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PubMed1979

Fundus photography in optometric practice.

Fundus photography, an established facet of institutional clinic and hospital ocular care, is emerging as a valuable tool for the private practitioner. Ocular photography permits improved patient care with the additional benefit of providing a means for continuing education for the practitioner. The initial investment depends on the type of fundus camera selected and the number of accessories included in the purchase. The type of camera and accessories selected by a practitioner will vary with the mode and scrope of his/her practice. Numerous types of film are available, but Kodachrome 25 (ASA 25) is recommended. The experienced fundus photographer develops a routine of camera preparation and photographic techniques that provides a consistently successful photographic session.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Agreement between Scheimpflug photography and A-scan ultrasonography in anterior segment ocular measurements in children.

PURPOSE: The Scheimpflug principle, as a method of performing biometry on the anterior segment, has not been widely used in the clinical setting compared with ultrasonography. The purpose of this study was to examine the agreement in anterior chamber length and lens thickness measurements between A-scan ultrasonography and Scheimpflug photography. METHODS: A total of 252 children aged between 6 and 12 years participated in this study. All subjects had instillation of cycloplegic eye drops before measurement. Scheimpflug photography and A-scan ultrasonography were performed in this sequence on the same day. The anterior segment length on the Scheimpflug images was taken as the axial corneal thickness added to the anterior chamber depth. A-scan ultrasonography was performed by placing the probe on the corneas after topical anesthesia. Differences were obtained by subtracting the A-scan ultrasonography measurements from the Scheimpflug measurements. Data were analyzed using difference vs. mean plots. RESULTS: For anterior chamber length, the mean difference between the two methods was -0.03 +/- 0.16 mm, with 95% limits of agreement of -0.35 to +0.30 mm. However, Scheimpflug readings were greater than that of ultrasonography for smaller measurements, and the opposite was true for larger measurements. For lens thickness, the mean difference was -0.2 +/- 0.10 mm, with 95% limits of agreement of -0.40 to +0.00 mm. For the measurement of lens thickness, adding a correction factor of 0.2 mm to Scheimpflug's readings should replace that of A-scan readings reasonably well. CONCLUSIONS: The readings obtained from these two methods of biometry must be used with the knowledge of the instruments. We discuss the possible reasons for the difference in readings obtained using these two instruments.

Anterior Eye Segment↗
PubMed1997

Standardization in photography for body contour surgery and suction-assisted lipectomy.

Despite the existence of basic clinical standards in plastic surgery, specific guidelines for body contour photography have not been detailed previously. In this report we propose standard and supplemental views for positioning of the subject for suction-assisted lipectomy and body contour surgery. Also demonstrated are specialty views for the face, where liposuction has become an integral component of the procedures. Finally, recommendations for photographic documentation of skin "textural" changes and "cellulite" improvement with liposuction, as well as regions requiring lipectomy, are discussed. A professional photographic studio and a model were utilized. Proper lighting, equipment, and backgrounds are described to achieve such standards. General principles for clinical photography are reviewed. We present standard and supplemental views for suction-assisted lipectomy and body contour surgery, with an emphasis on methods to address advanced liposuction techniques (i.e., superficial suction lipectomy) that may affect texture and contour of the skin. These techniques provide consistency for all practitioners, allowing comparison of results and techniques.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Hermeneutic photography: an innovative esthetic technique for generating data in nursing research.

In this article, the use of hermeneutic photography as an esthetic technique to enhance data generation is discussed. When photographs are used as an entrée for interviewing participants, they often elicit participants' stories and illustrate themes of experience. A discussion of the uses of hermeneutic photography as a method and suggestions for the use of photographs within nursing research are presented.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2004

A new rig for standardized craniofacial photography put to the test.

This article describes and tests a photography rig that has been built at the University of Melbourne, Australia, specifically for the purpose of taking rapid and highly standardized craniofacial photographs, in simultaneous views of front and profile. The rig uses a novel projected light range-finding system that has been designed for easy and accurate positioning of subjects, in the natural head position, at precise distances from the frontal camera. Results of experiments examining the intraobserver error of multiple photographs taken on the rig indicate that high-quality, repeatable photographs can be taken after a reasonably large amount of time has lapsed between photography sessions (e.g., 30 days). This study also indicates that some variability remains between photographs even when highly standardized protocols are followed. Consequently, it is expected that the variation between photographs with limited standardization is much larger and more likely to cause significant errors in any comparisons.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2026

Nature-based meaning-focused photography intervention enhances subjective well-being: A three-arm randomized controlled study.

