[Burkina Faso: review of population policies and programs].
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Africa↗
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Results for “Population Programs”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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[A population survey on a mass screening program for gastric cancer. 1. Population characteristics related to examination rates for the screening program].
The types of examination received for gastric cancer during the past 3 years have been surveyed by a self-administered questionnaire among residents of a small town near Kitakyushu City. Among 3660 surveyed, 2205 subjects who completed the questionnaire are analyzed in this study. Examination rates of mass screening for males were higher than those for females. Males in their forties and fifties and females in their forties through sixties have higher examination rates than other age groups. Higher examination rates were seen in public officials and employees who have opportunities to receive the screening program at work site. On the other hand, among people without a job and housewives who have opportunities to receive a screening program offered only by the town hall, examination rates of the mass screening program were low. More people with a family history of cancer death were examined than those without a similar family history. There was no difference in the examination rates by the mass screening program between the people who took care of their health and those who did not. In order to raise examination rates for the mass screening program, it is essential to improve the systems of this program which can be easily accepted, and to educate residents in order to stimulate motivation for screening.
Adult↗
Calculation of survival curves and statistical comparison of two censored populations: a computer program in BASIC.
In experimental aging research the handling of censored data imposes a serious problem in the calculation of survival curves of partly censored populations and the statistical comparison of such populations. The presented computer program combines a method to calculate a corrected survival curve and a test to compare two censored populations. In both methods, the proportion of the animals that survive or die during an interval and the number at risk at the start of that interval is used in the calculation of relative survival or death during that interval. The program is written in an elementary BASIC and will run on practically every computer programmable in BASIC. The presented method can be used for testing the difference between survival characteristics of two animal populations but might also be employed in evaluating the effect of a medical treatment.
Aging↗
A method of planning a dental treatment program for an institutionalized population.
A dental treatment program, for a subnormal group in an institution near London, England, was designed by applying both epidemiologic data and empirically derived data from the Experimental Dental Care Project at The London Hospital Dental School. For the epidemiologic study, a two-examiner system was developed to help overcome the special problems of examining subnormal adults. The data collected in the study had to be flexible enough to allow the analysis of several alternative treatment strategies. Once these alternative treatment strategies were defined, the data from the Experimental Dental Care Project were applied to analyze the effects of using dental teams of varying composition to carry out the treatment. It was found that to meet the dental needs of the group, a team consisting of one dentist, three New Cross auxiliaries and one dental surgery assistant would be 30% less expensive than a traditional team of one dentist and one assistant. This larger team would also be able to complete the necessary initial treatment in less than half the time that the traditional team would require.
Adolescent↗
Screen-film mammography versus full-field digital mammography with soft-copy reading: randomized trial in a population-based screening program--the Oslo II Study.
PURPOSE: To prospectively compare cancer detection rates, recall rates, and positive predictive values at screen-film mammography (SFM) with those at full-field digital mammography (FFDM) with soft-copy reading in a population-based screening program in Norway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 43,429 women invited, 25,263 women aged 45-69 years attended the screening program and were randomized, with adjustments for age and area of residence, to undergo SFM or FFDM. Two standard views of each breast were acquired. Independent double reading was performed with use of a five-point rating scale for probability of cancer. Recall rates, positive predictive values, and cancer detection rates were compared for two age groups (45-49 and 50-69 years) by using the chi(2) test. RESULTS: Overall, 73 cancers in 17,911 women were detected at SFM (detection rate, 0.41%), compared with 41 cancers in 6,997 women at FFDM (detection rate, 0.59%; P =.06). In the group aged 50-69 years, 56 cancers in 10,304 women were detected at SFM (detection rate, 0.54%), compared with 33 cancers in 3,985 at FFDM (detection rate, 0.83%); the difference in cancer detection rates approached significance (P =.053). In the group aged 45-49 years, 17 cancers in 7,607 women were detected at SFM (detection rate, 0.22%), compared with eight cancers in 3,012 at FFDM (detection rate, 0.27%). Recall rates in both age groups were significantly higher at FFDM than at SFM (P <.05), but positive predictive value was not significantly different. CONCLUSION: FFDM allowed a higher cancer detection rate than did SFM in the group aged 50-69, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. The detection rate was nearly equal for the two modalities in the group aged 45-49. SFM and FFDM with soft-copy reading are comparable techniques for population-based screening mammography programs.
Aged↗
Major differences in cardiovascular risk indicators by educational status. Results from a population based screening program.
All people aged 30-59 years living in one primary health care center's catchment area were invited to participate in a population based screening program. A total of 2642 people (68%) participated. An overall risk index for having a heart attack within 5 years (Ps) was calculated based on diastolic BP, smoking status, total cholesterol, and age. Other risk indicators registered were Body Mass Index, and physical activity. A highly significant association between education level and age-adjusted overall risk index for both men (p = 0.001) and women (p < 0.001) was found. Also Body Mass Index, total cholesterol, smoking status, and, for women, diastolic blood pressure showed similar significant variation with education level with higher education associated to lower risk. These findings imply the possibility of a great variation in the "risk" of receiving pharmacological treatment for one's CVD risk factors.
