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PubMed1995

Inhibition of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in rat liver microsomes by pyrimidine derivatives.

Thirty-one differently substituted pyrimidine bases were tested for their inhibitory effect on the glucuronidation of 4-nitrophenol and phenolphthalein by rat liver microsomes. 5-Nitrouracil (compound 1) and its isomer 4,6-dihydroxy-5-nitropyrimidine (compound 2) were the most potent and selective inhibitors of 4-nitrophenol glucuronidation, without any effect on the phenolphthalein conjugating activity of UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT). Kinetic studies with compound 1 revealed a mixed type of inhibition toward the acceptor substrate 4-nitrophenol and an atypical competitive type of inhibition toward UDP-glucuronic acid, with apparent Ki values of 0.11 and 0.2 mM, respectively. Two benzylamino-substituted pyrimidines (compounds 10 and 12) and an orotic acid derivative (compound 25) inhibited both 4-nitrophenol and phenolphthalein UGT activities.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Diagnosis of magnesium-induced diarrhea.

BACKGROUND: There is no specific method of diagnosing magnesium-induced diarrhea. Therefore, the frequency and clinical importance of diarrhea caused by magnesium are unknown. The purposes of this study were to establish a method for diagnosing magnesium-induced diarrhea and to apply it to patients with chronic diarrhea. METHODS: We measured fecal output of soluble magnesium and fecal magnesium concentration in 19 normal subjects with formed stools (15 collection periods), with non-magnesium-induced diarrhea (36 collection periods), and with diarrhea induced by magnesium hydroxide alone (11 collection periods) or in combination with phenolphthalein (3 collection periods), and in 359 patients with chronic diarrhea. RESULTS: The upper limits of fecal output of soluble magnesium and fecal magnesium concentration in normal subjects were 14.6 mmol per day and 45.2 mmol per liter, respectively. When normal subjects had diarrhea due to the ingestion of magnesium hydroxide alone or in combination with phenolphthalein, fecal magnesium output was always abnormally high. For each millimole increase in fecal magnesium output, fecal weight increased by approximately 7.3 g. The fecal magnesium concentration was very high when magnesium was the only cause of diarrhea but only moderately elevated when diarrhea was induced by magnesium hydroxide plus phenolphthalein. Biochemical and clinical evidence indicated that excessive ingestion of magnesium was an important cause of chronic diarrhea in 15 of the 359 patients with chronic diarrhea (4.2 percent), if not the only cause. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative fecal analysis for soluble magnesium is an accurate method of diagnosing magnesium-induced diarrhea. Some patients with chronic diarrhea ingest excessive amounts of magnesium (in antacids or food supplements), and physicians may fail to discover this before embarking on an expensive and invasive diagnostic evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Increased tight junction permeability: a possible mechanism of oestrogen cholestasis.

Ethinyl oestradiol increased rat biliary permeability for 3H-inulin and 14C-sucrose, and significantly raised serum concentrations of bile acids after 3 and 7 days' treatment (P less than 0.0005) and bilirubin after 7 days (P less than 0.005) but not after 3 days. Following intravenous infusion of bromsulphthalein or phenolphthalein, ethinyl oestradiol-treated rats had elevated plasma concentrations of the three bile constituents, bromsulphthalein (P less than 0.0005 after 3 and 7 days), bromsulphthalein-glutathione conjugate (P less than 0.005 after 3 days; P less than 0.0005 after 7 days) and phenolphthalein glucuronide (P less than 0.005 after 3 days; P less than 0.0005 after 7 days), but the plasma concentration of unconjugated phenolphthalein, which was undetectable in bile, was unchanged. Similar changes followed partial biliary obstruction produced by bile cannula elevation. This pattern suggests that biliary constituents are refluxing from bile to plasma via the paracellular pathway, a concept further supported by structural changes in tight junction morphology in the oestrogen-treated rats. 'Leakiness' of canalicular tight junctions may explain the pathophysiology of oestrogen-induced cholestasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of the glucuronidation ability of liver microsomes from rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene or phenolic antioxidants.

1. UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was studied in hepatic microsomal preparations isolated from female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with either 3-methylcholanthrene, butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, ethoxyquin or a combination of 3-methylcholanthrene and butylated hydroxyanisole. 2. The substrates p-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol and phenolphthalein were used. With p-nitrophenol all treatments, except propyl gallate, caused a significant increase in activity over the control value; the combined treatment of 3-methylcholanthrene and butylated hydroxyanisole gave an additive response when compared to each treatment used singly. With 1-naphthol as substrate, 3-methylcholanthrene and 3-methylcholanthrene + butylated hydroxyanisole caused 8-fold increases in activity compared to the 2-3 fold increased caused by the other treatments. When phenolphthalein was used, all treatments increased activity to the same extent. 3. When the assays were repeated with various concentrations of each substrate, the results revealed that, except where phenolphthalein was used, distinguishable differences in the activity of each microsomal preparation were discernible, the most significant being the bimodal response of each preparation to low and high concentrations of p-nitrophenol.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of presumptive test reagents on the ability to obtain restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns from human blood and semen stains.

Some of the commonly used presumptive test reagents for identification of blood and semen could potentially affect the recovery of intact high-molecular-weight deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from evidentiary samples. Thus, the capability of performing restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis on evidentiary samples could be compromised. In order to investigate the potential effects of presumptive test reagents on the DNA present in these samples, bloodstains on cotton and glass were exposed directly to luminol, benzidine, phenolphthalein, o-tolidine, and leucomalachite green, while semen stains and vaginal swabs containing semen were exposed directly to bromochloroindolyl phosphate (BCIP) and sodium thymolphthalein monophosphate (STMP) reagents. The yield gels for DNA quality and quantity and RFLP results indicated that bloodstains exposed to luminol, benzidine dissolved in ethanol, and phenolphthalein, as well as semen stains and vaginal swabs exposed to BCIP and STMP yield RFLP patterns consistent with that of the uncontaminated control. Except for the phenolphthalein treatment, the quantity of extractable, high-molecular-weight DNA obtained was comparable with that of untreated stains. Therefore, evidentiary material purposely or inadvertently contaminated with these reagents can be successfully typed. However, stains exposed to benzidine dissolved in glacial acetic acid, leucomalachite green, and o-tolidine failed to yield high-molecular-weight DNA or to produce any RFLP patterns.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1991

A study of the sensitivity and specificity of four presumptive tests for blood.

The purpose of this work was to conduct a comparative study of the sensitivity and specificity of phenolphthalein, tetramethylbenzidine, leucomalachite green, and orthotolidine as presumptive tests for blood. The findings of this study indicate that the phenolphthalein and the leucomalachite green tests are the most specific and that the tetramethylbenzidine and orthotolidine tests are the most sensitive of the group. The author concludes that the phenolphthalein test is the best single test for evaluating suspected bloodstains.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1986

Deconjugation of glucuronides catalysed by UDPglucuronyltransferase.

Evidence was found for UDPglucuronyltransferase-catalysed deconjugation of p-nitrophenol-, 4-methylumbelliferone- and phenolphthalein-glucuronides. The evidence is based on the following observations: 1, deconjugation is UDP-dependent and the reactions show Michaels-Menten kinetics with respect to UDP and glucuronide saturability; 2, UDP-glucuronic acid was identified as reaction product; 3, all studies were done in the presence of a beta-glucuronidase inhibitor; 4, induction profiles, using 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital as inducing agents, were identical for conjugation and deconjugation reactions. Optimal deconjugation rates for p-nitrophenol- and 4-methylumbelliferone-glucuronides were at pH 5.1 and for phenolphthalein-glucuronide at pH 6.5. Only conjugation reactions showed latency; the corresponding deconjugation reactions were not latent. UDPglucuronyltransferase is a group of oligomeric isoenzymes with different molecular masses. The molecular masses of the isoenzyme species catalysing the forward and reverse reactions were determined by radiation-inactivation analysis. The molecular masses of the isoenzyme species mediating the catalyses of deconjugation reactions were significantly smaller than those mediating catalyses of conjugation reactions: 66 +/- 4 kDa vs. 109 +/- 7 kDa for p-nitrophenol; 82 +/- 8 kDa vs. 105 +/- 6 kDa for 4-methylumbelliferone; and 74 +/- 8 kDa vs. 159 +/- 14 kDa for phenolphthalein. This suggests that for catalyses of deconjugation reactions only part of a UDPglucuronyltransferase isoenzyme is needed, whereas for forward reactions the complete isoenzymes are required.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Diarrhea, red diapers, and child abuse: clinical alertness needed for recognition; clinical skill needed for success in management.

