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PubMed1982

Software for linear and non-linear optimization in external radiotherapy.

The study presents a set of programs designed to determine optimum dose distribution either by calculation of beam intensities and field width (in linear programming) or, in addition, by calculation of beam geometry (non-linear optimization). Various optimization criteria can be selected: homogeneity, concentration on target, entire dose in a sensitive area. The optimization method used is the gradient projection method, and doses are calculated by Cunningham formulae. The article describes the program operating modes, the main subroutines and their functions and specifications, and outlines an example.

Computers↗
PubMed1991

The Pawtucket Heart Health Program. Influencing adolescent eating patterns.

The Pawtucket Heart Health Program, a research effort testing a process of community activation for cardiovascular risk factor behavior change, risk factor change, and coronary heart disease event rate change, utilizes risk factor behavior change programs for the entire population of a northeastern city. A diversity of nutrition programs designed to teach new skills and to alter the nutrition environment have been delivered. These include group programs, highlighting restaurant menus, labeling grocery shelf items, screening for blood cholesterol levels accompanied by nutritional counseling, and provision of programs in schools. In addition to standard curricula, the Heart Healthy Cook-Off for both junior high school and high school students has been developed. Students select recipes, make substitutions to lower fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol content, analyze original and substitution recipe nutrient content using a microcomputer and nutrient analysis software, and prepare the food. A panel of judges assesses presentation, taste, and health-promoting characteristics. In one junior high school class, cholesterol measure before and after the cook-off decreased by 10.7% among those with elevated cholesterol. The Heart Healthy Cook-Off is an education program that influences the culinary practices of children in an enjoyable, challenging format.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Measuring the effectiveness of the Star Parenting Program with parents of young children.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the STAR Parenting Program, designed specifically for parents with children between the ages of 1 and 5 yr. The 8-hr. program was completed by 35 parents. There was a significant increase in parents' favorability and a significant decrease in anxiety afterwards. Parents also significantly lowered their expectations, reduced the emotionality of their reactions to their child's problem behaviors, and increased their use of time-out and tangible rewards following training. These changes were maintained at a 6-wk. follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Psychological improvement in infertile women after behavioral treatment: a replication.

OBJECTIVE: To replicate previously reported psychological improvements in infertile women attending a group behavioral treatment program. DESIGN: Psychological and demographic data were collected before entering and again upon completion of a behavioral medicine program on a second cohort of patients. SETTING: The program was offered in the Division of Behavioral Medicine, an outpatient clinic of the Department of Medicine at New England Deaconess Hospital. All patients were receiving care from infertility specialists not affiliated with this hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty two self-referred women receiving medical treatment for infertility attended the program. INTERVENTION: A 10-week group behavioral treatment program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three validated psychological instruments. RESULTS: Psychological improvement was statistically significant (Profile of Mood States Tension/Anxiety: P less than 0.0001; Depression/Dejection: P less than 0.0122; Vigor/Activity: P less than 0.0431; Confusion/Bewilderment: P less than 0.0057; Spielberger Anger Expression: P less than 0.0013; Spielberger State Anxiety: P less than 0.0037, and Trait Anxiety: P less than 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral treatment is associated with significant decreases in negative psychological symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Teaching physicians to teach: a three-year report.

To meet the needs for an expanded preceptor faculty, the Department of Family Medicine at the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Rutgers Medical School has for three years conducted yearly training programs designed to prepare practicing family physicians for the teaching role. Thirty-six physicians have completed the program, which consists of four group seminars and three individual learning site visits spent in the office of an experienced preceptor while a fourth year student is present. Many lessons were learned in the course of these yearly programs which may be useful to others who plan to undertake similar faculty development activities. Therefore, detailed, practical, experiential information is presented regarding recruitment, orientation, the educational program of seminars and individual learning experiences, evaluation, and required resources. Some problems proved to be particularly difficult, such as the uneven quality of the individual learning visits and the attrition of some participants from the program. Feedback from participating physicians has been extremely positive.

Faculty, Medical↗
PubMed1983

Faculty development for clinical instructors in allied health: an inservice approach.

