework for its development, instructions for use with children, reliability and validity, and major findings from health care and nursing literature. Ten recommendations are provided to help nurse researchers ensure that their data meet reasonable criteria for objectivity to allow for replication of their investigations. Despite the often contradictory, inconclusive research findings, there is a role for projective techniques both in clinical practice and research.
Child↗
[Eco-value level classification model of forest ecosystem based on modified projection pursuit technique].
To optimize the projection function and direction of projection pursuit technique, predigest its realization process, and overcome the shortcomings in long time calculation and in the difficulty of optimizing projection direction and computer programming, this paper presented a modified simplex method (MSM), and based on it, brought forward the eco-value level classification model (EVLCM) of forest ecosystem, which could integrate the multidimensional classification index into one-dimensional projection value, with high projection value denoting high ecosystem services value. Examples of forest ecosystem could be reasonably classified by the new model according to their projection value, suggesting that EVLCM driven directly by samples data of forest ecosystem was simple and feasible, applicable, and maneuverable. The calculating time and value of projection function were 34% and 143% of those with the traditional projection pursuit technique, respectively. This model could be applied extensively to classify and estimate all kinds of non-linear and multidimensional data in ecology, biology, and regional sustainable development.
Ecosystem↗
External peer review in Europe: an overview from the ExPeRT Project. External Peer Review Techniques.
OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to evaluate the use and development of external peer review models and to identify where the main models are used in European Union member states and countries with reciprocal research agreements with the European Union. DESIGN: The ExPeRT (external peer review techniques) project research team conducted a series of fact-finding missions to all participating European nations. Study participants. I. Blomberg, Sweden; L. Bohigas, Spain; S. Cucic, The Netherlands; P. Morosini, Italy. The Project is led by C. Shaw, UK and is managed by C. Heaton, CASPE Research. RESULTS: We identified four main external peer review models aimed at measuring the quality of service management and delivery: health care accreditation, the International Organization for Standardization ISO 9000 standards, the European Foundation for Quality Management Excellence Model and visitatie, which is Dutch for 'visitation' or peer review-based schemes. DISCUSSION: ExPeRT has demonstrated that in principle, convergence of the four main models in order to gain from each model's key strengths is feasible. Whether convergence is practical, depends upon the willingness of governments, health service providers, health care quality professionals and organizations to come together and adopt the recommendations of the ExPeRT project.
Accreditation↗
[Neurotic stammering as a symptom of latent aggressiveness; usefulness of projective psychological techniques].
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Aggression↗
Projections of the ascending somesthetic pathways to the cat superior colliculus visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique.
Projections of the somesthetic ascending pathways to the superior colliculus (SC) of the cat have been demonstrated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique. Following HRP injection in one SC, marked neurons were found in the contralateral dorsal horn and in the contralateral dorsal column nuclei, mainly the cuneate nucleus. Moreover, in the contralateral trigeminal complex, the sub-nucleus caudalis of the spinal nucleus of the Vth nerve, and the subnucleus oralis plus the main sensory trigeminal nucleus were labeled. Thus, the anterolateral system and the lemniscal system subserving face and forelimb sensation send afferent fibers to the contralateral SC.
Afferent Pathways↗
A three-component model for magnetization transfer. Solution by projection-operator technique, and application to cartilage.
A projection-operator technique is applied to a general three-component model for magnetization transfer, extending our previous two-component model [R.S. Adler and H.N. Yeung, J. Magn. Reson. A 104, 321 (1993), and H.N. Yeung, R. S. Adler, and S.D. Swanson, J. Magn. Reson. A 106, 37 (1994)]. The PO technique provides an elegant means of deriving a simple, effective rate equation in which there is natural separation of relaxation and source terms and allows incorporation of Redfield-Provotorov theory without any additional assumptions or restrictive conditions. The PO technique is extended to incorporate more general, multicomponent models. The three-component model is used to fit experimental data from samples of human hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. The fits of the three-component model are compared to the fits of the two-component model.
Adult↗
Topographically organized projections from the nucleus subceruleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: a light and electron microscopic study with complementary axonal transport techniques.
