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PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent, parent, and observer perceptions of parenting: genetic and environmental influences on shared and distinct perceptions.

Agreement among reporters on features of family life, whether family members or outside observers, is considered to be low. This study, which involved a national sample of 720 families comprised of identical and fraternal twins, full siblings, half siblings, and biologically unrelated stepsiblings, examined the issue of low interrater agreement by decomposing the common and unique variance among parent, child, and observer reports of parenting behaviors (warmth and negativity) into genetic and environmental factors. Quantitative genetic analyses were employed to decompose the "Social" level of perception (common variance among parents, children, observers), the level of "Family" subculture (common variance only among parents and children), and the unique "Individual" level into genetic and environmental components. It was predicted that genetic factors would account for substantial portions of the variance at the Social and Family levels; nonshared environmental factors were expected to influence variance unique to child reports; and shared environmental factors were expected to influence variance unique to parent reports. A second and related aim of the study was to examine the subjective-objective dimension of genetic effects on measures of the environment. Results of model-fitting analyses generally supported the predictions for parental warmth and negativity at the Family and Individual levels. At the Social level, genetic factors were predominant for parental negativity and shared environmental factors for parental warmth. The findings are discussed in terms of genetically influenced child effects on parenting and methodological difficulties in constructing latent variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parenting and development of one-year-olds: links with parental, contextual, and child characteristics.

A set of hypotheses derived from Belsky's process model of the determinants of parenting was tested in a sample of 129 Dutch parents with their 15-month-old infants. Parental ego-resiliency and education, partner support, and infant social fearfulness were found to explain significant and unique portions of variance in the observed quality of parental behavior, which, in turn, was linked to the infants' attachment security and cognitive development. Parental intelligence was both indirectly--through parenting--and directly related with infant Bayley Mental Developmental Index, whereas parental ego-resiliency was both indirectly and directly linked with infant Attachment Q-Set security. Belsky's claim that parents' personal resources are most effective and child characteristics are least effective in buffering the parenting system was not empirically confirmed.

Educational Status↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Homeless parents' perceptions of parenting stress.

PURPOSE: To describe homeless parents' perceptions of parenting stress as potential indicators of needs for support in parenting roles. SAMPLE: Forty-seven homeless parents (30 mothers, 17 fathers). METHODS: Subjects completed the Parenting Stress Index to measure perceived parenting stress in the areas of child domain, parent domain, and life stress. FINDINGS: Homeless mothers and homeless fathers both identified the child domain as the most frequent source of stress. T tests showed a significant difference between groups only in the parent domain subscale of competence. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study indicate the need to include parenting stress questions in an initial nursing or health assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Parental cognitions and satisfaction: relationship to aggressive parental behavior in child physical abuse.

There are limited data on cognitions and satisfaction with the child in parents who have physically abused their children. Therefore, we examined convergence among these constructs, and their relationships to parental aggression among participants in a treatment study for child physical abuse. Data were examined at two time points 12 weeks apart. The cognitions (unrealistic expectations of the child, perception of lack of control, and hostile attribution bias) and satisfaction with the child showed little convergence. Only parental satisfaction correlated significantly with aggressive parental behavior directed at the child, even after controlling for social desirability. Where there were significant correlations between externalizing child behavior and aggressive parental behavior and between parental depression and aggressive parental behavior, some limited support was found for an indirect path through parental satisfaction. If replicated, these findings suggest it may be useful to focus on parental satisfaction in research on child physical abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A search for parenting style: a cross-situational analysis of parental behavior.

Cross-situational stability in parents' emotional warmth and guidance was studied by observing parents (N = 77, M age = 38 years) with their school-aged child in 2 dyadic problem-solving situations and in a family discussion concerning a moral dilemma. The observational data were coded by independent observers using dimensional ratings and dichotomous frequency counts as the 2 coding procedures. These procedures yielded a similar pattern of findings. Parents tended to behave consistently across situations, although the type of situation did affect the amount of emotional warmth and guidance manifested by the parent. Stability was further analyzed by means of structural equation modeling to test whether variance in parents' emotional warmth and guidance across situations was attributable to a generalized parenting style factor. A Parenting Style factor was identified that reflected the parents' child-centeredness; this factor explained, in part, parental behavior within each situation, although contextual factors also contributed to situation-specific variations from task to task.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Parental presence during induction of anesthesia in children: a study on parental attitudes and children's cooperation.

