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PubMed1975

Design philosophy of air quality surveillance systems.

This paper discusses the design philosophy of the air quality surveillance systems which Kennecott is installing in the vicinity of its copper smelters in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. These monitoring systems are part of supplementary control systems (SCS) that are utilized to ensure that short-term ambient air quality standards are met. These systems utilize minicomputers as remote terminals. The interface between a terminal and the primary sensors is via specially designed input/output circuitry. The system is controlled by a centralized host minicomputer, which is connected to each of the remote stations via a telephone line communication network. Real time data is displayed on cathode ray tubes located at strategic locations in the plants. This paper will discuss the system design philosophy from both a hardware and software point of view. The actual experience in design, development, and installation of the system will also be discussed.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

Cultural feeding practices and child-raising philosophy contribute to iron-deficiency anemia in refugee Hmong children.

OBJECTIVE: Iron-deficiency anemia is high in refugee Hmong toddlers attending Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) sites in St. Paul, Minnesota. We investigated social and cultural reasons for feeding practices of Hmong parents that result in excessive milk and inadequate food intake among infants and toddlers contributing to iron-deficiency anemia. DESIGN: In-depth interviews with community members. Focus-group interviews with caregivers. Discussions of results with a professional healthcare group. SETTING: St. Paul, Minnesota in 1997-1998. PARTICIPANTS: Eight Hmong and 7 non-Hmong community members. Thirty-two Hmong parents in focus groups. Thirteen Hmong and 11 non-Hmong healthcare professionals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Qualitative analysis identified themes from community and focus-group interviews. Professional group discussed meaning of results. RESULTS: To successfully adjust to American lifestyle demands, Hmong refugee families bottle-feed, rather than breast-feed, their infants. In the traditional demand pattern, bottle-feeding can cause infants to be given too much milk at the expense of solid food, and can teach them to prefer milk to food. As these infants become toddlers, caregivers have difficulty weaning them due to a child-raising philosophy of "hlu" that caters to children's desires. CONCLUSION: Hmong caregivers' child-raising philosophy of "hlu" coupled with feeding practices chosen to adjust to American society contribute to the high rate of iron-deficiency anemia in Hmong toddlers.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2000

Professional skills and frame of work organization in managing borderline personality disorder. Shared philosophy or ambivalence--a qualitative study from the view of caregivers.

Caregivers' experiences and beliefs of working with borderline personality disorder (BPD) in a psychiatric organization were investigated using a qualitative analysis of 29 in-depth interviews. The analysis identified eight characteristics, which were organized in two core concepts. The first of these core concepts, professional skills of mental health work, comprised the categories of empathy for persons with BPD, interest in treating the disorder, feelings of professional frustration and need for a common outlook. The second core concept, frame of work organization, that is categories common to the organization, included ambivalence between the professions of the caregivers, the need for structure in organizing the work, forms of emotional support to the caregivers and the need for a shared philosophy of care. A tentative model was proposed to illustrate the effects of these factors on the type and outcome of work that interact with the care of the patient. It is concluded that ambivalence in the division of labour may be a critical hindrance to the development of cooperation in the care of BPD patients. It is suggested that a shared common philosophy will support corresponding ethical standards by individual practitioners for the benefit of patient outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

What can philosophy do for psychiatry?

This article illustrates the practical impact of recent developments in the philosophy of psychiatry in five key areas: patient-centred practice, new models of service delivery, neuroscience research, psychiatric education, and the organisation of psychiatry as an international science-led discipline focused on patient care. We conclude with a note on the role of philosophy in countering the stigmatisation of mental disorder.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Extended-wear contact lenses: a philosophy for fitting and management.

The fitting and management of extended-wear contact lenses requires a conservative philosophy of patient selection and a structured program of care. Because of the increased risk of serious complications, informed consent must be obtained before fitting patients with lenses. Fitting philosophies favor hydrogel lenses of medium thickness and water content that provide adequate movement. Initial lens care is best provided by peroxide care systems. Patients are usually fitted in the morning, reevaluated in the afternoon, and allowed to wear lenses overnight if there are no contraindications. After reexamination the next morning, planned follow-up is usually provided at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. If no adverse findings are encountered, patients are seen at 3- to 6-month intervals thereafter.

Contact Lenses, Extended-Wear↗
PubMed1991

[The distaff philosophy in folk medicine animal science].

