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PubMed2004

A systematic review of psychological therapies for nonulcer dyspepsia.

OBJECTIVES: We conducted a systematic review to determine the effectiveness of psychological interventions including psychodrama, cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation therapy, guided imagery, or hypnosis in the improvement of dyspepsia symptoms in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD). DESIGN: Trials were identified through electronic searches of the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycLIT, using appropriate subject headings and text words and searching bibliographies of retrieved articles. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-randomized studies were eligible. RESULTS: The four eligible trials all used different psychological interventions including applied relaxation therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, and hypnotherapy. Trials did not present data in a form that could be synthesized. All reported an improvement in the dyspepsia symptom scores at the end of treatment and at 1 yr in the intervention arm compared with controls. All studies only achieved statistically significant results through adjusting for baseline differences between groups. This reflects the small sample sizes of the trials. There were also problems with assumptions made in the statistical analyses used to achieve statistical significance. The studies highlighted problems with recruitment and compliance. CONCLUSIONS: There was insufficient evidence on the efficacy of psychological therapies in NUD. This emphasizes the need for appropriately powered well-designed trials in this area.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

The psychosocial impact of a progressive physical handicap and terminal illness (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) on adolescents and their families.

This paper reports in narrative style on a sample of 13-16-year-old Duchenne muscular dystrophy adolescents in a residential setting in the UK. The terminally ill dystrophic boys' physical handicaps were noticed at about five years of age. In-depth interviews were conducted with parents, while projective assessment and psychodrama were used with the boys. Findings for this paper draw heavily on family interviews. Not surprisingly, the Duchenne boys evinced significant isolation from the mainstream of normal culture. The parents of the terminal group showed marked preoccupation with their sons, great stress and diminished expression of enjoyment. The Duchenne adolescents raised the issue of handicap surprisingly often with their parents, suggesting their great need to acknowledge their disease with parents. Their parents, however, evinced marked difficulty in responding to death issues with the boys - a reaction which leaves the boys alone and the parents guilty. These observations on the family are discussed in the context of a family identification process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The imagework method in health and social science research.

Existing alongside the traditional forms of qualitative social science research, there is a set of potential research methods that derive from experiential groupwork and the humanistic human potential movement and are only slightly used by researchers. Social science research has barely begun to use these powerful strategies that were developed originally for personal and group change but that are potentially applicable to the research domain. This article will locate these methods within the qualitative research domain and propose a novel view of their value. The study of the actual and potential use of one of these methods, imagework, will be the particular focus of this article. References to the use of artwork, sculpting, psychodrama, gestalt, and dreamwork will also be made. The hypothesis underpinning the author's approach is that experiential research methods such as imagework can elicit implicit knowledge and self-identifies of respondents in a way that other methods cannot.

Art↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activities and authors. Role playing in health education].

One the forms that the capitalism met for perpetuate his ideology was through of scholastic institution and do this, your set doctrinaire. This space orderly frequently oppose teachers and students, where the practice is enforce through of foregoing scheme. At sphere of health, this scheme repeatedly, because the conception of health /disease nap works of health teach the subordinate population and the culture is transmit for health, basically on advice and norm for the people with process of culpability for theirs diseases. We would like at this work report our experience with the Pedagogic Psychodrama of ROMANA (1987), at raising your demands referring informations about Firsts Aids with teenagers matriculation on course for patrol at slum of Rocinha(R.J.), where the datas were analysis quality of discourse. The utilization of a methodology don't exclude the station context if subject of apprenticeship, contribute for understand your role and commitment with the transformation personal and collective, we hope contribute with Nursing, teach possibilities, pedagogic and creatives for humanization the Education at Health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Health education: a new approach].