Parental attitudes and children's cooperation towards parental presence during induction of anesthesia (PPIA) were studied in one hundred parents and one hundred children aged 1-10 years. The dimensions of parental attitudes were how much PPIA is beneficial or harmful to their child, whether their presence could help the anesthetist, whether the parents should be present and their feelings during induction of anesthesia. Before and after induction of anesthesia respectively, 83 per cent and 87 per cent of the parents thought their presence was mostly beneficial to their child, 77 per cent and 83 per cent thought their presence was least harmful, 64 per cent and 71 per cent believed their presence could help the anesthetist and 97 per cent of the parents agreed that parents should be present during induction of anaesthesia. From the children, perspective, 86 per cent of the children cooperated with induction. It was concluded that PPIA was well accepted by the parents and the majority of the children were cooperative.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Parental relationship from the perspectives of children, adolescents and clinicians. Development and clinical validation of the Parental-Representation-Screening-Questionnaire (PRSQ)].

The Parental-Representation-Screening-Questionnaire (PRSQ) is a new instrument designed to asses how children and adolescents evaluate their relationship with their parents. The aim of the questionnaire is to assess those aspects in the child-parent relationship that are crucial for a psychopathological risk. Conceptually, the PRSQ is based on cognitive self theory and systemic family theory. The PRSQ consists of 8 scales (36 items) for each parent: "freedom of decision", "emotional burden by the parents", "fears / overprotection", "conflict", "hostility / indifference", "aid for the parents", "punishment", and "support from the parents''. A clinic-referred consecutive sample of 152 patients of a Berlin child and adolescent psychiatry, aged 10 to 18 years, were surveyed. Adverse educational and psychosocial family factors were assessed by clinicians according to the fifths axis of the multiaxial classification system (MAS, Dilling et al. 2000). The internal reliability for 13 of the 16 scales ranges from .90 to .72. Factor analyses confirmed the factorial independence of six of the eight scales separately for mother and father. Moreover, adolescent girls reported significantly worse relations to both parents on five of the 16 scales than boys. Furthermore we found concordant correlations with the clinician's diagnosis of adverse educational and psychosocial family situations. The present results confirm the PRSQ as an economic and discriminating instrument to assess the representation of parent-child relation for clinical and for scientific purposes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Multi-parent families as "normal" families--segregation and parent-child-alienation after separation and divorce].

Decisive for the question as to how children cope with their parents' divorce is whether or not the parents continue to perform their parental role together even after separation, or have at least made arrangements for the child to maintain a good relationship with each parent. These are the findings of a longitudinal study of 150 postdivorce families. The case of a multi-parent family after remarriage, which sees itself as a "normal" family and segregates the visiting parent, shows what consequences the breakdown of parent-child relationships has for the psychological health and the development of children. Alienation and long-term disruption of the contact between child and visiting parent is a phenomenon which the psychiatric and psychotherapeutic professions are increasingly confronted with. The American child psychiatrist R. A. Gardner has introduced the term "Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS)" to encompass this childhood disorder that arises almost exclusively in the context of child-custody disputes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Parent-child relationship disorders. Part II. The vulnerable child syndrome and its relation to parental overprotection.

Parents who are excessively concerned about their child's health are often characterized as being overprotective. We hypothesized that parental overprotection is independent of parental perception of child vulnerability to illness or injury despite their presumed interchangeability. A community-based sample of 892 parents (92% white, 84% married, 88% middle-upper socioeconomic status, 90% mothers) completed a three-part protocol (clinical background data, the Child Vulnerability Scale, and the Parent Protection Scale). Correlates of high parental perception of child vulnerability included a medical condition in the child, a history of life-threatening illness or injury, and the child being seen for a sick visit. Correlates of high parental overprotection included younger age of child and parent. Only 20% of those parents who considered their child vulnerable were also considered overprotective.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Hope in parents of adolescents with cancer--factors endangering and engendering parental hope.