Allied health faculty in the clinical setting are traditionally practitioners with both service and teaching responsibilities. Much effort is expended on ensuring quality performance by the practitioner in his or her health care specialty with little emphasis on the faculty member's preparation for teaching. This article describes an inservice program designed to provide applied teaching techniques for clinical faculty members faced with such a situation. The inservice program addresses four areas of interest to clinical faculty: orientation to the educational process, development and implementation of behavioral objective, selection of the most effective clinical teaching method, and evaluation of student clinical performance. The effectiveness of the inservice program in meeting its objectives was estimated by use of gain scores between pre- and posttest performance.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1976

Components in program development.

There has been a great deal of discussion and deliberation concerning the composition of program development. Nonetheless, the question still remains--what is program development? What are possible components in program development? In this paper the following components are described, differentiated, and integrated: Statement of Purpose, Curriculum Design, Program Competencies, Content, Content Competencies, and Practice Environments.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation and implementation of self-management programs for children with asthma.

We have reviewed the needs and problems associated with the evaluation and implementation of programs designed to assist children with asthma and their parents to manage the illness. To date, there are several programs that have been evaluated and found to be effective in terms of the objectives and dimensions described. Implementation has presented a larger problem because there are few implementors and because of the major barriers to be overcome by those who would make these programs available to the significant numbers of children and families who would benefit. Unless ways can be found to overcome the medical and reimbursement barriers, asthma self-management programs will not thrive. The growing number of individuals enrolled in some form of health maintenance organization, however, suggests a greater market for asthma self-management programs, under circumstances in which the costs of emergency room use and hospital services must be borne by physicians and hospitals, rather than by their patients.

Asthma↗
PubMed1982

Families at risk of poor parenting: a descriptive study of sixty at risk families in a model prevention program.

Sixty families assessed to be at risk of poor parenting were the subject of this study. These families were participants in a model multidisciplinary program designed for the secondary prevention of poor parenting and the extremes of child abuse and neglect. The model program consists of special medical, psychological, social and developmental services to families on an inpatient, outpatient, and in-home basis. Demographic information on these 60 families was tabulated. Each family was given a monthly rating on a simple measure of family function. Ratings over time were observed, and families were characterized in terms of a family rating vector (up, up-plateau, plateau, fluctuating, and down). Families were also described in terms of the constellation of problems brought to the therapy situation. Problem lists for each family were subjected to factor analysis. Five factor constructs which made clinical sense emerged from the analysis. Each factor could be labeled as a "family type." These types were: (I) Abusive Family, (II) Neglectful or Antisocial Family. (III) Family with an Emotionally Unstable Parent, (IV) Family with Cultural or Intellectual Limitation, and (V) Family with Child-Rearing Difficulties. Approximately 20% of these families did not fit the typology. Families were then divided into two groups--those who were relatively long-term, ongoing recipients of services, and those who left the program in the observation interval. Families were categorized according to family function rating vector and "family type." It was noted among long-term families, measured improvement in family function was most evident in families with transient situational crisis (who did not fit the typology) and those with intellectual and cultural deficits (Type IV). Among the families who dropped from the program, 15% were no longer at risk. Sixty-three percent of the remaining families were not improving. These techniques may be useful in determining which at risk families are more successful candidates for prevention efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Automated classification of candidate structures for computer-assisted structure elucidation.

In computer-assisted structure elucidation, a large number of candidate structures for the unknown compound can be generated. A computer program designed to aid in the recognition of significant differences between these structures is described. The goal of the program is to group the candidates into meaningful classes with a minimum of input from the user; each class is distinguished by a substructure its members have in common. A computational approach is developed based on the combinatorial problem of set covering. The program evaluates its results using an information-theoretical criterion. An application of the program to a real-word structure problem is presented.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The culturally diverse student: a model for empowerment.

The student who is at a disadvantage due to race, educational background, or cultural background is often unsuccessful in higher education. Specific programs designed to assist the culturally diverse student can make a significant difference in the successful completion of a program of nursing and passing of the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX). The authors discuss a model that assists culturally diverse students' success in a program of nursing.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed1985

Student heart health knowledge, smoking attitudes, and self-esteem.