This article describes a series of experiences in the area of Health Education. The experiences, carried out with groups of health professionals working in institutions, begin with the social relationships in which these professionals are involved in their day-to-day work, in contact with other social agents and groups. One of the basic assumptions is that social relationships are an important aspect of the public health services provided to the population. As a result, health workers need specific training in this area to develop and improve their professional performance. The experiences show the importance of making theoretical and methodological approaches (like Educational Psychodrama and the Arvoredo Method) available to these workers. Those who have participated in such training programs have considerably improved their professional/social skills. One of the basic tenets of these approaches is the constant search for autonomy, as an essential element for people to increase awareness of themselves as individuals and as citizens, be they health care professionals or users. The experiences and methods described in this article may serve as one way of reducing the serious gaps in today's public health services.

English Abstract↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Three ways of reminiscence in theory and practice.

Experimental studies disagree on the frequency and effects of reminiscence among the elderly. However, efficacy in working with recollection can be increased by an understanding of three types of reminiscence: informative, evaluative and obsessive. Informative reminiscence involves recollection for the pleasure of reliving and retelling. Reviewing memories can be used to revive interest, self-esteem, and personal relationships. Evaluative reminiscence is based on Butler's life review. A more favorable resolution is likely when it ranges over the lifetime and is shared. Groups and oral history projects can be tailored to support informative and evaluative reminiscences. Obsessive reminiscence may result from guilt, stress or grief. Relieving stress and finding new outlets can be combined with techniques like psychodrama and Progoff's journal workshop, to work through obstructing experiences.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Action methods in the classroom: creative strategies for nursing education.

Nursing education recognizes the need for a framework of experiential learning that supports the development of professional roles. Action methods, originated by Jacob L. Moreno (1953), can be readily adapted to any nursing classroom to create the conditions under which students learn and practice professional nursing roles. While nurse faculty can learn to use action methods, they may not fully comprehend their theoretical underpinnings or may believe they are only used in therapy. This article explores Moreno's ideas related to psychodrama and sociodrama applied in classroom settings, and presents many examples and tips for classroom teachers who wish to incorporate action methods into their classes.

Creativity↗
PubMed1981

Process research data on a potent, feeling-evoking residential treatment program for the simultaneous counseling of alcohol abusers and drug users.

There are four goals in this study: (1) to describe an innovative counseling program (called CARE, Chemical Abuse Rehabilitation Effort) tailored to treat both alcohol abusers and drug abusers simultaneously, (2) to report process data on 156 residents treated in a program that emphasized the use of three potent treatment modalities, (3) to describe the clinical use of and consequences of the scream-evoking group therapy modality within a military residential program, and (4) to determine the utility of the scream-evoking group therapy procedure (that is, specify differences between clients who screamed versus those who did not) in facilitating successful program completion according to three criteria. A rating scale was specifically designed to assess the nature, intensity, and consequences of the "scream experiences." Interobserver reliability coefficients were computed for all data involving clinical judgements and/or decisions. A total of 103 alcohol abusers and 53 drug abusers were treated from August 25, 1975 to January 7, 1977. For each of the five stages (A through E), five types of process data were used to measure the immediate impact of the treatment program: (1) response to psychodrama groups, (2) response to scream-oriented group sessions (SGSs), (3) unauthorized chemical use, (4) premature exits, and (5) clinical evaluations as to whether a client was clinically progressing upon discharge. Overall, alcohol abusers and drug abusers responded similarly to the intensive, emotion-evoking residential treatment as measured by each of the five process variables. However, more alcohol abusers than drug abusers met three combined "success" criteria for program completion. The innovative aspect of this residential treatment program is the integration of three potent groups, and structured and spontaneous confrontations--that have been combined for the first time in this program. This is the first of only two programs in the military which utilize the scream-oriented group therapy methods. Fifteen methods of treatment are used to facilitate changes in problematic behaviors, attitudes, and/or feelings. The theoretical rationale for the use of these modalities is described. The SGSs are hypothesized to facilitate cathartic experiences via the scream experiences. The theoretical rationale for the use of abreactive/cathartic techniques is discussed from psychoanalytic, behavioral, and rational-emotive points of view.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A kibbutz group].