Gaining meaning from nature contact can promote subjective well-being. However, few studies have validated the effectiveness of nature-based meaning interventions in enhancing subjective well-being. This study consisted of a 7-day online intervention to examine the effects of nature-based meaning-focused photography on well-being by comparing a photo-only group, a photo + writing group, and a waiting list control group and how meaning in life mediates the relationship between nature contact and well-being. A pre-registered three-arm randomized controlled trial (groups: photo + writing group vs. photo-only group vs. control group) * (time: pre-test vs. post-test vs. 1-month follow-up) was conducted with 219 college students. In the photo + writing group, participants captured nature scenes and wrote 100-word reflections. The photo-only group only took nature photos. The primary outcomes were meaning in life and well-being, and the secondary outcome was life satisfaction. A conservative Bayesian causal forest analysis based on machine learning was used to detect both treatment and heterogeneous intervention effects. Compared with the control group, the photo + writing group showed positive effects on meaning in life, subjective well-being, and life satisfaction, with average treatment effects of 0.36, 0.27, and 0.66 standard deviations (SD), respectively. The photo-only group also showed generally positive effects on these outcomes, with average treatment effects of 0.27, 0.24, and 0.54 SD, respectively. However, these effects were not sustained after 1 month. The intervention was especially beneficial for participants from lower subjective socioeconomic status, with limited prior nature exposure, or lower baseline psychological well-being. Importantly, enhanced meaning in life helped explain how the intervention improved well-being and life satisfaction. This study also demonstrated that combining nature-based photography and reflective writing can improve well-being.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

High-resolution ultrasound reflex transmission imaging and digital photography: potential tools for the quantitative assessment of pigmented lesions.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: High-resolution ultrasound (HRU) is a relatively cheap imaging method that shows small quantitative differences between benign naevi and melanoma. Previous studies using B-mode display suggest that these arise from their differing attenuating properties. Attenuation characteristics, however, are better evaluated using reflex transmission imaging (RTI). White light clinical (WLC) photography is an even cheaper imaging method that is routinely used for monitoring but less frequently in everyday diagnosis. As features from each method may have an independent origin, two such modalities may be of greater diagnostic value than either method alone. However, although quantitative analysis of digital photographs is being developed to aid tumour diagnosis, in vivo RTI for the evaluation of pigmented skin lesions has not previously been described. This paper presents the feasibility of performing RTI in vivo and evaluates the reliability of the objective features used. The potential of the combination of quantitative RTI and white light (WL) digital photography data for the classification of pigmented lesions was assessed. METHODS: Randomly selected patients were recruited via a skin cancer screening clinic. RTI data were acquired from each index lesion with a 20 MHz single-element scanner. WL images were taken using a high-resolution (2.8 Mpixels) digital camera. Quantitative features calculated from both images were used to derive a discriminant rule. This equation was then applied to reclassify each case based on its quantitative criteria. The resultant classification was compared with histological diagnosis. RESULTS: Twenty-four lesions (10 melanoma and 14 naevi) were studied. On RTI, no subjective differences were observed between benign naevi and melanoma. Many lesions were either not visible on RTI or lacked clearly definable borders. Consequently, the WL photographs were used to draw lesion boundaries on RT images for feature calculation. Melanoma were less attenuating than naevi on RTI (P=0.026) and had greater red colour variegation on WL imaging (P=0.016). The combination of quantitative parameters (two from RTI and four from photographs) improved sensitivity for this sample without compromising the specificity of 100% compared with either modality alone. The procedure is highly reproducible (r=0.85 between two operators). CONCLUSIONS: Pigmented skin lesions can be quantitatively defined from RTI data acquired in vivo and a significant difference in attenuation is shown. However, accurate registration of the RT image with a corresponding photograph was crucial for this purpose and only possible when corresponding points could be reliably identified on both images. Combination of features from ultrasound and optical images may synergistically improve diagnostic accuracy and a larger study is warranted to investigate this.

Dermoscopy↗
PubMed1977

Fast reliable photography for the dermatologist.

Color photography using a 35 mm single lens reflex camera is a useful tool for both academic and practicing dermatologists. With an electronic flash and a macro lens, the production of high quality photographs requires only a few seconds. Equipment and techniques effective in office photography are surveyed and evaluated.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1994

Photography without film: low-cost digital cameras come of age in dermatology.