Three children were chronically given phenolphthalein in the form of laxatives by emotionally disturbed mothers. All children had repeated hospitalizations and extensive diagnostic testing because of recurrent intractable unexplained diarrhea. One child died. Pink-red urine and stool were passed at some time during their illnesses. The presence of phenolphthalein was tested for by application of dilute acid of dilute alkali to the diapers causing respectively disappearance of deepening of the pink-red color. Cases went undiagnosed for prolonged intervals because mothers seemed exemplary. Evidence of their psychiatric illnesses was found once the possibility was considered. Phenolphthalein poisoning should be tested for in any case of intractable diarrhea when objective evidence of intestinal mucosal damage cannot be found. The condition represents a heretofore unrecognized variant of child abuse of battering.

Cathartics↗
PubMed1998

Effect of single dose resin-cathartic therapy on serum potassium concentration in patients with end-stage renal disease.

Hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure is frequently treated with a cation exchange resin (sodium polystyrene sulfonate, hereafter referred to as resin) in combination with a cathartic, but the effect of such therapy on serum potassium concentration has not been established. This study evaluates the effect of four single-dose resin-cathartic regimens and placebo on 5 different test days in six patients with chronic renal failure. Dietary intake was controlled. Fecal potassium output and serum potassium concentration were measured for 12 h. Phenolphthalein alone caused an average fecal potassium output of 54 mEq. The addition of resin caused an increase in insoluble potassium output but a decrease in soluble potassium output; therefore, there was no significant effect of resin on total potassium output. Sorbitol plus resin caused less potassium output than phenolphthalein plus resin. On placebo therapy, the average serum potassium concentration increased slightly (0.4 mEq/L) during the 12-h experiment. This rise was apparently abrogated by some of the regimens that included resin; this may have been due in part to extracellular volume expansion caused by absorption of sodium released from resin. Phenolphthalein regimens were associated with a slight rise in serum potassium concentrations (similar to placebo); this may have been due to extracellular volume contraction produced by high volume and sodium-rich diarrhea and acidosis secondary to bicarbonate losses. None of the regimens reduced serum potassium concentrations, compared with baseline levels. Because single-dose resin-cathartic therapy produces no or only trivial reductions in serum potassium concentration, and because this therapy is unpleasant and occasionally is associated with serious complications, this study questions the wisdom of its use in the management of acute hyperkalemic episodes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chemical test for mammalian feces in ground black pepper: collaborative study.

A collaborative study for determining mammalian feces in ground black pepper was conducted, using a modified version of the AOAC Official Method 986.28 for mammalian feces in grain products. With the proposed method, the presence of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme found in mammalian feces, was determined by using phenolphthalein diphosphate as the enzyme substrate in a test agar medium containing 1% agar in a borate buffer, pH 9.5. Ground black pepper was stirred in water to extract interfering color. The mixture was filtered and the residue was scattered on plates of liquid test agar. The alkaline phosphatase cleaved phosphate radicals from phenolphthalein diphosphate, generating free phenolphthalein, which appeared as pink to red-purple around the fecal particles in the previously colorless medium. For the 10- and 20-particle spike level, collaborators recovered averages of 12.3 and 24.1 particles, respectively. The experimental background was zero. Collaborators reported that the method was clear and easy to perform.

Agar↗
PubMed1986

Mutagenic activation of biliary metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene by beta-glucuronidase-positive bacteria in human faeces.

Human faeces hydrolysed synthetic beta-D-glucuronides of both p-nitrophenol and phenolphthalein. The origin of this activity in faeces was localised in the bacterial pellet fraction after centrifugation. Ninety-seven bacterial strains with beta-glucuronidase activity isolated from fresh human faeces were identified as species of Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Propionibacterium, Clostridium, Eubacterium and Bifidobacterium. They were classified into two groups according to their activity against two synthetic beta-D-glucuronides. One group hydrolysed p-nitrophenyl glucuronide and phenolphthalein glucuronide to the same extent and the other hydrolysed p-nitrophenyl glucuronide much more strongly than phenolphthalein glucuronide. The bile of rats given benzo(a)pyrene by mouth was tested for mutagenicity in the presence and absence of cell-free extracts of human faeces and bacteria. Extracts of beta-glucuronidase-positive bacteria increased the mutagenicity of metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene, as did faecal extracts, but extracts of beta-glucuronidase-negative bacteria did not. D-Saccharic acid-1,4-lactone inhibited the increase in mutagenicity produced by the faecal extracts and extracts of beta-glucuronidase-positive bacteria except for Peptostreptococcus strains 204 and 952. These results indicate that some intestinal bacteria have beta-glucuronidases heterogenous in substrate specificity and that they may be involved in mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene in the intestinal tract.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Increased ex-vivo colonic generation of PAF induced by diphenylmethane stimulant laxatives in rats, mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits.