Spinning, distaffs and spinning-rooms are used to be closely linked with superstitious thinking and behavior. The so-called distaff philosophy reflects the wisdom of the old black magic spinners. Their wisdom was known by the popular veterinary medicine. With the help of the collections of distaff philosophical thoughts the relation between distaff philosophy and popular veterinary medicine is shown.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

A philosophy of continuing education.

Continuing education is important to the individual, to the library, and to society as a whole, and therefore each should attempt to foster continued learning and the questioning mind. Today, librarians are seeking "philosophies" for what they do because the changes in the world about them have denied them the comfort of the implicit assumptions about their work which librarians of earlier periods had. The professional association, like the medieval guilds, has a responsibility to its members to aid in their search for reality ("philosophy") and specifically in their need for continuing education.

Education, Continuing↗
PubMed1993

[Laboratory medicine, my philosophy and prospect].

I have been working in the field of laboratory medicine for 45 years including the period of working as a physician. During my career, some of my dreams in laboratory diagnosis have been realized, and some have not. Although the issues changed with time, our basic philosophy has not changed at all. In this session, I would like to discuss "my philosophy of laboratory medicine", that is, what I have intended and what I have done. First, I describe the role of laboratory medicine in the field of clinical medicine. Second, I discuss the value of laboratory tests especially for clinical diagnostics. Third, I summarize the history of clinical pathology with reflection of the past, and my anticipation for the future. Fourth, I mention about the task and responsibility of the laboratory technicians and clinical pathologists, in view of their common purpose, clinical diagnosis. Finally, I discuss the future aspect of laboratory medicine.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1977

Third-party reimbursement for clinical pharmacy services: philosophy and practice.

A step-by-step approach is outlined for obtaining third-party reimbursement for clinical pharmacy services separate from dispensing fees. The program is based on a patient-care philosophy rather than a cost-conscious philosophy. The steps in implementation of the program were: (1) a total commitment to the patient's health, (2) identification of patient needs that require clinical pharmacy expertise, (3) development of a patient training program, (4) presentation of a written proposal to the hospital administration, (5) presentation of the proposal to third-party agencies, (6) initiation of charges for the services, and (7) preparation of reports on the progress of the program. Third-party reimbursement covers pharmacist instruction of home therapy patients receiving antihemophilic factor, cytarabine, parenteral nutrition, calcitonin-salmon and injectable analgesics. Financial data based on one year's experience with the program show that savings far outweight the charges.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans↗
PubMed1984

Descartes, consciousness and depersonalization: viewing the history of philosophy from a Strausian perspective.

This paper develops particular Strausian -like themes on the formation and structure of the Cartesian problematic. Particularly, my interest is to link the Cartesian 'invention' of consciousness (or 'the mental') in the philosophy of mind with the issues of representation and 'the problem of the external world' in epistemology. The Cartesian novelty becomes clear by comparing Cartesian scepticism with Greek classical scepticism . I end with some speculative clinical (i.e., psychiatric) suggestions on possible roots of the Cartesian invention.

Consciousness↗
PubMed1996

The value to nursing research of Gadamer's hermeneutic philosophy.

In recent years there has been an increasing awareness in nursing research of the importance of accumulation of knowledge related particularly to the art of nursing. Because of this, nurses are endeavouring to understand more comprehensively the meanings given to central phenomena such as caring, comfort and reassurance, and also to research them with methodologies in such a way that these meanings are not destroyed, distorted or decontextualized. Gadamer's hermeneutic philosophy may prove to be a valuable approach in enabling nurses to gain a deeper and fuller understanding of these phenomena which are central to nursing practice.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2004

The practical discourse in philosophy and nursing: an exploration of linkages and shifts in the evolution of praxis.

The concept of praxis, also known as the practical discourse in philosophy, has been expressed in different ways in different eras. However, the linkages from one era to another and from one paradigm to another are not well explicated in the nursing literature. Difficulties with translations of 'praxis' into 'practice' and the connotations of the word 'practical' in the English language and in nursing have influenced extrapolation of the linkages. More recently, further blurring of the linkages occurred from the popular association of praxis within the emancipatory paradigm. Integral to the concept of praxis, since the time of Aristotle, is the notion of phronesis: a process of moral reasoning enacted to establish the 'good' of a particular situation, often referred to as practical wisdom. The purposes of this paper are twofold. Firstly to demonstrate a number of linkages and shifts in the evolution of praxis. This, I believe, will enhance understanding of the multiple expressions of praxis in contemporary nursing. Secondly, to promote and affirm the importance of praxiological knowledge development in the discipline. Furthermore, increased appreciation of the concept of praxis provides an important vehicle for the advancement of nursing as a moral endeavour and the nurse as moral agent.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

[Philosophy, a mirror for science?].

