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PubMed2003

Personality-relationship transaction in adolescence: core versus surface personality characteristics.

Personality effects on perceived support from social relationships and vice versa were longitudinally studied over adolescence. Within personality, core (Big Five personality traits) and surface characteristics (global self-worth, perceived peer acceptance, and loneliness) were distinguished. Core, but not surface, characteristics at age 12 predicted support from both parents and peers at age 17 after controlling for support at age 12. Support at age 12 predicted surface, but not core, characteristics at age 17 after controlling for personality at age 12. These findings are interpreted within a dual model of personality-relationship transaction. Core characteristics are relatively stable traits that are largely immune against experiences in relationships and continuously influence their flux and flow. Surface characteristics are more open to relationship influences, and are therefore less stable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Personality development: an introduction toward process approaches to long-term stability and change in persons.

This special issue is concerned with the systematic transformation of persons and personalities as they move through their lives. The focus is on developmental processes early in the life course that influence both long-term stability and change. Contributors represent diverse topics and viewpoints, but offer new data on classical issues of personality, including trait structure, self-regulation and internalization, self-evaluation, and self-efficacy. In addition, the issue includes empirical contributions on newer approaches to bullying, developmental processes in psychopathology, the influence of racial and ethnic discrimination on subsequent adjustment, and cultural influences on personality development. The issue also includes a special contribution addressing methodological and statistical advances in dealing with prospective longitudinal data assessing personality over time.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2006

What am I doing in Timbuktu: person-environment picture recognition for persons with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of familiarity of depicted persons and environments in recognition of photographs for pupils with different degrees of intellectual disability (ID). METHOD: Forty-five pupils with ID participated. RESULTS: An interaction effect between the two variables, person and environment, was found in addition to main effects for both the variables. Pictures of the test person himself or herself in familiar environments were easier to recognize than in unfamiliar environments, whereas the opposite was found for pictures of other familiar persons. No interaction effects of degree of ID were found. CONCLUSIONS: The interaction pattern is explained in terms of absent, present or implausible semantic associations between the person and the environmental context. The results are discussed in relation to augmentative and alternative communication with photographs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Patterns of self-definition of asthma patients and normal persons in the Freiburg Personality Inventory.

The concept of the specificity of psychosomatic diseases (Alexander) is being differentiated at the time. In order to clarify some aspects of this problem, we want to investigate whether types of self-rating of normal persons differ from those of patients with bronchial asthma. In a second step we shall examine whether those types of self-rating can be found also in expert rating and third the differences between the two groups concerning their help-seeking behavior. For the purpose of this investigation the data of 135 patients with bronchial asthma (who had been investigated at the Heidelberg University Medical Department between 1979 and 1982) and of 330 persons of the Mannheim Cohort Study (who are a representative sample of the average urban population) have been reanalyzed. By means of the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI) data cluster analyses have been done. Evaluated by a group of 5 (5-cluster solution) the patterns of self-rating of patients with bronchial asthma do not differ significantly from those of normal persons. They had a high correlation to the expert rating and to other social-medically important outer criteria. The results indicate that the specificity of psychosomatic patients in relation to normal persons is not very convincing in a pattern of self-rating on the level of the FPI. Therefore, further research in this field seems to be necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Dangerous and severe personality disorders: a new personality concept from the United Kingdom.

In 1998, we in England were shocked by the apparently motiveless murders of a mother and two of her children when they were traveling home from school in a rural area. Subsequently a patient with personality disorder, being monitored by the forensic psychiatric services, was convicted of their murders. The government was determined to prevent this type of offense from recurring and in 1999 introduced a new concept, dangerous and severe personality disorder (DSPD). This subsequently became a treatment and assessment program for individuals who satisfy three requirements: (1) have a severe disorder of personality, (2) present a significant risk of causing serious physical or psychological harm from which the victim would find it difficult or impossible to recover, and (3) the risk of offending should be functionally linked to the personality disorder. The implications of this program are discussed with regard to international systems of classification and service provision. We also attempt to place DSPD in the wider context of psychiatric participation in the management of personality disordered offenders.