The effects of in-vivo treatment with bisacodyl, phenolphthalein, picosulphate, sulphosuccinate, mannitol and lactulose laxatives were examined on the ex-vivo formation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by duodenum and colon of rat, mouse, guinea-pig and rabbit. Bisacodyl (10 mg kg-1), phenolphthalein (20 mg kg-1) and picosulphate (10 mg kg-1), but not sulphosuccinate (40 mg kg-1), mannitol (50 mg kg-1) or lactulose (50 mg kg-1), at doses that all caused laxation, markedly increased PAF in the colon (P < 0.01) but not in the duodenum. Intraluminal release of acid phosphatase was also significantly increased in the colon of rats treated with bisacodyl, phenolphthalein and picosulphate, but not in colons of animals treated with sulphosuccinate, mannitol or lactulose. The data show that enhanced generation of PAF is associated with the colonic damage induced by diphenylmethane laxatives, but do not show whether this is a cause or a consequence of the pathophysiological changes.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chemical test for mammalian feces in grain products: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was conducted to validate the use of the AOAC alkaline phosphatase method for mammalian feces in corn meal, 44.B01-44.B06, for 7 additional products: brown rice cream, oat bran, grits, semolina, pasta flour, farina, and barley plus (a mixture of barley, oat bran, and brown rice). The proposed method determines the presence of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme contained in mammalian feces, by using phenolphthalein diphosphate as the enzyme substrate in a test agar medium. Fecal matter is separated from the grain products by specific gravity differences in 1% test agar. As the product is distributed on liquid test agar, fecal fragments float while the grain products sink. The alkaline phosphatase cleaves phosphate radicals from phenolphthalein diphosphate, generating free phenolphthalein, which produces a pink to red-purple color around the fecal particles in the previously colorless medium. Collaborators' recovery averages ranged from 21.7 particles (72.3%) for oat bran to 25.3 particles (84.3%) for semolina at the 30 particle spike level. Overall average background was 0.4 positive reactions per food type. The collaborators reported that the method was quick, simple, and easy to use. The method has been approved interim official first action for all 7 grain products.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1978

Rapid screening method for alkaline phosphatase activity in cheese: collaborative study.

The method developed for developed for determining alkaline phosphatase activity in cheese, in which phenolphthalein monophosphate is used as the substrate, was collaboratively studied. A 7.5% butanol extract of cheese is reacted with phenolphthalein monophosphate; phenolphthalein is released and yields a red solution that is compared visually with a standard (s) prepared from the same extract. Seven collaborators analyzed 8 samples of cheese, in duplicate, by the screening method and Scharer I method. Of the 208 observations returned, only 4 were incorrect. The alkaline phosphatase method has been adopted as official first action.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1986

Selective inhibitory effect of organophosphates on UDP-glucuronyl transferase activities in rat liver microsomes.

The effects of acute and subacute administration of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and acute administration of Soman, Sarin and Tabun on UDP-glucuronyltransferase (GT) activity towards 4-nitrophenol, 4-methylumbelliferone, phenolphthalein and testosterone in rat liver microsomes were investigated. Twenty-four hours after a single injection of DFP, the activity of GT towards 4-nitrophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone was inhibited, and the inhibitory effect continued for 3 days. The activity had recovered by 7 days after injection. The activity of GT towards phenolphthalein and testosterone was not affected at any time after injection. Soman, Sarin and Tabun showed the same effect as DFP after a single injection. After daily DFP injections, the activity of GT towards 4-nitrophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone was decreased to the same level as found following acute treatment with DFP. The in vitro addition of DFP to liver microsomes did not affect GT activity towards 4-nitrophenol. It is suggested that these changes are not due to a direct effect of DFP. Furthermore, the effects of two enzyme inducers on GT activity in the presence and absence of DFP were investigated. In the 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) pretreatment group, DFP inhibited only the GT activity towards 4-nitrophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone. On the other hand, in the phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment group, DFP did not inhibit the GT activity towards 4-nitrophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone. It was also demonstrated that MC pretreatment increased the mortality in the DFP-treated rats but that PB pretreatment suppressed it. These results suggest that DFP and other organophosphorus agents may be useful agents for studies on the heterogeneity of GT.

