Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PSYCHOSES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Reactive psychoses and schizophrenia with good prognosis.

Cross-national studies have indicated that American psychiatrists diagnose schizophrenia more often than others. Clinical, genetic, and follow-up studies suggest that many patients diagnosed as having acute schizophrenia might be more appropriately diagnosed as having affective disorder. Forty probands diagnosed in Aarhus, Denmark, as having reactive psychoses are compared with 28 probands diagnosed in St Louis as having schizophrenia with good prognosis. Clinical differences largely reflect diagnostic criteria, with the patients from the St Louis group frequently having diagnosable affective disorder. A smaller proportion, 39% of the patients from St Louis, could be considered for the diagnosis of reactive psychosis. This is additional evidence supporting the use of the diagnostic category, reactive psychoses. Patients ordinarily given the diagnoses acute schizophrenic episode and/or schizo-affective schizophrenia may be more appropriately diagnosed as having (1) affective disorder and (2) reactive psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A controlled family study of chronic psychoses. Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

Two hundred thirty-seven relatives of 48 patients with chronic psychosis, diagnosed as either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, along with 380 relatives of psychiatrically normal controls, were studied using systematic diagnostic interviews, information from relatives, and review of medical records where appropriate. A variety of nonbipolar psychotic disorders was found in the relatives of the patients. Comparing relatives of patients with schizophrenia with relatives of patients with schizoaffective disorder, there was no tendency for schizoaffective diagnosis or acute psychoses to aggregate separately from schizophrenia. Increased incidence of bipolar disorder was found in relatives of patients with schizoaffective disorder but not in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Incidence of major affective disorder (bipolar and unipolar) was increased in relatives of probands with both types of psychoses. If we subdivide the ill probands according to whether or not they had a history of substance abuse, relatives of probands with substance abuse had greater frequency of affective disorder and substance abuse, but there were not significant differences in the number of relatives with nonbipolar psychoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The Roscommon Family Study. II. The risk of nonschizophrenic nonaffective psychoses in relatives.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to clarify the familial relationship between the nonschizophrenic, nonaffective psychoses (schizoaffective disorder [SAD], schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, and atypical psychosis) and schizophrenia and affective illness (AI). DESIGN: A case-controlled epidemiologic family study using DSM-III-R criteria. RESULTS: Compared with relatives of unscreened controls, the risk of nonschizophrenic, nonaffective psychoses was significantly elevated in relatives of probands with schizophrenia, SAD, schizotypal personality disorder, and psychotic AI. No significant elevation in risk to these disorders was seen in relatives of probands with nonpsychotic AI. The risk for SAD alone was significantly increased in relatives of probands with psychotic or bipolar AI. CONCLUSIONS: The nonschizophrenic, nonaffective psychoses have a significant familial relationship with both schizophrenia and schizotypical personality disorder. Schizoaffective disorder, as defined by DSM-III-R, shares familial etiologic factors with at least some forms of AI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Identification of symptomatologic patterns common to major psychoses: proposal for a phenotype definition.

Our study was designed to identify the underlying symptomatologic structure common to major psychoses as a preliminary step for a phenotype definition. We investigated 1,004 inpatients affected by mood disorders or the schizophrenia spectrum (DSM-III-R) using the OPCRIT checklist (operational criteria checklist for psychotic illness). Symptomatologic structure was extracted by factor analytic techniques and factor scores were first obtained on 500 subjects. A CFA (confirmatory factor analysis) was then conducted on the remaining 504 subjects to evaluate fitness of the model. We identified four factors: excitement, depression, disorganization, and delusion. These factors accounted for 54.6% of the total variance of the OPCRIT checklist symptomatologic subset of 38 items. CFA indices showed a good fit for the model. We identified symptomatologic structures common to major psychoses. The factors identified were confirmed in an independent sample. Two of these symptomatologic structures are partially overlapping with categorical diagnoses (excitement and depression), and two constitute independent psychopathologic traits (delusion and disorganization). The use of "factor-derived scores" in genetic research may add a dimensional definition to the diagnostic subdivision of major psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Health-related quality of life in older patients with schizophrenia and other psychoses: relationships among psychosocial and psychiatric factors.