The Chicago Heart Health Curriculum Program (CHHCP) is a comprehensive, cardiovascular disease, risk-reduction program designed for a multiracial urban population of sixth-grade students and their families. The study showed strong program impact on student health knowledge, and found that independence of peers significantly influenced smoking attitudes and self-esteem. The latter was associated strongly with humanistic teacher attitudes and behavior as well. Smoking attitudes were found to be related significantly to general health attitudes. The results suggest that future programs conveying heart health knowledge should consider student learning in the affective context of self-esteem, independence of peers, and teacher humanism. Reinforcement through continual intervention over a prolonged period may produce more permanent change over time.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1975

Nutritional status of black preschool children in Mississippi. Influence of income, mother's education, and food programs.

The nutritional status of 247 black preschoolers in two counties of Mississippi was studied by relating caloric and nutrient intakes and anthropometric measurements to homemaker's education, family income, and participation in Food Stamp and donated food programs..23AUTHOR Low intakes of calories, iron, calcium, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid were found in many of the children, regardless of the variable considered. These findings--in comparison with similar studies--imply that, as time passes, low education and income are having less impact on child nutrition. This ameliorating effect may be due to programs designed to educate parents and extend purchasing power of food dollars. Thus, it seems advisable to continue these programs.?23AUTHOR

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A cost-effective, unit-based approach to computerized care planning education.

This article describes a grassroots approach to developing an educational program on nursing diagnosis and computerized care planning. The process involved staff nurses in program design, implementation, and evaluation. Using this process, staff development educators will be better able to successfully initiate grassroots programs that educate large numbers of nurses at minimal cost.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed1991

Parallel computation and FASTA: confronting the problem of parallel database search for a fast sequence comparison algorithm.

We have parallelized the FASTA algorithm for biological sequence comparison using Linda, a machine-independent parallel programming language. The resulting parallel program runs on a variety of different parallel machines. A straight-forward parallelization strategy works well if the amount of computation to be done is relatively large. When the amount of computation is reduced, however, disk I/O becomes a bottleneck which may prevent additional speed-up as the number of processors is increased. The paper describes the parallelization of FASTA, and uses FASTA to illustrate the I/O bottleneck problem that may arise when performing parallel database search with a fast sequence comparison algorithm. The paper also describes several program design strategies that can help with this problem. The paper discusses how this bottleneck is an example of a general problem that may occur when parallelizing, or otherwise speeding up, a time-consuming computation.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

A program to find regions of similarity between homologous protein sequences using dot-matrix analysis.

MATRIX is a program designed primarily to enable the user to visualize all regions of similarity between two proteins at a glance. The program helps the user to see where they are similar--at what relative positions in the amino acid sequences of the two proteins in question does the similarity exist; how they are similar--what functional characteristics the two similar sequences have in common; and to what extent they are similar--is the similarity significant, if so how significant relative to other similar sequences in the protein. This is achieved by constructing a diagram in which quantitative parameters of amino acids are used to compare every amino acid residue of the first protein with every amino acid residue of the second. Another function of the program is, given two sets of atomic coordinates--either of different proteins or for the same protein (for self-comparison)--to demonstrate which residues of the two proteins, when the two proteins are superimposed upon each other, appear in the same space (or are close to each other).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of blood utilization by physicians: transfusion of nonoperated anemic patients.

Prior studies have suggested that a high percentage of blood transfusions to hospital patients are unnecessary. If such transfusions can be reduced, more blood would be made available for those patients with legitimate blood requirements. In this study, blood transfusion of 401 nonoperated hospital patients with anemia as the final diagnosis explaining admission and with admission hemoglobin values equal to or greater than 10 gm/dl was analyzed. These patients were drawn from a 300 hospital sample distributed across the United States. Descriptive data showing the extent to which this selected population of patients is transfused with blood must be considered as one measure of unnecessary blood transfusion in this country. Hospital-based programs designed to identify and eliminate unnecessary blood transfusions should be established. The first step in the creation of such programs at the hospital level must be the development of guidelines for blood transfusion derived through the cooperative efforts of hospital physicians who fully understand and accept the rationale for them. Once guidelines for blood transfusion are established in a hospital, transfusion practice need only be measured against them.

Adult↗