Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PARASITICIDES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Recurrence rate after discontinuation of long-term mebendazole therapy in alveolar echinococcosis (preliminary results).

The recurrence rate was investigated in 19 patients with non-resectable alveolar echinococcosis after discontinuation of a long-term therapy with mebendazole (average treatment 4.3 years). A control group consisted of 14 patients who underwent radical surgery and finished a course of prophylactic postoperative mebendazole treatment of 2 years. In the controls, no recurrence was observed after a post-therapy period averaging 3.5 years. In contrast, recurrence occurred in 7/19 patients (37%) with non-resectable alveolar echinococcosis an average of 1.6 years after discontinuation of the long-term mebendazole therapy. The absence of clinically detectable recurrence in the remaining 12 patients seems to be due either to spontaneous inactivation of alveolar echinococcosis preceding chemotherapy or too short post-therapy surveillance. The patients with recurrence responded favorably to reintroduction of chemotherapy. The data indicate that mebendazole therapy is parasitostatic rather than parasiticidal.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Nitazoxanide: pharmacokinetics and metabolism in man.

OBJECTIVES: Nitazoxanide (N), a new broad-spectrum parasiticidal agent, is rapidly deacetylated to tizoxanide (T). The objective of the study was to determine if metabolites other than T are present in the plasma and excreted after single dose oral administration of radiocarbon-labelled N in healthy subjects. METHODS: Six healthy volunteers received a single 500 mg oral dose of N labelled with 2.92 MBq radiocarbon. The radioactivity in blood, plasma, urine, feces and expired air was monitored at scheduled intervals for up to 10 days. Selected samples were assayed by HPLC for T and submitted to metabolite identification by mass spectrometry. In vitro experiments were also conducted (incubation with animal and human microsomes, deacetylation kinetics). Plasma and bile samples obtained in a patient treated with N for sporozoal infection were also assayed for T. RESULTS: Elimination of radiocarbon occurred both in the urine (31.5% of the dose on average) and in the feces (66.2% on average). T and T-glucuronide contributed 15% of total urine radioactivity. N was found to deacetylate extremely rapidly to T in plasma (half-life of about 6 minutes at 37 degrees C) as well as in presence of liver microsomes. T was the only species obtained by incubation with human microsomes while rat microsomes yielded hydroxylated T in addition. The main species identified in human plasma, urine and bile was T-glucuronide, the identification of which was confirmed by comparison with an authentic sample. No species other than T was detected in feces, indicating intensive intestinal deconjugation, while radioactivity and absorbance detectors showed largely unresolved clusters.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Structures of grixazone A and B, A-factor-dependent yellow pigments produced under phosphate depletion by Streptomyces griseus.

A-factor (2-isocapryloyl-3R-hydroxymethyl-gamma-butyrolactone) acts as a microbial hormone that induces morphological development and secondary metabolism in Streptomyces griseus. A diffusible yellow pigment is produced by S. griseus in an A-factor-dependent manner under phosphate depletion. Detailed analysis of the pigment production by S. griseus cultivated in minimal liquid medium containing different concentrations of phosphate showed that the pigment was actively produced in the presence of low concentrations of phosphate and the production of the pigment was completely repressed in the presence of 2.5 mM KH2PO4. HPLC analysis of the culture supernatant showed that the pigment consisted of two major, structurally related compounds and they were produced at different ratios depending on the concentration of phosphate in the medium. The structures of the two major compounds, designated as grixazone A and B, were determined by spectroscopic analyses as 1-[[2-(acetylamino)-2-carboxyethyl]thio]-2-amino-3-oxo-8-formyl-3H-phenoxiazine and 1-[[2-(acetylamino)-2-carboxyethyl]thio]-2-amino-3-oxo-8-carboxyl-3H-phenoxiazine, respectively. Grixazone A was a novel compound, although grixazone B was reported in a patent as a parasiticide produced by Streptomyces sp. DSM3813.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1976

A review of the diets of captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla).

It is clear that most zoos feed their gorillas a principally frugivorous diet, while the diets of wild gorilla populations are undoubtedly basically herbivorous. The primary food plant of western and eastern lowland gorillas is Aframomum, and Blancou (1955) even maintains that these plants possess active parasiticidal qualities, but this subscription is not borne out by recent research. However, it is possible that another plant food, combretum, could have some propensities as a deparasitant. Many captive gorillas accept cooked or raw meat in their diets and there is some evidence that feral gorillas may also occasionally consume matter of animal origin.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Screening of antibacterial and antiparasitic activities of six Moroccan medicinal plants.

The extracts of six plants selected on the basis of folk-medicine reports were examined for their antibacterial effects against eight pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that n-butanol extract of Calotropis procera proved to be the most effective against the bacteria tested using the paper disc diffusion method. The antiprotozoal activity was also examined and showed that ethyl ether extract of Sium nodiflorum exhibits a parasiticidal effect against Trichomonas intestinalis and vaginalis.