Crime↗
PubMed1999

An exploration of links between early parenting experiences and personality disorder type and disordered personality functioning.

Reports of early parenting were assessed using two measures, the Parental Bonding Index (PBI) and the Measure of Parenting Style (MOPS), in a sample of 265 patients with DSM-defined major depressive disorder. Psychiatrists then rated the extent to which sample members evidenced the personality "styles" underpinning 15 separate personality disorders, returning personality vignette scores. The extent of disordered functioning was also assessed across "parameters" and "domains" by psychiatrists, referrers, and family members, using a range of measures. Those with higher scores on vignettes measuring borderline, anxious, depressive, and self-defeating personality style rated parents as uncaring, overcontrolling, and abusive. When vignettes were consolidated into scores akin to the DSM clusters, the most consistent links between perceived dysfunctional parenting were with the Cluster C (anxious), and Cluster B (dramatic) styles and were nonsignificant for Cluster A (eccentric) style. Meeting criteria for an increasing number of personality disorder clusters was associated with increasing levels of adverse parenting. Multiple regression analyses indicated that disordered functioning (as assessed by the three independent rater groups) was most distinctly associated with paternal indifference and maternal overcontrol.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Non-disabled opinions on sexual activities and family roles for disabled persons, and disabled persons' views of these opinions.

The aim of the present study was to investigate non-disabled persons' opinions about sexual activities and family roles for the disabled, and then to compare them with disabled persons' views of these same opinions. The sample consisted of 103 persons with visible orthopaedic disabilities in the lower limbs, and 124 non-disabled persons who were chosen to match the characteristics of the disabled group. The subjects responded to statements on sexual activities and family roles with which they indicated agreement or disagreement. Overall, the results indicated the existence of a consistent discrepancy between disabled assumptions about the opinions of the non-disabled persons and the actual opinions expressed by non-disabled subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Relationships between low-grade chronic depression, pain and personality traits among community-dwelling persons with traumatic spinal cord injury].

To examine the relationships between low-grade chronic depression, pain and personality traits among community-dwelling persons with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), 111 male and 11 female TSCI persons were administered questionnaires including Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and measures of pain and other mental health items, and were followed-up two years later. Nineteen persons (15%) meeting the criteria for low-grade chronic depression (both SDS scores > or = 48) were identified, while 30% of the sample population consistently showed normal mood (both SDS scores < or = 41). Both disabling pain and B type (emotionally labile, socially maladjusted, and extraverted personality characteristic) associated with lower IQ (90 and less) were significantly related to high SDS scores. However, age, sex, time-since-injury, levels of injury and marital status had no relationship with depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Personal budget for persons in need of care. A socio-economic change with new perspectives for supply and demand].

In October 2004, in Germany a pre-operating study was started in order to prove the feasibility and consequences of the use of personal budgets by persons who are in need of nursing care. About 1000 care dependent persons living in seven regions are included in this triannual study. For three years they receive a budget amounting to 100 percent of their right of benefit in kind according to the German compulsory long-term care insurance. This budget has to be used exclusively for care-related services and must not be spent for assistance delivered by family members or neighbours. From socio-economic perspectives, the personal budget will result in a promotion of individuals instead of certain services or service institutions. An analysis shows, that the consequences might be an increased efficiency and effectiveness as well as structural changes within the supply of nursing care services. But to achieve these advantages, certain conditions must be provided. At first, the amount of the budget has to correspond to the individual need of care, which can change over time. Secondly, a misapplication of the personal fund has to be prevented without to exclude the potential of local or family dedication. And finally, new ways of quality assurance are requested due to the scope for development, which arises through deregulation.

Budgets↗
PubMed1995

[Identity of the personality and personal identity: philosophical questions in relation to transplantation of brain tissue].