BACKGROUND: Photography is integral to the practice of dermatology. Digital imaging techniques have only recently been used to assess cutaneous disorders. Previously reported imaging systems have been both expensive and cumbersome. Consequently, they have failed to gain wide-spread acceptance. METHODS: We describe our experience using an inexpensive digital camera. Photographs taken with this portable digital camera (FotoMan) compare favorably to those obtained with conventional 35 mm cameras. RESULTS: This inexpensive digital camera provides photographs of acceptable quality for a variety of dermatologic applications. Images created with this system are available within minutes and are less expensive than traditional photographs. CONCLUSIONS: Digital imaging is a new and exciting development. The digital camera described is simple to operate and provides a useful alternative or adjunct to conventional photography.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Simplification of unsharp masking in retinal nerve fibre layer photography.

Fundus photography is now an established tool for showing early changes in the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL). RNFL defects may precede glaucomatous visual field defects by up to five years and any improvement in photography should aid RNFL defect analysis. We have found that the use of an unsharp mask has helped to visualise the RNFL and by using readily available darkroom materials the process of unsharp mask preparation has been simplified.

Densitometry↗
PubMed1996

Mobile retinal photography. A means of screening for diabetic retinopathy in aboriginal communities.

BACKGROUND: Mobile fundus photography undertaken by Aboriginal health workers has been suggested as a practical and effective method of screening for diabetic retinopathy among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. METHODS: A pilot study was undertaken to demonstrate that interpretable colour slides of the retina could be produced by Aboriginal health workers trained over a two-week period. RESULTS: Of 47 subjects, 36 (76.6%) had interpretable retinal photographs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings warrant further evaluation as to the benefits and cost effectiveness of mobile retinal photography.

Australia↗
PubMed1998

Non-mydriatic fundus photography: a viable alternative to fundoscopy for identification of diabetic retinopathy in an Aboriginal population in rural Western Australia?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the Canon CR5-45NM non-mydriatic fundus camera (Canon, Kanagawa, Japan) for identifying retinopathy and the need for laser treatment in a population of Aboriginal patients with diabetes mellitus in rural Western Australia. METHODS: Diabetic Aboriginal patients were photographed through undilated pupils using a Canon CR5-45NM non-mydriatic fundus camera, after which ophthalmoscopy was performed using indirect ophthalmoscopy through dilated pupils. The examining ophthalmologist recorded the presence of retinopathy and the need for laser treatment. A proportion of patients were rephotographed through dilated pupils. Photographs were reviewed by a second ophthalmologist who evaluated the quality of the image, the presence of retinopathy and the need for laser treatment. Results of fundus photographs and ophthalmoscopy were compared. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty-eight eyes in 164 Aboriginal patients were examined. The mean patient age was 48.2 years (range 16-81 years) and the mean duration of diabetes was 7.5 years (range 1-35 years). Seventy-four eyes (22.6%) were diagnosed with retinopathy using combined examination techniques, 44 (59.5%) of which were identified by ophthalmoscopy and 55 (74.3%) by photography. Thirty-five eyes were deemed to need treatment, 18 (51.4%) of which were identified by ophthalmoscopy and 30 (85.7%) by photography. Kappa coefficient measurement for agreement for presence of retinopathy and need for referral was 0.41 and 0.53, respectively. Photograph quality was significantly improved following pupil dilation. CONCLUSIONS: The Canon CR5-45NM non-mydriatic fundus camera was relatively good at identifying diabetic retinopathy and could usefully be applied within a screening programme for treatable disease within this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Non-mydriatic retinal photography as a screening service for general practitioners.

Non-mydriatic retinal photography was offered as a screening service to 37 general practitioners providing diabetes care in their practices. Of 84 patients photographed, 22 had appearances of diabetic retinopathy and these were compared with 25 of the remainder without retinopathy. In only seven of 11 patients with maculopathy or proliferative retinopathy had this been detected by their GP and, likewise, only six of 11 cases of probable background retinopathy had been detected. The mean annual examination rate in general practice was 33 (95% Cl 18-47)%. Of the 18 cases in whom action in response to recommendations for follow-up or referral could be ascertained, 15 (83%) had had the recommendations implemented. Thus, despite the potential risks of false-negative screening using non-mydriatic retinal photography, the technique may improve the comprehensiveness of screening in patients under the care of their GPs.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗
PubMed2000

Participation of older males in a study on photography as an aid to early detection of melanoma.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the acceptability of photography as an aid to skin examinations in men over 50 years of age. METHODS: A randomised trial of men selected from the electoral roll. All participants were photographed, but only half received their photographs. Skin examinations by GPs at years one and two. RESULTS: 55% of men consented to have photographs taken and 51% did so. 86% of respondents had risk factors for melanoma (compared to 68% of non-responders) and 47% had two or more risk factors (compared to 23% of non-responders). At year one, 91% of participants remaining in study regions had been examined. Photographs were lost by only six participants. CONCLUSIONS: Men over 50 years of age respond to personalised health messages about melanoma and respondents include a high proportion of males with risk factors for melanoma. IMPLICATIONS: These initial results suggest that photography may be a logistically acceptable approach for assisting in the early detection of melanoma.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

Managing 'suspicious glaucomatous discs' identified during digital-photography-based diabetic retinopathy screening.