Kibbouts-group: three therapeutic or growth factors together: manual work, community life and group technics (group dynamic, Gestalt, psychodrama, bio-energetic) during two weeks. The work of growing and therapy is becoming more concrete and facilitated by the absence of difference between members and leader who share the work and the community life. Important and rapid changes are frequent: a particular attention is given to the "unmedicalisation" of symptoms (fatigue) and to the "unpsychiatrisation" of conflicts. A sample and authentical life style, together with a high degree of communication, favor the desinhibition of attitudes, the clarification of conflicts and the reenforcement of the personality.

Belgium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Voice dialogue--dialogue of voices].

Voice Dialogue is an integration of different therapeutic methods (Gestalttherapy, Psychodrama, Psychology of C.G. Jung, Transactional Analysis, Psychosynthesis). It is a therapeutic method, which allows in a rather humoristic way, without provoking lots of resistance, to contact the subpersonalities of a client. This will objectify and bring into awareness the different subpersonalities, as well as the disowned parts of the personality. Therefore we will have the chance to deal with these parts in a creative way without the Ego interfering critically. So a new balance can be found between the different subpersonalities and the Ego. Voice Dialogue can be applied very well in single, partner or family therapy and has worked successfully with grown-ups and especially with youngsters.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychosocial guidance of nursing home personnel by group therapy. Basic considerations and initial experience].

Support groups for those professional caregivers who work in homes for the aged are seldom. Focussing on occupational stressors in this profession and the burnout research as a conceptual framework, a support group is introduced. To sustain the social competence and the coping skills of the caregivers are the basic aims of this group. Based on role taking and psychodrama as intervention techniques, outcomes from this group are discussed. Recommendations for future groups as a support system for caregivers in homes for the aged are derived.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Group psychotherapy for victims of incest.

Group psychotherapy is a recommended part of treatment for victims of incest--male and female--in childhood or adulthood. Self-help groups, treatment groups, individual treatment, family therapy, and other modalities may be used concurrently or sequentially. Special techniques include art therapy, play therapy, psychodrama, bibliotherapy, wilderness encounters, and educational techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Psychosocial rehabilitation in advanced age].

The psychosocial rehabilitation of older persons is one of the main problems in health policy. About one quarter of the over 65-year-olds face psychic problems, without, to a large extent, receiving adequate treatment and rehabilitative care. Substantial deficits exist above all in the out-patient and non-residential service sectors. In in-patient care, existing methods for psychosocial intervention (such as psychoanalysis, behavioural, client-centered, family, Gestalt, milieu, or music and dance therapy, psychodrama, reality orientation training, or resensitization techniques) are hardly ever used. This absence of applied geronto-psychology is attributable to the shortcomings of available assessment methods, multiple methodical problems of intervention research, and--above all--to insufficient staff positions for psychosocial professions in the gerontological sector. Provision of further permanent posts for psychosocial workers; development of age-specific assessment methods; interdisciplinary and systematic interventional research; the development of ambulatory, community-based services as well as intensive support for existing self-help efforts are therefore called for.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Psychotherapy of psychotic patients].

Different starting points, aims and therapeutic techniques in the treatment of psychotic patients are reviewed, with special reference to group therapy with schizophrenics, who seem to be more suited as manic-depressive patients. Critical events and situations in therapy with a need for the group-leaders intervention are described and own results and clinical experiences with psychodrama and psychotic patients are reported. In the therapy of psychoses a combinations of psychotherapy/sociotherapy and pharmacotherapy is regarded as indispensable.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

[Organization of the department of psychotherapy for children at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (department of Professor D. J. (Duché)].

The staff of the department of psychotherapy at the Salpêtrière Hospital (Department of Prof. Duché) includes five psychoanalysts who are in charge of the consultations and treatment of hospitalized children, out-patients and parents. Individual psychoanalytical psychotherapy and psychodrama are the methods used. For adolescents and psychotic children, psychotherapy is carried out in a more flexible way. Special attention is given to the outset of therapy and to the support provided to parents. Two groups for the training of child therapists are ongoing.