Projections from the nucleus subceruleus (nSC) to the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) were investigated with complementary retrograde and anterograde axonal transport techniques at the light and electron microscopic level in the rat. Injections of WGA-HRP into XII resulted in labeling of neurons in and around the nSC. Labeled nSC neurons were few in number (less than 4 per 40-60 microns sections) and variable in size and shape. Most labeled nSC neurons were medium-sized (mean = 16.89 microns), fusiform, triangular, or oval, with 3-4 dendrites typically oriented dorsomedially and ventrolaterally. These neurons were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nSC but were most numerous medial, dorsomedial, and ventromedial to the motor trigeminal nucleus. Others were observed rostral to the motor trigeminal nucleus and ventral to the parabrachial nuclear complex. Confirmation of retrograde results was obtained following injections of tritiated amino acids or WGA-HRP into the nSC. This resulted in labeling throughout the rostrocaudal extent of XII mainly ipsilaterally. Labeled fibers descended the brainstem in the dorsolateral and, to a lesser extent, in the ventromedial component of Probst's tract. Fibers entered XII mainly rostrally along the lateral border of the nucleus. All regions of XII were recipients of nSC afferents, but the caudoventromedial quadrant contained the greatest density of terminal labeling. Electron microscopic evaluation confirmed that nSC afferents synapsed on motoneurons in XII. Axon terminals containing WGA-HRP reaction product were found contacting dendrites and somata, but primarily the former (81.3% versus 10.6%). Axodendritic terminals synapsed mainly on medium-to-small sized dendrites (less than 3 microns in diameter). The majority of labeled axodendritic terminals (90.1%) contained small, round, and clear synaptic vesicles (S-type: 20-50 nm) and were associated with an asymmetric (60.6%), symmetric (11.4%), or no (18%) postsynaptic specialization. By contrast, most axosomatic terminals contained flattened vesicles (F-type) and formed a symmetric or no postsynaptic specialization (75%). Large dense core vesicles (55-90 nm) were observed within a small proportion of all labeled axon terminals (1.3%). The results from this study demonstrate that the nSC projects to XII, preferentially targets a specific subgrouping of protrusor motoneurons, and synapses on both somata and dendrites, although mainly on the latter. The implications of these data are discussed relative to tongue control.
Afferent Pathways↗
[TMJ radiographic bone alterations in patients of TMJDs].
OBJECTIVE: The characteristics of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bone changes showed by X-ray films in patients diagnosed as Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMJDs) were investigated. METHODS: X-ray films of 792 TMJDs patients who were diagnosised as TMJDs in our hospital from 1988 to 1995 were studied. Among them, 330 cases were male and 462 cases were female. Their ages ranged from 11 to 66 years old, averaged 27.4 years old. Bilateral TMJ, 1584 sides in all, were checked by X-ray. Among them, 210 cases (420 sides) were examined with transcraniall projective technique, 223 cases (446 sides) with tomogram, and 359 cases (718 sides) with both tomogram and transcranial projective techniques, Clinician observed and discussed the films together with the radiographer, and then the final radio-diagnosis was got. RESULTS: 1. 288 (25.31%) out of 1138 condyles examined with transcranial projective technique (temporal articular surface can not be observed accurately in this kind of films) and 82 (7.04%) out of 1164 condyles, 74 (6.36%) out of 1164 temporal articular surfaces checked with tomogram showed osseous changes. With analyzing on 718 sides of 356 cases checked with both methods, it was found that transcranial projective technique was more sensitive to TMJ osseous changes (P < 0.01). 2. The types of osseous changes: within the osseous changes of condyles showed in transcranial projection, 126 sides (43.75%) were mainly hyperplasia, and 140 sides showed absorptive changes. Moreover, both kinds of alterations appeared in 22 sides (7.64%). Among the condyles with osseous changes showed in tomogram, 28 sides were mainly hyperplasia and 54 sides showed absorptive changes, while two kinds of changes were not found in the same tomogram. But for temporal articular surface, 34 sides showed hyperplasia and 6 sides absorptive changes as their chief alterations. And the other 34 sides showed the two kinds of changes. Hyperplasia appeared more frequently in temporal articular surface than in condyles showed in tomogram (P < 0.01). 3. It was found that the osseous alterations were liable to occur in anterior condyle slope (88.19% in the films checked with transcranial projective technique, 81.71% in the films checked with tomography), the top (72.97% in the films checked with tomography) and the posterior slopes (71.62% in the films checked with tomography) of the articular eminence. CONCLUSION: Being considered the characteristics of the osseous changes, the abnormal mechanics around ICP and physiological or pathological remodeling principles of different parts of TMJ might be explained. Further researches on the selection of the two examinational methods of TMJ were suggested.
Adolescent↗
The Meta-Contrast Technique--a projective test predicting suicide.
Sixty-nine inpatients who had attempted suicide were studied by means of the Meta-Contrast Technique (MCT), a projective test measuring personality factors, especially defensive strategies. The patients were divided into 3 subgroups, one of which was defined as stereotypy only, which denotes stereotypy (perceptual retardation) without any other coded defenses. At follow-up 7 of 8 completed suicides belonged to this subgroup and they matched various main diagnoses according to DSM-III-R. When the MCT findings of all patients were compared with 99 depressed inpatients from a previous study, the latter group more often had mature defensive strategies. In both investigations most completed suicides were found in the stereotypy only group. Our findings indicate that, regardless of psychiatric diagnosis, stereotypy without other defenses in MCT predicts suicide.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Projection reconstruction techniques for reduction of motion effects in MRI.
Projection reconstruction (PR) techniques are shown to have intrinsic advantages over spin-warp (2DFT) methods with respect to diminished artifacts from respiratory motion. The benefits result from (1) portrayal of artifacts as radial streaks, with the amplitude smallest near the moving elements; (2) streak deployment perpendicular to the direction of motion of moving elements and often residing outside the anatomic boundaries of the subject; (3) inherent signal averaging of low spatial frequencies from oversampling of central k-space data. In addition, respiratory-ordered view angle (ROVA) acquisition is found to diminish residual streaking significantly by reducing interview inconsistencies. Comparisons of 2DFT and PR acquisitions are made with and without ROVA. Reconstructions from magnitude-only projections are found to have increased streaks from motion-induced phase shifts.