PURPOSE: An audit to demonstrate the outcome of patients identified with suspicious glaucomatous discs within a digital-photography-based diabetic retinopathy screening programme. METHODS: Primary care based digital photographic screening was performed utilising mydriasis and two-field digital photography for all patients with diabetes. Patients identified with discs suspicious of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) were initially referred to an accredited community-based optometrist for further assessment. Some patients were then referred to secondary care where appropriate. RESULTS: From 1st April 2002 to 31st March 2003 a total of 3868 patients were screened for diabetic retinopathy. This audit revealed that 55 subjects were identified by retinal screeners as having discs suspicious of glaucoma. A total of 29 were already under glaucoma clinic review. A total of 23/26 remaining were referred for an assessment by an accredited optometrist. Of these 13 were normal, 6 were referred to secondary care and 4 failed to attend. The three remaining were referred directly to secondary care. CONCLUSIONS: All nine referrals to secondary care were deemed appropriate by a glaucoma specialist. This suggests that the system described does not lead to over-referral of suspicious discs - although the issue of how many glaucomatous discs are missed during screening (false negatives) will only be answered in the longer term.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Crash scene photography in motor vehicle crashes without air bag deployment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether vehicle characteristics, measured using crash scene photography, are associated with anatomic patterns of injury and severity of injury sustained in motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) without air bag deployment. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted over 22 months, using 12 fire departments serving two hospitals. Two vehicle photographs (exterior and interior) were taken at each MVC. Vehicular variables were assigned by grading the photographs with a standardized scoring system, and outcome information on each patient was collected by chart review. RESULTS: Five hundred fifty-nine patients were entered into the study. Frontal crashes and increasing passenger space intrusion (PSI) were associated with head, facial, and lower-extremity injuries, while rear crashes were associated with spinal injuries. Restraint use had a protective effect in head, facial, and upper and lower extremity injuries, yet was associated with higher odds of spinal injury. Lack of restraint use, increasing PSI, and steering wheel deformity were associated with an increased hospital length of stay and hospital charges, yet only steering wheel deformity was associated with increasing injury severity when adjusting for other crash variables. CONCLUSIONS: Out-of-hospital variables, as obtained from crash vehicle photography, are associated with injury site, injury severity, hospital length of stay, and hospital charges in patients involved in MVCs without air bag deployment.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed2006

Colour vision and retinal nerve fibre layer photography in patients with an Acrysof Natural intraocular lens.

PURPOSE: To study colour vision and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) photographs in patients with an Acrysof Natural intraocular lens (IOL). METHODS: We carried out a randomized double-blind study. An Acrysof Natural IOL (model SN60AT) was implanted in 25 eyes of 19 patients and an Acrysof IOL (model SA60AT) was implanted in 27 eyes of 18 control patients. The patients returned for colour vision tests and fundus photography 1-6 months after the surgery. RESULTS: Standard pseudoisochromatic plates, part 2, were correctly interpreted and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test (FM 100) total and individual box scores were normal in all IOL eyes. In the FM 100 hue test there were no significant differences in the results of the total error scores or the error scores of the individual boxes between the eyes with Acrysof Natural and those with Acrysof lenses. The yellow coloration of the Acrysof Natural IOL did not affect the visibility of the RNFL in photographs. CONCLUSIONS: The Acrysof Natural IOL did not affect colour vision in the tested patients, even in the blue region of the spectrum, and can be implanted in patients who need to have normal colour vision for the purposes of their occupation. The Acrysof Natural IOL does not interfere with RNFL photography and can also be used in patients with glaucoma.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1981

Stereophotogrammetry and relief photography in the assessment of foot disorders.

Expanded polyethylene foam (Plastazote) is used in the treatment of rheumatoid, diabetic, and leprotic foot disorders. This paper describes a diagnostic use for this material. Two photographic techniques combine to give vivid and quantitative representations of foot deformities which are easily applicable to clinical use. Relief photography uses illumination to create an illusion of solidity in a 2-dimensional photography. Stereophotogrammetry produces contour plots from stereopairs of photographs of the Plastazote footprint. After use the impressions are trimmed and slipped into the patient's shoes in the same way as any other foam insole.

Dermatoglyphics↗