OBJECTIVE: Few multivariate studies relating psychosocial factors to symptoms of psychosis among older patients exist. We assessed environmental stressors, satisfaction with emotional support, coping responses and psychiatric symptoms, and sought to relate these factors to quality of well-being among older patients with schizophrenia and other psychoses. METHOD: Subjects were 70 psychosis patients with a mean age of 58. Predictors included measures of stressors (number of negative life events), satisfaction with emotional support, coping responses, positive and negative symptoms, depressive symptoms, social adjustment and a general quality of well-being (QWB) score. RESULTS: A conceptual model was tested and modified using path analytic techniques. Preliminary analyses suggested that psychosocial environment (life events, coping and emotional support) was primarily a product of psychiatric symptoms. Therefore, psychiatric symptoms preceded psychosocial environment variables in the proposed model. Further results suggested that depression mediated all of the effects of psychotic symptoms on social maladjustment, but not all of their effects on well-being. CONCLUSIONS: In older patients with schizophrenia and other psychoses, health-related quality of well-being is influenced by symptoms of psychoses, psychosocial factors and social maladjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Ethnicity-independent genetic basis of functional psychoses: a genotype-to-phenotype approach.

The functional psychoses schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar illness represent complex clinical syndromes that are characterized by phenotypic heterogeneity. Yet evidence from numerous studies suggests that (1) the prevalence of schizophrenia and bipolar illness is with 1% very similar across ethnicities, and (2) a strong genetic component is involved in the disorders' pathogenesis. Using data from different US-American ethnicities (77 families with a total of 17 unaffected and 170 affected sib pairs; 276 marker loci), we searched for ethnicity-independent oligogenic susceptibility loci for which the between-sib genetic similarity in affected sib pairs deviated from the expected values. Specifically, we addressed the question of the extent to which genetic risk factors and their interactions constitute multigenic inheritance of functional psychoses across populations and might constitute universal targets for treatment. Our novel multivariate genotype-to-phenotype search strategy was based on a genetic similarity function that allowed us to quantify the inter-individual genetic distances d(x(i), x(j)) between the allelic genotype patterns x(i), x(j) of any two subjects i, j with respect to n loci l(1), l(2), em leader l(n). Thus, we were able to assess the between-ethnicity, the within-ethnicity, and the within-family genetic similarities. The problem of ethnicity-independent vulnerability was addressed by treating the Afro-American families as "training" samples, while the non-Afro-American families served as independent "test" samples. We evaluated the between-sib similarities, which were expected to deviate from "0.5" in affected sib pairs if the region of interest contained markers close to vulnerability genes. The reference value "0.5" was derived from the parent-offspring similarities that are always 0.5, irrespective of the affection status of parents and offspring. We found 12 vulnerability loci on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 18, and 20, that were reproducible across the two samples under comparison and therefore, likely to constitute an ethnicity-independent, oligogenic vulnerability model of functional psychoses. The elevated vulnerability appeared to be unspecific and to act in such a way that exogenous factors become more likely to trigger the onset of psychiatric illnesses.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1978

The atypical psychoses.

The psychiatric literature contains numerous accounts of psychoses found worldwide that do not fit classic definitions of schizophrenia, manic-depression, or organic brain syndrome. These vaguely defined 'atypical psychoses' are under scrutiny because of growing knowledge and more rigorous methodology in descriptive and cross-cultural psychiatry. The authors trace the history of atypical psychosis concepts from the contributions of Kraepelin, Jaspers, and Freud to contemporary European and Anglo-American viewpoints. Studies of the atypical psychoses are reviewed in the light of current validation methods in psychiatry. Several methodologic problems plague this area: inadequate definitions, etiologic prejudice, poor premorbid and follow-up assessment, as well as certain naive notions about psychopathology in different cultures. Consequently, knowledge of atypical psychosis is limited and largely impractical. The authors suggest several possibilities for interpreting present and future evidence about these disorders and certain strategies for future studies.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1976

[Comparative investigations of psychoses in parents, children and siblings (author's transl)].

