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PubMed1988

Are smoking behaviours different in industrialized and developing countries?

Several previous studies in industrialized countries have linked both parents' smoking and low-socio-economic status with cigarette smoking in high school students. The purpose of the present study was to examine the association of parental smoking habits and family income with cigarette smoking by Brazilian students enrolled in an agricultural high school, in a developing area. As the study findings differ, additional studies are necessary to evaluate the differences in behaviour between students from developed and less developed countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

In Hungary, the old medical ethics meets the new.

Medical ethics in Hungary has finally moved beyond arguments over tipping and bribes to discussions of euthanasia, confidentiality, truth-telling, and informed consent. Ethics committees have been formed at the local and national level, and medical schools are beginning to take seriously the systematic teaching of medical ethics. In some quarters, however, old attitudes persist. Among older doctors paternalism reigns supreme, and law-makers continue to ignore international ethical guidelines.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1987

Familial bathing patterns: implications for cases of alleged molestation and for pediatric practice.

In a cross-sectional study of how 576, upper-middle class children were socialized around bathing behaviors, families were found to be variable in their handling of bathing practices. But as a group, children were found to bathe alone more frequently as they grew older, and parents were found to bathe less frequently with the child of the opposite sex, particularly as children grew older. It was uncommon for mothers to bathe or shower with sons older than 8 years of age or for fathers to bathe or shower with daughters older than 9 years of age, although most had stopped before that age. This cross-sex aversion may be a reflection of the incest taboo. Several suggestions are made about the development-related changes in bathing practices identified in the study.

Baths↗
PubMed1985

Linking family hardship to children's lives.

The impact of drastic income loss on children is mediated by a number of family adaptations, including the shift toward more labor-intensive households and altered relationships. Using newly developed codes on parenting behavior during the Great Depression, this study investigates the role of parental behavior (rejecting, nonsupportive) in linking economic hardship to children's lives in the Oakland Growth Study. The results extend beyond those reported in Children of the Great Depression by showing that economic hardship adversely influenced the psychosocial well-being of girls, but not boys, by increasing the rejecting behavior of fathers. The parenting behavior of mothers did not vary significantly by income loss. In addition, the rejecting influence of hard-pressed fathers was more pronounced in relation to less attractive daughters, as judged by physical features. Attractive daughters were not likely to be maltreated by their fathers, no matter how severe the economic pressure. These outcomes on family mediation and conditional effects underscore the importance of viewing economic decline in relation to both the child's characteristics and parenting behavior. An understanding of the effects of economic decline in children's lives requires knowledge of parent and child behavior within the family and life course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Paternalistic vs egalitarian physician styles: the treatment of patients in crisis.

According to previous reports, the quality of the physician-patient relationship plays an important role in medical outcome. A patient's responsiveness to suggestions, perceptions of treatment, and physical distress may be affected both by the type of interpersonal relationship and by the patient's anxiety. To test these hypotheses, 57 women who received elective abortions were treated by the physician in either a "paternalistic" or "egalitarian" interpersonal style. Each patient was tested for responsiveness to suggestions regarding changes in somatic perception such as heat or pain; a measure of psychological dependency on the physician was also obtained in addition to ratings of discomfort and signs of physiological distress during the medical procedure. Patient anxiety was not related to any of these variables, but patients treated in a paternalistic manner had higher responsiveness to suggestibility (P less than .001), felt they could depend more on the physician and perceived him as warmer and more supportive (P less than .01), had less discomfort during the procedure (P less than .05), and had a lower incidence of physiological distress compared with patients treated in an egalitarian manner. It was concluded that, for patients in crisis, paternalistic treatment by a physician may promote positive psychological and medical outcome.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1985

Community: the neglected tradition of public health.

The dominant language of politics in the United States has been political individualism, with minimal restrictions on property and personal, voluntary conduct. But there are second languages of community that stress cooperation and group action. These second languages include the constitutional tradition for public health. Public health offers a community justification for paternalistic measures that, for example, discourage smoking or require seatbelts.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1977

Breeding the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) in a laboratory environment.

A breeding colony of owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) established in 1972 produced 35 live infants during the first 3 years from an average daily population of 30 monogamous pairs. Initial productivity was poor, but once the breeding pairs were set up by karyotypes, reproductive performance improved. No seasonal influence on births was observed and most births occurred during daylight hours. Uterine size during gestation ranged from about 1 cm in diameter at 30 days after conception to 7--8 cm (transverse diameter) x 18--20 cm (longitudinal diameter) at 115 days after conception. The fetal head was palpable at 85 days. A gestation period of 120-140 days was estimated from extrapolation of uterine palpation data and interbirth intervals. Vaginal swabs collected from six females during two separate 1-month periods did not consistently reveal estrous cycles. An analysis of owl monkey milk showed it to contain 88.2% water, 2.16% crude protein, 2.09% fat, 7.52% lactose, and 0.36% ash.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

Adult male--infant interactions among monkeys living in nuclear families.

Adult male rhesus monkeys were housed in nuclear families containing adult female mates, offspring, and other infants and adults. Behaviors exhibited by the adult males were recorded 4 days per week over a 37-month period; in interactions involving other monkeys, the identity and the responses of those participants were also recorded. The results indicated that, although adult males were less active and more stable in their behavioral levels than mates or offspring, they clearly distributed both initiates and responses differently to male offspring, female offspring, mates, and both infant and adult monkeys from other families. These results suggest that adult males have the potential to play more important roles in the social development of infants than had been previously suspected on the basis of field data. Implications for human father-infant interactions are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Medical paternalism and the rule of law: a reply to Dr. Relman.

In this Article, Professor Baron challenges the position taken recently by Dr. Arnold Relman in this journal that the 1977 Saikewicz decision of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts was incorrect in calling for routine judicial resolution of decisions whether to provide life-prolonging treatment to terminally ill incompetent patients. First, Professor Baron argues that Dr. Relman's position that doctors should make such decisions is based upon an outmoded, paternalistic view of the doctor-patient relationship. Second, he points out the importance of guaranteeing to such decisions the special qualities of process which characterize decision making by courts and which are not present when such decisions are made by doctors. Finally, he argues that Dr. Relman has overestimated the social costs of bringing Saikewicz-type cases before the courts and that those costs which are inevitable are more than offset by the qualities of process that the court system can offer in such matters.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1977

Sex differences in parent and infant behavior in the home.

Observations were made in the homes of 32 families, each with a child aged around 12 or 24 months. 16 of the children were boys and 16 girls. Boys showed more active play, play with transportation toys, and play generally forbidden by parents. Girls played more with soft toys and dolls. On questionnaire responses many parents rated these and other behaviors as sex appropriate. However, actual sex differences in immediate parental response to children were few or undetected. Sex differences in children's behavior did not appreciably increase from 12 to 24 months. Also, there was no correlation with how stereotyped parents' questionnaire responses were and the degree to which their children exhibited sex-typed behavior.

Child Behavior↗