Advanced medical technology, though primarily a problem-solver, is also a problem-generator. Its progress confronts us with ever new problems of decision and with the problem of giving these decisions a sound ethical backing. The challenge for philosophy is, in this situation, to act as a kind of go-between: It should make a serious attempt to mediate between innovative medical technology and popular scepticism, and it should provide intellectual guidance for a structured and rational debate. Brain tissue transplantation is confronted mainly with two ethical problems: 1. Under which conditions are we justified to take transplantable brain tissue from aborted human embryos or fetuses? 2. Is it acceptable that the implantation of brain tissue taken from a human embryo or fetus might disturb, in one way or other, the identity of the recipient? To answer these questions, difficult anthropological issues must be discussed: 1. What are the criteria of death applying to embryos and fetuses? 2. What are the conditions for saying that the identity of a person is changed? The present contribution makes an effort to clarify the latter question. It examines the concept of identity in the context of brain tissue transplantation, makes a distinction between identity of personality and personal identity, and argues that even major changes of personality resulting from brain tissue transplantation would not by themselves amount to a change in personal identity. This result has to be reconsidered, however, in the light of the fact that brain tissue transplantation alters the make-up of the recipient's brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Brain Tissue Transplantation↗
PubMed2004

Individual growth curve analysis illuminates stability and change in personality disorder features: the longitudinal study of personality disorders.

BACKGROUND: The long-term stability of personality pathology remains an open question. Its resolution will come from prospective, multiwave longitudinal studies using blinded assessments of personality disorders (PD). Informative analysis of multiwave data requires the application of statistical procedures, such as individual growth curve modeling, that can detect and describe individual change appropriately over time. The Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders, which meets contemporary methodological design criteria, provides the data for this investigation of PD stability and change from an individual growth curve perspective. METHODS: Two hundred fifty subjects were examined for PD features at 3 different time points using the International Personality Disorders Examination during a 4-year study. Stability and change in PD features over time were examined using individual growth modeling. RESULTS: Fitting of unconditional growth models indicated that statistically significant variation in PD features existed across time in the elevation and rate of change of the individual PD growth trajectories. Fitting of additional conditional growth models, in which the individual elevation and rate-of-change growth parameters were predicted by subjects' study group membership (no PD vs possible PD), sex, and age at entry into the study, showed that study group membership predicted the elevation and rate of change of the individual growth curves. Comorbid Axis I psychopathology and treatment during the study period were related to elevations of the individual growth trajectories, but not to rates of change. CONCLUSIONS: From the perspective of individual growth curve analysis, PD features show considerable variability across individuals over time. This fine-grained analysis of individual growth trajectories provides compelling evidence of change in PD features over time and does not support the assumption that PD features are traitlike, enduring, and stable over time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Personality theory and personality assessment measures: how helpful to the clinician?

One of the most important role-defining functions of the clinical psychologist is personality assessment. Because of the wide range of personality assessment instruments available, there is a need for the clinician to be aware of their relative strengths and weaknesses. This article discusses the extent to which our present-day tests of personality and theories of personality are helpful in guiding the clinician to meaningful conclusions and predictions. Indirect methods of assessment, such as the Rorschach and TAT, encourage the subject's free and open-ended response to a small number of ambiguous stimuli so as to circumvent the subject's censorship of responses. To varying degrees, indirect methods have suffered from difficulties in establishing acceptable scoring systems and standardized norms. Direct measures, such as the MMPI, limit freedom of expression and assess fewer, but more clearly defined variables. Well-defined and objective scoring and interpretation are considered major advantages of direct over indirect methods. However, direct methods are not without disadvantages. Some important concerns are limitations in subject's self-knowledge, falsification of responses, and the development of response sets.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Avoidant and dependent personality traits in relatives of patients with panic disorder, patients with dependent personality disorder, and normal controls.

Psychiatric researchers have long wondered whether personality traits might predispose toward or be integral to Axis I illnesses. The question is difficult to address because acute illness can either create personality traits or distort their measurement. The present study bypassed that problem by examining personality traits in relatives of patients. Panic disorder, dependent personality disorder, and control subjects were the proband groups. A cluster of traits that appeared to reflect low social self-confidence combined with a desire for social interaction occurred significantly more often in relatives of patients in both groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Disentangling depressive personality disorder from avoidant, borderline, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