Abdomen↗
Planning alcoholism services: a technique for projecting specific service needs.
In response to an increasing emphasis on health services planning, a technique for projecting in-residence and outpatient alcoholism treatment and rehabilitation needs has been developed. This technique relies on services data from 34 comprehensive alcoholism treatment programs, funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. For in-residence services, the methodology involves an analysis of the use of available in-residence services such that it is possible to determine how many beds of a given service type are needed to serve those admitted to the treatment system. Because all who come in contact with the system do not need or receive services, it is possible to calculate how many beds of a given service type are needed to serve each person coming in contact with the system. This is called the "beds per contact." The product of the beds per contact times the number in the identified target population is the number of beds of a given type needed to serve the target population. A similar methodology is used to project outpatient service needs. The assumptions underlying this technique, and its advantages and disadvantages, are discussed.
Alcoholism↗
A projective interview technique.
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Humans↗
Rapid tip tracking with MRI by a limited projection reconstruction technique.
To rapidly track invasive devices within MRI systems, a novel approach using a limited projection reconstruction technique is presented. Our method exploits the difference between images reconstructed from a limited number of projections and serves to depict the tip of a needle during its advancement. This method was implemented on a standard MRI system with a radial fast-spin-echo sequence and examined in phantom studies. We demonstrated that the proposed method could track the tip every 300 msec and the tip depicted by the present technique was consistently displaced along the needle by a small distance (5 mm).
Feasibility Studies↗
[Clinical application of the endolaryngeal laser measurement technique].
INTRODUCTION: Laser projection techniques have made morphometric measurement of laryngeal structures possible. The clinical application of a new laser measurement technique that uses a double reflecting mirror for laser beam duplication is discussed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Endolaryngeal measurement with a new two-point laser light projection method was carried out on 25 patients with ten different organic lesions of the vocal folds. The laser measurement tool can be clipped onto the shaft of a rigid endoscope. A special software program enables quick and precise measurements of distances and areas that are in the same horizontal plane as the laser spots. FINDINGS: Using this new system, a clinical examination of the size of organic lesions of the vocal folds is possible, with a precise measurement of endolaryngeal structures being possible in all cases. The findings are easily documented, and the examinations can take place during routine laryngoscopic investigations. CONCLUSION: Systems for endolaryngeal measurements enable morphometric measurements within the larynx. Quantitative examinations have become possible in laryngology.
Endoscopy↗
Dynamics of the spin-boson Hamiltonian by the projection operator technique: applications to electron transfer reactions.
A perturbative treatment developed by using the projection operator technique is provided to find dynamics of the spin-boson Hamiltonian in the second order approximation of the subsystem-bath interaction. In the framework of the generalized master equations and in the Markovian approximation it leads to the Redfield/Bloch-type equations. The treatment can be applied to both fast and slow bath cases; in this paper we consider the fast bath case. The relaxation times, energy splitting, and bath-induced renormalization effect of the coherence frequency are discussed and applied to a Lorentzian-Ohmic fast bath. A good agreement between our results and those obtained by the path-integral formalism is obtained. The treatment is applied to electron transfer reactions to test the possibility of apparition of the electronic coherence in certain photosynthetic reaction centers.
Journal Article↗
Hypothalamic descending afferents to cells of origin of the greater petrosal nerve in the rat, as revealed by a combination of retrograde HRP and anterograde autoradiographic techniques.
Projections from the hypothalamus to cells of origin of the greater petrosal nerve were studied by the HRP and autoradiographic techniques in the rat. After an injection of [3H]amino acids into the hypothalamus and an application of HRP to the greater petrosal nerve, we found that a compact group of HRP-labeled neurons was located within a dense accumulation of silver grains in the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis. The present results show that the hypothalamus projects directly to cells of origin of the greater petrosal nerve.
Animals↗
[Project graph technique for time management in abdominal ultrasound evaluations].
PURPOSE: German insurance companies are cutting down the time required for ultrasound examinations. To determine the minimal examination time to perform an ultrasound examination a project graph technique was applied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Time measurements of abdominal ultrasound examinations were performed by two independent observers. The different jobs for the performance of an ultrasound examination were determined and the critical pathway method applied. The total available time for abdominal ultrasound examinations (leeway) was determined, the minimal time to perform each job was measured and the critical time required for the procedure was calculated. RESULTS: 14 different jobs were identified to complete one abdominal ultrasound examination. The project graph displayed the shortest possible time of 24 minutes to perform an ultrasound examination. The pure ultrasound exam without colour Doppler examination was 6 minutes ("hands on the ultrasound probe"). The jobs performed by the physician were fully within the critical period. In consequence, the physician had no leeway or time lag in relation to a total time of 24 minutes for an ultrasound examination, whereas by contrast the nurse has a total leeway of 7.5 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: The applied project graph technique is an effective instrument for the purpose of quality management for hospitals as well as in private practice. The workflow and actions necessary to perform a treatment or examination can be analysed. Human resources management and cost planning should be performed on the basis of project graphs.
Abdomen↗