The purpose of the study was to describe hope in parents of adolescents with cancer. The data were collected by interviewing nine parents of six families (n=18) and analysed by inductive content analysis. Parents' hope implies an orientation towards life and the future, trust, togetherness and wishes. Hope is associated with suffering and despair and it is a life-promoting factor. Factors associated with parental hope relate to the adolescent, the adolescent's cancer and health status, the care received and the care-giving personnel, continuation of life, the parent him- or herself, economics, other people, faith and pets. The findings confirm the statement that hope appears to be central to parents having a child with cancer. The factors endangering and engendering hope are related to several dimensions of family life, suggesting that hope is a broad, multidimensional phenomenon. Engendering hope is important in nursing: hope is a life-sustaining factor, which helps the person to cope in difficult life situations. In caring for an adolescent with cancer and his or her parents, it is of utmost importance to minimize factors endangering parental hope and to foster factors that engender parental hope.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Parent training: acquisition and generalization of discrete trials teaching skills with parents of children with autism.

This study examined the effects of an intensive parent training program on the acquisition and generalization of discrete trial teaching (DTT) procedures with two parents of children with autism. Over the course of the program, parents applied the DTT procedures to teach four different functional skills to their children, which allowed for an assessment of "free" and programmed generalization across stimulus exemplars. Parent training was conducted by the first author utilizing instructions, demonstrations, role-play, and practice with feedback. Parents' use of DTT skills and children's correct and incorrect responding were measured. A within-subject multiple-baseline across stimulus exemplars (functional skills taught) design was employed both to demonstrate control of the training program over parents' correct use of DTT, and to allow a preliminary investigation of the generalized effects of training to multiple stimulus exemplars. Results demonstrate initial control of the training program over parent responding, and the extent to which each parent extended her use of DTT procedures across untrained and topographically different child skills. The potential for designing more generalizable and thus more cost-effective parent training programs is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Parent-to-child and child-to-parent kidney transplants. Experience with 101 transplants at one centre.

101 first transplants were done in patients with end-stage renal disease using kidneys from parents or offspring. All patients were followed up for at least two years, and the absolute two-year patient-survival rate was 88% and the two-year functional-kidney rate was 79%. Actuarial statistics at four years were 82% for survival and 67% for function in the parent-to-child group. In the child-to-parent group absolute patient survival was 83% and transplant function was 79% at two years; these results were unchanged at four years. Thus, transplants from parents to children or from children to parents are much the same despite differences in age. There is some advantage in parent-to-child transplants from being female but no advantage in being diabetic, receiving higher or lower doses of antilymphocyte globulin, or sharing more than two HLA antigens with the donor. Mismatched sibling transplants survived approximately as well as did grafts from parents to children and children to parents. These results, taken in concert with the poor results of cadaver transplantation, the relative safety of donation, the high personal motivation to donate in these groups, and the personal satisfaction derived by the donor, strongly support the policy of informing potential recipients of the benefits of parental or offspring kidney donation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Parents: the best experts in child health care? Viewpoints from parents and staff concerning child health services.

The aim was to describe what parents and staff think about child health care, to identify agreements and disagreements. A qualitative study was made with semi-structured interviews based on a phenomenographic approach. Sixty parents, 14 nurses and six doctors from southern Sweden were interviewed. Parents and staff emphasized two tasks as being of particular importance: support and check-ups. There was a conflict between parents' need for security versus integrity. Individual nurses experienced a conflict between what they wanted to do and what they felt that they had to do. The parents viewed parental education as a chance to exchange experiences with other parents and receive support from other adults, while the staff mainly saw it as an opportunity to inform parents and strengthen them in their parental role. The study gives grounds for reflection about how the work of child health care can be changed in the future.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1996

Do nurses and parents of children with chronic conditions agree on parental needs?

Nurses who work in partnership with parents in pediatric settings are encouraged to base nursing intervention decisions on mutually defined priorities and goals. In this study, 38 parents and 13 nurses affiliated with 10 ambulatory programs in one children's hospital were surveyed using modified versions of the Bailey and Simeonsson (1988a) Family Needs Survey to compare their assessments of parental needs. Although nurses and parents identified many of the same needs related to information, support, and community services, there were some differences particularly in prioritization. Only nurses identified needs related to family functioning. Parents generally scored items lower than their nurses did and expressed fewer actual needs for themselves, suggesting that nurses may concentrate more on parents' deficits than on their strengths. Strengthening parents in their roles of primary care givers occurs when nurses, in collaboration with parents, accurately assess parental needs and negotiate appropriate interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Are discrepancies among child, mother, and father reports on children's behavior related to parents' psychological symptoms and aspects of parent-child relationships?