Androsterone↗
PubMed1988

Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation in the control of biotransformation in the liver.

The possibility of a short-term cAMP-dependent regulation of mixed-function oxidation and of glucuronide formation was investigated in isolated mouse hepatocytes and in mouse liver microsomal membranes. N6, O2-dibutyryl cAMP (in accordance with its increasing effect on gluconeogenesis) decreased aminopyrine oxidation and p-nitrophenol conjugation in isolated hepatocytes, while the phenolphthalein conjugation remained unaltered. Similar to dibutyryl cAMP the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 also decreased aminopyrine oxidation. In cell-free systems the phosphorylation of isolated microsomal membranes by the exogenous cAMP-dependent protein kinase was inhibitory on aminopyrine oxidation and p-nitrophenol glucuronide formation but aniline oxidation and phenolphthalein glucuronidation were not affected. The correlation between the negative cAMP-dependent control of certain processes of biotransformation and the positive cAMP-dependent regulation of gluconeogenesis is discussed.

Aminopyrine↗
PubMed1988

Effects of subacute treatment with cocaine on activities of N-demethylase, UDP-glucuronyltransferase and sulfotransferase in WKY and SHR rat liver--sex and strain differences.

The effects of subacute treatment with cocaine on activities of cocaine N-demethylase, UDP-glucuronyltransferase (GT) toward 4-nitrophenol and phenolphthalein and sulfotransferase (ST) toward androsterone and 4-nitrophenol in livers from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were investigated. Hepatic metabolism of cocaine was different between the sexes (with males having higher N-demethylase activity) and the strains (with WKY rats having higher activity). The effects of subacute cocaine administration on the activity of cocaine N-demethylase were also sex- and strain-related. Whereas cocaine administration increased activity of hepatic N-demethylase in both female strains, it decreased activity in male WKY and had no effect on activity in male SHR. Sex and strain-related as well as cocaine-induced differences were also found in activities of hepatic GT toward 4-nitrophenol and phenolphthalein as well as in activity of hepatic ST towards andersterone and 4-nitrophenol. These results suggest that some of the individual variation in the effects of cocaine may be due to sex and genetic differences in the hepatic metabolism of cocaine and/or in sexually and/or/genetically-determined differences in how cocaine affects hepatic metabolism of other xenobiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Glycogenolysis--and not gluconeogenesis--is the source of UDP-glucuronic acid for glucuronidation.

Differences in cofactor (NADPH and UDP-glucuronic acid) supply for various processes of biotransformation were studied by investigating the interrelations between glucose production (gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis) and drug (p-nitrophenol, aminopyrine, phenolphthalein) biotransformation (hydroxylation and conjugation) in isolated murine hepatocytes. In glycogen-depleted hepatocytes prepared from animals fasted for 48 h (i) p-nitrophenol conjugation was decreased by 80% compared to the fed control, while aminopyrine oxidation was unaltered, (ii) addition of glucose or gluconeogenic substrates failed to increase the rate of p-nitrophenol conjugation, while the rate of p-nitrophenol and also aminopyrine oxidation was increased and (iii) gluconeogenesis was inhibited by 80% by aminopyrine oxidation: it was moderately decreased by p-nitrophenol oxidation and conjugation and remained unchanged by phenolphthalein conjugation. In hepatocytes prepared from fed mice (i) p-nitrophenol conjugation was independent of the extracellular glucose concentration, (ii) it was linked to the consumption of glycogen--addition of fructose inhibited p-nitrophenol glucuronidation only, while sulfation was unaltered and (iii) p-nitrophenol oxidation was not detectable: aminopyrine oxidation was not affected by fructose addition. It is suggested that UDP-glucuronic acid for glucuronidation derives predominantly from glycogen, while the NADPH generation for mixed function oxidation is linked to glucose uptake and/or gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Aminopyrine↗