Child Psychiatry↗
PubMed1983

[The imaginary in the psychic reality. Psychotherapeutic applications].

Imagery is considered an important psychotherapeutic means in many contemporary systems, in an explicit way, or implicitely. Its function is at least double. On the one hand it detains the development of personal possibilities, for it raises an unreal barrier of transference when confronting new experiences, but on the other it amplifies life by extending it towards what Gaston Bachelard calls "a reality of superabundance". It represents the discovery of new facets in the external world but, much more important in psychotherapy, the revelation of unknown aspects of oneself. Thus, for explorative aims imagery is used in tests, interviews and even anamnesis, and for furthering the cure (insight and growth) in systems such as psychodrama, Desoille's waking dreams, sensitivity training and others. The question arises: what is the source of its effectivity? In my opinion it depends on two influences: 1) images, as symbols, constitute "intermediary objects" which permit a confrontation comparatively free of anxiety with oneself and above all to envisage new forms of behaviour. These can even be rehearsed in some psychodramatic techniques or in laboratories; 2) symbols give access to psychical areas which are forbidden to a conceptual approach. Therefore, I suggest that the conquest of one's reality results, paradoxically, from incursions in unreality.

Ego↗
PubMed1994

On formulations to patients.

For the author, the psychoanalytic clinical fact can only be an arbitrary fragment detached from the totality of the situation, which alone specifies it and which comprises the different forms of formulations that are proposed to patients. Using the difference established by Freud between what is and what is not analysable as a starting point, he distinguishes between two radically different analytic situations. To illustrate, he extracts, from the same cure, a 'fact' constituted of two moments; one 'this side of analysability, the other at its limits. He calls 'homogeneous' the neurotic moment in which transference and countertransference are similar in nature, and he calls 'heterogeneous' the 'limit' situation in which predictabüity is absent, and in which change, when it occurs, is one of divine surprise. The author advances an hypothesis on the factors at work in the changes that subsequently occurred, particularly in the case of the 'limit' situation, drawing from the therapeutic experience of the 'psychoanalytic psychodrama' and from the work of Jean Laplanche. A single generating principle would thus be involved, based on the action of the unconscious seduction contained in the unknowable, 'enigmatic', part of verbal and nonverbal messages, it grounds its transforming action in the following sequence: unconscious seduction, limited traumatic penetration, symbolisation, i.e. the emergence of meaning in the aftermath.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The ambivalence of the maternal body: psychoanalytic readings of the legend of Van Gogh.

This article aims to identify the collective social investment in 'Van Gogh' as a cultural icon, and to ask what function his life story, colourfully illustrated by his art work, has performed in the West since the 1890s. It argues that the life and work of a Dutch artist have become the raw materials for a series of secular 'mystery' plays and christological psychodramas that reflect the ills of twentieth-century experience. The key moments when Van Gogh was made into a figure in a popular imagination were psychologically significant: the Depression and the immediate aftermath of World War II. 'Van Gogh', a fantasy figure of modern man, has been over-'psychologised', his work becoming only the testament to the myth of modern man. Using social-art-historical techniques, the author tries to distance this kind of reading in the case of one drawing of a peasant woman, bending over. Situating the fantasy that the drawing services in precise social and historical terms of bourgeois men formed in childhood in relation to a split feminine/maternal figure of the lady/mother and the working-class nursemaid, the article examines how to use psychoanalysis to read the formal oddities of the work--distortion and monumentality, attention to a fragmented, eroticised but also punished body--for the oscillation between pre-oedipal fantasies of maternal plenitude and awe and oedipal anxieties which sadistically inflict humiliation on the maternal body. Finally, instead of producing Van Gogh as the extreme case of an 'other', the author recognises the drawing as a space where present fantasies of the reader encounter those of the producer. Psychoanalysis informing historically-precise interpretation becomes a demythologising hermeneutic.

Art↗