Examined whether parents' symptoms and qualitative and quantitative aspects of parent-child relationships make unique contributions to mothers' and fathers' reports of, and mother-child, father-child, and father-mother discrepancies on, children's behavior. Participants were 100 children, aged 10-12, and their mothers and fathers. Parents' symptoms and parent-child relationships made unique contributions to both parents' ratings of externalizing behavior. Although parent-child relationship variables were related to both parents' ratings of internalizing behavior, only parents' symptoms made unique contributions. On mother-child and father-child discrepancies, differences emerged between mother and father, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Both fathers' and mothers' symptoms contributed to father-mother discrepancies on both behavior types, with parent-child relationships contributing unique variance to discrepancies on internalizing behavior. Results highlight the importance of each informant's symptoms and relationship variables in understanding informant discrepancies.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Parents as experts: the position of parents of children with profound multiple disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Parents of children with disabilities are increasingly considered as experts in the field of care. Their expertise can deliver an important contribution towards planning their child's care and education. The law is increasingly taking this factor into consideration. On the one hand, parents already possess an abundance of know-how; on the other, they still have to increase their knowledge and sometimes their skills too. AIM: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the supposition that co-operation between parents and professionals must meet certain criteria if parents are to receive a proper chance of using their existing knowledge, while at the same time adding to their skills. DESIGN: A questionnaire was sent to 723 parents of children with profound multiple disabilities enquiring about their relationship with the professionals at their child's school for special education. Subsequently, for one group of parents, a method that recognizes the parents' expertise and assigns them a formal role was introduced. For the other group, no change in method occurred. RESULTS: The results demonstrate that parents regard co-operation in a favourable light. Comparing both groups after a year, the expected effect of the method (a better rating of the co-operation by the parents) could not be demonstrated. This is probably a result of a problem with the questionnaire used in this study. CONCLUSION: Other studies, however, appear to support our supposition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Parental guidance and counselling by doctors and nursing staff: parents' views of initial information and advice for families with disabled children.

This paper describes changes that have taken place, over a period of 10 years, in the way physicians and nursing staff in Finland give initial information and advice to the parents about their child's disability. It also discusses the association between quality of information given and parents' feelings of insecurity or helplessness. In the study, we compared the experiences of parents of older (aged 12-17) disabled children with those of parents with younger (aged 7-9 years) disabled children. There were 85 children, whose disabilities were either learning or physical, or, in a few cases, both. Parents completed a questionnaire and were interviewed by a social worker. According to these reports, the initial information and advice received by the parents with younger children about their child's disability and its treatment, and on coping with the child at home, was better than that received by the parents of the older children. The parents of the younger children also reported feeling better prepared to take care of their child. Those parents who reported having received little information and practical advice on coping with their child at home experienced feelings of insecurity and helplessness five times as often as those who were satisfied with the information and advice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral parent training for Taiwanese parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

It has been observed that it is relatively difficult for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to follow social rules and behave in a socially desirable manner. The ADHD children in Chinese culture, which emphasizes Confucian values, might encounter even greater adjustment difficulties. The purpose of the present study is to implement a behavioral parent training program in a Confucian environment and examine its effectiveness. Twenty-three ADHD preschoolers (age: 3-6 years) and their parents were selected to participate in the present study. Fourteen of these 23 parents completed a 10-session parent training program. Parent ratings of ADHD/oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms and problem behaviors at home were collected at the first, fourth, sixth, seventh, and tenth sessions. Three instruments were used to evaluate treatment outcome: the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Parent Form, Child Attention Profile, and Home Situations Questionnaire. The results showed that both ADHD/ODD symptoms and home behaviors of these 14 children improved significantly after the parent training. There was also a significant decline in the severity of symptoms and problem behaviors at home with the progression of training. These findings support the effectiveness of this parent training program for parents of ADHD children in an environment of Confucianism. Limitations of the present study and future direction for research are discussed.

Adult↗