The author regrets the lack of philosophical knowledge (in circles of dentistry) to judge the scientific base of research. The western epistemology is explained by referring to the models of reasoning used in both medicine and dentistry. Referring to the 17th century philosophers, the methodical doubt, the genesis of more general points of view, the problem of measurement, the set up of experiments and the formulation of laws are discussed. Referring to the 18th and 19th century philosophers, the question of perception, correlation, interaction with the experiment and hypothesis relating to their probability are discussed. The 20th century philosophers are the occasion to discuss the influence of experimental models on data, the problem of the operation of this information, of the scientific terminology and of variability of theories, data and methods. The author claims a formation in scientifical philosophy for postgraduate students and is also emphasizing that students in the basic education level should be able to deal with scientific literature in a critical way.

Education, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of Antoni Kepinski's ideas on Jozef Tischner's philosophy and its psychiatric implications].

Some issues of the philosophy of Józef Tischner, who died in 2000, were inspired by psychiatric works of Antoni Kepiński. They are presented and discussed in the paper and include: recognition of experiences of other men, phenomenon of hideout, phenomenon of mask, relation of power, society of dialogue, salvation dialogue. The opinions of Tischner on psychotherapy according to Kepiński are reviewed. The phenomenological description of value experience by Tischner was an inspiration for the concept of corrective experience of values, which is discussed.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1997

Research in bioethics: a bridge between science and philosophy.

The author makes an inquiry into the diverse attitudes that the culture of Western man has assumed towards the concepts of truth and morality. Analysing five different attitudes in the consideration of relationships between "good" and "truth", he concludes that a concrete definition of truth and morality can only be sought after but never reached. Similarly, a concrete definition for bioethics can only be attempted, more questions than answers arise. Bioethics needs to define its principles to achieve its foundation. Yet bioethics, being a bridge between science and philosophy, has not succeeded in finding unequivocal principles, but it has only succeeded in posing questions. Bioethics is thus a despairing but also unavoidable venture.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2005

Why Paul Meehl will revolutionize the philosophy of science and why it should matter to psychologists.

Paul Meehl was a person of remarkable genius who made many seminal contributions to psychology and other fields. One of his most important, but less widely known potential contributions is the codevelopment, and the extension and elaboration of meta-science, or the science of science. Meta-science involves applying more rigorous methods (than are usually used) to the study of episodes in the history of science, or the historical track record, in order to address long-standing questions in the philosophy and history of science, aid in the selection of optimally effective methodology, and assist the scientist in higher level and complex integrative judgments (e.g., theory evaluation). Psychologists, given their methodological sophistication, can be major contributors to meta-scientific efforts and to the development of this field.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1986

Hemostatic regulation and Whitehead's philosophy of organism.

Biology as a scientific discipline has relied heavily upon advances in chemistry and physics. An inherent danger in this relationship is the reduction of living phenomena to physico-chemical terms. Whitehead's 'Philosophy of Organism' is utilized to examine current methodologies within biology and to evaluate their appropriateness for future research. Hemostatic regulation is employed to illustrate the applications of organistic concepts to biological research. It is concluded that understanding of living entities and their properties as well as possibly life itself will require synthesis of the many analytical elements as informational structures.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Beyond medical ethics: new directions for philosophy and medicine.

A unique relationship exists between physicians and philosophers -- one that expands on the constructive potential of the liaison between physicians and, for example, theologians, on the one hand, or, social workers on the other. This liaison should focus in the scientific aspects of medicine, not just the ethical aspects. Philosophers can provide physicians with a perspective on both the philosophy and the history of medicine through the ages -- a sense of how medicine has adapted to the social, cultural, and ethical needs of each period. This perspective, while emphasizing medicine as science, should not be limited to matters of methodology, or to criteria for distinguishing science from other intellectual pursuits, but should be concerned also with the history, sociology, and politics of science. Both physicians and philosophers stand to gain from a strengthening of their active liaison now as never before; but most of all, the public will be the beneficiary.

Bioethical Issues↗