Adult↗
Evaluation of a population-based prevention program against influenza among Swiss elderly people.
INTRODUCTION: Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and occurs in epidemics in the winter. This study is an evaluation of a population-based prevention program against Influenza, implemented during autumn 2000 by the Health Department of the Canton of Vaud. METHODS: A pre-intervention/post-intervention design was used. In June 2000 and March 2001, 4007 questionnaires were sent to two different stratified random samples of people aged 65 and over living in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Vaccination coverage among people older than 65 was 58.0% in 1999 (95% CI: 56.2%-59.8%) and 58.4% (95% CI: 56.6%-60.2%) in 2000. A 6.5% significant increase in vaccination coverage was seen in the group of people aged 65 to 69 (p = 0.008). In the pre-intervention survey immunisation rates were 22.6% among people who had not consulted a physician, 59.2% among those who had consulted a physician once, and 73.2% among those who consulted twice or more (p = 0.001). These rates were respectively 30.8%, 58.0% and 75.1% (p = 0.001) in the post-intervention survey. CONCLUSIONS: No global increase in Influenza vaccination coverage in the elderly population could be observed following a community based intervention in a Swiss Canton. However, the enhanced vaccination rates noted in the 65-69 years old group and in people who did not receive medical care are compatible with an effect of the campaign. Further increase in vaccination coverage may be obtained by diversification and repetition of such promotion campaigns.
Age Factors↗
Family planning associations and development of population policy and programs.
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Africa↗
SelSim: a program to simulate population genetic data with natural selection and recombination.
UNLABELLED: SelSim is a program for Monte Carlo simulation of DNA polymorphism data for a recombining region within which a single bi-allelic site has experienced natural selection. SelSim allows simulation from either a fully stochastic model of, or deterministic approximations to, natural selection within a coalescent framework. A number of different mutation models are available for simulating surrounding neutral variation. The package enables a detailed exploration of the effects of different models and strengths of selection on patterns of diversity. This provides a tool for the statistical analysis of both empirical data and methods designed to detect natural selection. AVAILABILITY: http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/mathgen/software.html. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/mathgen/software.html.
Animals↗
Influence of review design on percentages of missed interval breast cancers: retrospective study of interval cancers in a population-based screening program.
PURPOSE: To retrospectively investigate whether different review designs have an influence on the estimate of missed interval cancer in a population-based breast cancer screening program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program invites women aged 50-69 years to undergo biennial screening mammography. The current study was part of the evaluation and scientific aspects of the screening program and thus was covered by the general ethical approval of the screening program as a part of the Cancer Registry of Norway. All participants signed an informed consent that specified that data related to their screening visit could be used for evaluation and scientific purposes. Six radiologists (9-34 years of experience in mammography) reviewed previously obtained bilateral two-view screening and diagnostic mammograms of 231 interval cancers, 117 screening-detected cancers, and 373 normal cases. Four review designs were used: individual and paired blinded review and individual and consensus informed review. A five-point interpretation scale was used to reclassify the cancers into missed cancers, minimal signs, and true cancers. The number and proportion of subgroups were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Of 231 interval cancers, 46 (19.9%) were reclassified as missed cancers with the mixed blinded individual review and 54 (23.4%) were classified as missed cancers with the mixed blinded paired review. Eighty-three cancers (35.9%) were classified as missed cancers with individual informed review, and 78 (33.8%) were classified as missed cancers with consensus informed review. Thirty-nine cancers (16.8%) were reclassified as missed when four or more radiologists assigned a score of 2 or more (probably benign or more suspicious); three cancers (1.3%) were reclassified as missed when a score of 4 or more (probably malignant or more suspicious) was assigned. CONCLUSION: The percentage of interval cancers classified as missed ranged from 1.3% to 35.9% according to review design. To encourage learning, a review protocol should include both blinded and informed designs.
Aged↗
[1985-1992: after seven years of the Population / Family Planning Program in the Gitarama prefecture: status and prospects].
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Africa↗
Effects of code growth and parsimony pressure on populations in genetic programming.
Parsimony pressure, the explicit penalization of larger programs, has been increasingly used as a means of controlling code growth in genetic programming. However, in many cases parsimony pressure degrades the performance of the genetic program. In this paper we show that poor average results with parsimony pressure are a result of "failed" populations that overshadow the results of populations that incorporate parsimony pressure successfully. Additionally, we show that the effect of parsimony pressure can be measured by calculating the relationship between program size and performance within the population. This measure can be used as a partial indicator of success or failure for individual populations.
Biological Evolution↗
Effects of Code Growth and Parsimony Pressure on Populations in Genetic Programming.