Several studies have found that 3 personality disorders (PDs) tend to share moderate rates of comorbidity with depressive PD: avoidant, borderline, and obsessive-compulsive. This study sought to evaluate the diagnostic criteria of each disorder in an effort to understand where areas of overlap may occur and to modify criteria sets where reasonable to reduce any degree of overlap. One thousand two hundred psychiatric outpatients were interviewed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. The highest degree of comorbidity was observed between avoidant PD and depressive PD. Logistic regression analyses indicated that 2 criteria-avoidant criterion 5 and depressive criterion 2-could be removed from the diagnostic criteria sets and reduce the rates of overlap by as much as 15%. A factor analysis of the criteria of all 4 PDs indicated that there is a common clustering of many of the symptoms of avoidant, borderline, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive PDs and that borderline symptoms tend to cluster together most consistently. Avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality symptoms clustered in ways that may reflect a problem of how to engage with others, suggestive of an approach-avoidance conflict. Depressive PD symptoms clustered in a way suggestive of problems with anger that is directed toward oneself and others. The factor analysis results suggest that an organization of symptoms around themes of conflict may provide useful ways of understanding the personality patterns of these 4 disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Personality, temperament, and character dimensions and the DSM-IV personality disorders in substance abusers.

The authors evaluated the relationship between P. T. Costa and R. R. McCrae's (1992) NEO 5-factor model, C. R. Cloninger's (1993) 7-factor Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and the American Psychiatric Association's (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., personality disorders in 370 inpatient and outpatient alcohol, cocaine, and opiate abusers. NEO Neuroticism was associated with many disorders, and different patterns for Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion emerged for the different disorders. Several TCI scales were associated with different personality disorders, although not as strongly as the NEO dimensions. Results did not support most predictions made for the TCI. Normal personality dimensions contributed significantly to the prediction of personality disorder severity above and beyond substance abuse and depression symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A dog's got personality: a cross-species comparative approach to personality judgments in dogs and humans.

This research offers a blueprint for how a cross-species comparative approach can be realized empirically. In a single design, parallel procedures and instruments were used in 2 species, dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans (Homo sapiens), to test whether personality differences exist and can be judged in dogs as accurately as in humans. Personality judgments of humans and dogs were compared on 3 accuracy criteria: internal consistency, consensus, and correspondence. Results showed that, on all 3 criteria, judgments of dogs were as accurate as judgments of humans. These findings are consistent with the evolutionary continuity hypothesis and suggest an important conclusion not widely considered by either personality or animal researchers: Personality differences do exist and can be measured in animals other than humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Personality and incident disability in older persons.

OBJECTIVE: to examine the relation of personality to the development of disability in old age. METHODS: participants are 813 older Catholic nuns, priests and brothers without dementia or disability at study onset. As part of a uniform baseline evaluation, they completed standard measures of the five principal dimensions of personality. Disability was assessed at baseline and annually thereafter with the Katz scale. The relation of each trait to incident disability was assessed in proportional hazard models controlled for age, sex, education and selected clinical variables. RESULTS: during a mean of about 6 years of observation, 255 persons (31%) became dependent on at least one activity of daily living. Risk of becoming disabled was 85% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 80.5-89.6%] lower in persons with high (90th percentile) compared to low (10th percentile) extraversion and 50% (95% CI = 46.6-54.2%) lower in those with high compared to low conscientiousness, and controlling for chronic medical conditions, depressive symptoms or social and cognitive activity did not substantially affect these associations. By contrast, neuroticism had a marginal association with disability risk that was eliminated after controlling for depressive symptomatology, and openness and agreeableness were unrelated to disability risk. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that higher levels of extraversion and conscientiousness may be associated with a reduced risk of incident disability in old age.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Do people know how their personality has changed? Correlates of perceived and actual personality change in young adulthood.

How much do we think our personality changes over time? How well do our perceptions of change correspond with actual personality change? Two hundred and ninety students completed measures of the Big Five personality traits when they first entered college. Four years later, they completed the same measures and rated the degree to which they believed they had changed on each dimension. Participants tended to view themselves as having changed substantially, and perceptions of change showed some correspondence with actual personality change. Perceived and actual change showed theoretically meaningful correlations with a host of variables related to different aspects of college achievement and adjustment.

Achievement↗