Psychoses in 441 hospital patients from 210 families have been investigated comparatively. In 106 families 109 parents and 117 children suffer as do 215 siblings in 104 families. It has been established that the sexual appurtenance does not have a decisive importance in the genetic transmission of the psychoses, while comparing the diagnoses, a high percentage (84.5%) of coincidence is founded. Similarities appear in the clinical features, in their course, and the therapeutical effect. The psychoses begin at an earlier age and are taking a heavier course in children, when compared to parents and in the younger brothers and sisters when compared to the elder. In couples with different diagnoses, a similarity is determined as far as the investigated indices are concerned. The clinical features are atypical and symptoms and syndromes, characteristic for the different families, are manifested.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1985

A family hereditary study of post-partum "psychoses".

A group of 80 women suffering from a severe psychiatric post-partum disorder and hospitalized for the first time in their lives was followed up between 4 and 35 years later. Besides the further evolution of psychic health of the patients, the occurrence of endogenous (i.e., functional) psychoses in first degree relatives was investigated. A global morbidity risk for endogenous psychoses of 10.9% was found, affective psychosis accounting for two-thirds of secondary cases. Subdivision of the sample according to the criterion of absence or presence of further psychotic episodes unrelated to childbirth revealed that first degree relatives of patients with exclusively puerperal decompensations had a low morbidity risk of 2.0%, but relatives of patients with later nonpuerperal episodes of illness one of 15.2%, the difference being statistically significant (P less than 0.002). This suggests that severe psychiatric disorders occurring exclusively in the post-partum period are nosologically distinct from those followed by nonpuerperal psychotic episodes of illness. Only the latter seem to be related to the traditionally recognized subgroups of endogenous psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Prognosis of the course of schizophrenic psychoses compared to other psychiatric illnesses. Catamnestic treatment and outcome 1 year after discharge.

In a prospectively designed study of the course of illness of 161 hospitalized psychiatric patients, data regarding outcome could be obtained for 93% 1 year after clinic discharge. It was possible to reexamine 67% of the patients by means of direct interviews. No significant differences appeared in the comparison of the course of illness outcomes (symptoms, rehospitalization, occupation and social contacts) of patients with schizophrenic psychoses, affective psychoses, neuroses or a group of mixed other diagnoses (predominantly alcohol dependency). For the group of neuroses there was a particularly striking discrepancy between the self- and the observer-ratings at the time of discharge from inpatient index-treatment. From this finding and from the comparatively more intense prominence of depressive symptoms at the time of follow-up, one can presume that there has been insufficient after-care treatment of this patient group considering the recorded treatment data. This seems to hold true for the group of alcohol dependents as well. In contrast, the after-care treatment of patients with affective and schizophrenic psychoses seems more likely to be ensured today. Despite this, however, for the latter the close link between the rate of relapse and the rate of rehospitalization can apparently scarcely be influenced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Sexual and relationship problems amongst patients with severe chronic psychoses.

Recent studies have begun to examine the complexity and frequency of sexual and relationship problems amongst samples of community resident people with severe psychoses. For the purposes of this study, subjects with severe persistent psychoses and under the care of a single community team were interviewed using a semi-structured clinical interview and structured diagnostic interview of marital and sexual satisfaction. Functional disability was assessed by the Multnomah Community Ability Scale. Amongst those interviewed (n = 53) the prevalence of sexual difficulties was 47.5% and 30.8% for men (n = 40) and women (n = 13), respectively. The majority of men (82.5%) and some of the women (38.5%) were not in intimate relationships; 42.5% of men and 38.5% of women had never had a sexual relationship. Amongst community resident patients with severe psychoses, the level of unmet need for specific interventions (including assessment procedures, psychotherapeutic, pharmaco-therapeutic) for sexual and relationship dysfunction is high. This warrants evaluation of service structures and treatment packages tailored for this group.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of dysphoric states and psychoses associated with epilepsy].

Although dysphoric states and psychoses represent clinically relevant psychiatric complications in patients with epilepsy, their symptomatologies are complex and therefore frequently underrecognized and undertreated in daily psychiatric routine. Detecting dysphoric states and psychoses secondary to the psychotropic effects of various antiepileptic drugs is often challenging, even for the most experienced psychiatrists. This article gives an overview of epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and therapy of interictal, peri-ictal, and alternative dysphoric states and psychoses in patients with epilepsy. Further, potential drug interactions between antiepileptic and psychiatric medications are discussed.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1998

The course of schizophrenic psychoses: what do we really know? A selective review from an epidemiological perspective.