Parsimony pressure, the explicit penalization of larger programs, has been increasingly used as a means of controlling code growth in genetic programming. However, in many cases parsimony pressure degrades the performance of the genetic program. In this paper we show that poor average results with parsimony pressure are a result of 'failed' populations that overshadow the results of populations that incorporate parsimony pressure successfully. Additionally, we show that the effect of parsimony pressure can be measured by calculating the relationship between program size and performance within the population. This measure can be used as a partial indicator of success or failure for individual populations.
Journal Article↗
Evaluation of a community-based asthma management program in a population sample of schoolchildren.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a community-based management program, incorporating both education and treatment directed at children, parents, doctors, pharmacists, community nurses and school teachers. DESIGN: The effect of this intervention in a population sample of 65 children with a wide range of morbidity due to asthma was compared with a control group of 55 children living in a different area. Both groups were re-evaluated concurrently after three and six months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1); bronchial responsiveness to histamine measured as the provoking dose causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PD20FEV1) and as dose-response ratio (DRR); Airflometer variability; symptom frequency; and knowledge of asthma. Morbidity was measured by parents using a self-administered questionnaire and included days absent from school and unscheduled doctor or emergency room visits. RESULTS: At three months, the intervention group had a significant improvement in knowledge of asthma compared with both their baseline and the control group's change in knowledge. Also, FEV1 improved in this group and symptoms which limit activity decreased significantly. However, the largest improvements were recorded at the six-month follow up. In the intervention group, bronchial responsiveness and night cough were reduced significantly and FEV1 was improved, compared with both baseline measurements and the control group. Knowledge of asthma also improved significantly from baseline, and unscheduled doctor or emergency room visits were reduced. CONCLUSION: These improvements in this group of children, many of whom had mild asthma, verify that community-based management programs can be effective in treating childhood asthma.
Asthma↗
Screening and community outreach programs for priority populations: considerations for oncology managers.
The goals of screening and community outreach efforts are to translate knowledge into relevant interventions to enhance health, prevent disease and manage chronic illness. Despite recent progress in the fight against cancer, a disproportionate share of the cancer burden is observed among ethnic minorities and medically underserved populations. Studies consistently link low socioeconomic status to low survival rates for nearly all types of cancer. Cultural differences, low literacy skills, language barriers and limited access to health care pose additional barriers to preventative health care for priority populations. Reaching priority populations with effective, appropriate and measurable ways to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality are key considerations for oncology managers seeking to provide comprehensive screening and community outreach care. This article addresses the importance of culture and literacy when developing screening and community outreach programs for at-risk populations, highlights the value of community partnerships to achieve programmatic goals, and outlines key considerations for creating successful breast screening and community outreach among Hispanic farmworker and rural women.
Agriculture↗
Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisplatin in patients with cancer: analysis with the NONMEM program.
The population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisplatin (CDDP) were evaluated based on a mixed-effect model using the NONMEM program. Unchanged CDDP in plasma was measured as a biologically active platinum species during CDDP chemotherapy, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma concentration measurements (157) of unchanged CDDP from 26 patients with cancer receiving 80 mg/m2 CDDP by infusion over 2 hours, 3.5 hours, or 4 hours were analyzed according to a one-compartment model. The influences of individual characteristics such as body weight, dose schedule, course, and clinical laboratory values (renal function markers, albumin) on total body clearance (Cl) and volume of distribution (Vd) were examined. In the final pharmacokinetic model, body surface area and dose schedule affected Cl of unchanged CDDP. The Cl of CDDP was increased by 27.3% after the 2-hour infusion schedule compared with Cl after the longer infusions. The Vd was estimated as 13.4 L/m2. The interindividual variability for Cl and Vd and residual variability were 22.9%, 30.9%, and 35.5%, respectively. The relationships between maximum concentration (Cmax) of unchanged CDDP and maximum blood urea nitrogen (BUNmax), or minimum creatinine clearance (ClCr,min) over a 1-month period after CDDP administration were evaluated according to linear, exponential, or maximum response (Emax) models. The linear or Emax model described pharmacodynamics most successfully, with relatively large interindividual variability for both slope and EC50 (more than 25%). Residual variability was 15.3% and 17.1% in BUNmax and Clcrmin, respectively. The population means and interindividual and residual variability of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CDDP were evaluated using the NONMEM program. The results of this study show that the population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approach could be useful to manage CDDP nephrotoxicity using sparse data in a clinical setting.
Adult↗
Health care programs for scattered populations.
Health care for scattered populations is discussed. An optimal system applying current technology is described emphasizing the economic supportability of such a system. This is accomplished by basing the system on health auxiliaries and middle level health personnel who have undergone problem oriented training and who receive regular supervision. The Alaska Native Health Program is described in detail. Several other health care systems in use in sparsely populated areas of the world are reported on. Emergency care as a particular and essential aspect of any health care program for isolated populations is discussed. Finally future trends including current experiments utilizing satellite technology are reported on.
Alaska↗
The demographic impacts of the population and development program: theoretical and methodological considerations.
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Africa↗