There is only a limited amount of definite knowledge on the course of schizophrenic psychoses, although 100 years have passed since they were first described by Kraepelin as "Dementia praecox". The main reason for this is that most studies done thus far suffer from more or less serious methodological shortcomings: samples were often highly selective; investigations were often not direct, not prospective and almost never continuous, which would be of utmost importance in an episodic disease such as schizophrenia; assessments in older studies were neither standardized nor tested for validity or reliability; in more recent studies they were often not conducted by experienced psychiatrists; patients who refused to participate or who died during the study period were widely neglected. Nevertheless, we have learned that schizophrenic psychoses do not have a steadily deteriorating course ending in "dementia". On the contrary, the course of these psychoses seems very heterogeneous. Due to their methodological shortcomings, studies done thus far even seem to have underestimated heterogeneity by partly neglecting patients with very good outcome, on the one hand, and very poor outcome, on the other hand.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Magnetic resonance imaging findings in schizophrenia and atypical psychoses.

The differences among MRI findings were studied in schizophrenic psychoses. The schizophrenics and atypical psychotics had significant reductions in bilateral hippocampal volumes compared to controls, but the two patient groups did not differ from each other. As for ventricle volume, the schizophrenics showed significantly larger temporal horns and third ventricle than normal controls, whereas atypical psychotics did not. Moreover, the left temporal horn in the schizophrenics was significantly larger than that seen in the atypical psychotics. By cluster analysis, schizophrenics and atypical psychotics were found to have a tendency to be distributed in different groups. These results might be considered to support the classification of schizophrenic psychoses into schizophrenia and atypical psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Heart disease, schizophrenia, and affective psychoses: epidemiology of risk in primary care.

A retrospective cohort design was used to study risk factors and cardiovascular end points among adults, with and without psychoses, receiving primary care. Earlier onset of risk factors and heart disease was noted among individuals with schizophrenia compared to those with affective psychoses and no disabilities. Patients with schizophrenia had increased relative risk for obesity, congestive heart failure, dementia, depression and death, while patients with affective psychoses had increased risk for dementia and diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Postpartum psychoses: prognosis, risk factors, and treatment.

Puerperal psychoses do not represent a nosological entity, but rather a selection of puerperally triggered "ordinary" functional psychoses with cycloid psychoses predominating and schizophrenias occurring very rarely. The prognosis is basically favorable concerning symptom remission and social and occupational functioning. However, there is a considerable frequency of relapses and an increased suicide rate. The most important risk factors for an episode of a puerperal psychosis are being primiparous and having suffered a previous episode of a psychosis, particularly a cycloid psychosis. Controlled treatment studies up to now are absent. Case studies suggest in acute episodes the efficacy of a symptom-oriented pharmacologic treatment where ablactation is recommended. With respect to prophylactic treatment some authors propose to apply lithium in late pregnancy or immediately after delivery. Because of its possible teratogenic effects and the altogether rather sparse data, the authors however cannot recommend the use of lithium during pregnancy. Applying estradiol after delivery may be beneficial and safe, but further studies are necessary to clarify these issues.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The nosologic status of the remitting atypical psychoses.

For many decades clinicians have recognized the importance of some nonorganic psychoses that have no obvious relationship to either schizophrenia or affective illness. These atypical psychoses are characterized by sudden onset, florid and fluid symptoms, brief duration, remitting outcome, and a pattern of recurrences. They are presumed to be caused by major stress or characterologic defects or both. Systematic investigations into these conditions have been comparatively sparse. This report reviews the literature concerning these remitting atypical psychoses, proposes descriptive criteria for their recognition, and makes suggestions for further research.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed2005

Persistent psychoses in first episode patients.

This study was carried out to identify characteristics of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder who continue to have persistent psychoses (15%) for 2 years after initiation of treatment by comparing them to those who maintained full recovery of positive symptoms (42%) up to 2 years. Compared to those in recovery, significantly more patients with persistent psychoses were single, male, had a higher prevalence of drug abuse and abnormal EEG findings at presentation for treatment. Duration of untreated psychoses or untreated illness did not discriminate between the groups.

Adult↗