1-Butanol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Results of 22 years of experience in radical surgical treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: As there is still no effective parasiticide, treatment of hydatid cysts continues to be surgical. The possibility of treatment by PAIR. (puncture-aspiration-instillation-reaspiration) or laparoscopy has intensified the debate on the need for radical surgery. This study aims to show that radical surgical resection of the hepatic hydatid cyst is a safe and very effective technique, based on our results after 22 years of experience. METHODOLOGY: Between 1974 and 1996 in 2 large Madrid hospitals we operated on 459 patients with 630 hydatid cysts. As technical advances and experience may vary results, patients were divided into 2 groups according to the period when they had undergone surgery: group A between 1974 and 1984; and group B between 1985 and 1996. Results of radical surgical resection and changes over the course of evolution of this technique were analyzed. RESULTS: A progressive drop was observed in morbidity and mortality. There were no deaths related to technical complications amongst total cystopericystectomy cases. Between 1990 and 1996 mortality was 0%, 2% of patients presented biliary fistula and 4% infection of the residual cavity. Mean hospital stay was 15.2 days. Only 1 patient of the 459 presented recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: As regards morbidity and mortality, technical advances and accumulated experience permit safe treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts by radical resection, with an almost nil recurrence rate. This makes it the technique of choice over others such as partial resection, PAIR or laparoscopy.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Molecular bases for the anti-parasitic effect of NO (Review).

Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important cytotoxic and cytostatic effector for a number of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. When the microbicidal effect of NO occurs, the NO-mediated S-nitrosylation of cysteine containing proteins (e.g., cysteine proteases) appears to be a common and widespread mechanism. This overview concerns parasitic cysteine proteases as NO targets, providing molecular bases for the parasiticidal effect of NO.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In-vitro antimalarial activity of azithromycin against chloroquine sensitive and chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum.

BACKGROUND: [corrected] The spread of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum has made the situation essential to look into new effective therapeutic agents like antibiotics. Azithromycin is a potential, chemotherapeutic agent which possesses antimalarial activity and favourable pharmacokinetic properties. It is an azalide microbiocide derived semi-synthetically from macrolide erythromycin. Like other antibiotics, the azalide azithromycin has ability to inhibit protein synthesis on 70S ribosomes. SETTINGS: Experimental study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The parasiticidal profile was studied in five chloroquine sensitive and five chloroquine resistant P. falciparum isolates obtained from various places of India. The antimalarial activity was evaluated in P. falciparum schizont maturation by short term culture for 24 hours and by exposing the parasites to the drug for 96 hours. Parasites synchronized at ring stage were put for culture with various concentrations of azithromycin dihydrate (0.01-40 micro/ml). RESULTS: At highest concentration (40 micro/ml), parasite growth was inhibited totally in all 10 isolates. Antimalarial activity at 96 hours was greater than at 24 hours in both chloroquine sensitive and resistant parasites, which may indicate that the inhibition of parasite growth may occur at clinically achievable concentration of the drug when parasites were exposed for several asexual cycles. CONCLUSION: Azithromycin shows a potential for eventual use alone or in combination in the treatment of chloroquine sensitive and resistant P. falciparum malaria.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Experimental sclerosing cholangitis following intrabiliary injection of formol in the rat].

Our study was aimed at assessing the effect on the biliary epithelium of formol and hypertonic salt serum solutions used as parasiticide for hydatid cysts of the liver in rats. One hundred and forty six rats were administrated an intrabiliary injection of isotonic salt serum (control group), of 20% hypertonic salt serum and of 0.5% and 2% formol solutions. A histological study performed 3 months later did not show any abnormality in the rat control group (n = 11). In the hypertonic salt serum group (n = 14) and 0.5% formol group (n = 12), moderate lesions of biliary epithelium were observed. After a 2% formol injection, a periductal sclerosis was observed in 11 cases out of 16, associated with pseudocirrhosis lesions in 4 cases. A sequential histo-immunochemical study did not show any histological abnormalities in the rat control group (n = 24). In rats which were administrated a 2% formol solution (n = 36), first abnormalities were observed as soon as the 7th day with a IA antigen expression at the biliary epithelium level. Fibrosis lesions were observed after 2 months. After 9 months, the infiltration included only T lymphocytes in direct contact with biliary tracts. A cholangiographic study showed a normal aspect in the rat control group (n = 11) or in rats having received hypertonic salt serum (n = 11), and stenoses of biliary tracts, mainly intrahepatic, in 10 rats out of the 11 of the 2% formol group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sensitivity of different isolates of Schistosoma japonicum from China to praziquantel.

Groups of C57BL inbred mice infected with each of the 4 different isolates, (Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan) of Schistosoma japonicum from the mainland of China were treated with praziquantel (PZQ) and the parasiticidal effects were compared. Worm reduction rate was recorded to assess systematically the sensitivity of 4 different isolates to PZQ in the mouse. Three dosage-levels of PZQ, ie 150, 230 and 310 mg/kg body weight in single doses were used. The worm development rates of control groups infected with schistosomes from Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan were 75.5, 81.8, 81.5, and 83.0%, respectively. At the dosage-level of 150 mg/kg, the worm reduction rates for the 4 different isolates were 36.0, 33.9, 25.5 and 35.6%, respectively. At the dosage-level of 230 mg/kg, the rates were 47.1, 46.0, 38.1 and 47.7%, while at the dosage-level of 310 mg/kg, they were 59.3, 58.6, 50.8 and 61.7%, respectively. The results indicated that the worm reduction rate of the Sichuan isolate was lower than that of the other three isolates, however, the differences were not statistically significant, suggesting that schistosomes of Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan isolates bear resemblance in drug response.

Animals↗
PubMed1960

Use of quinocide in treatment and prophylaxis of vivax malaria.

The discovery of antimalarial properties of derivatives of 8-aminoquinolines which combine high activity against the tissue stages of the malaria parasite with satisfactory tolerance by man can be said to have marked the final stage in the search for a radical cure of vivax malaria. Since its synthesis in the USSR in 1952, quinocide-an 8-aminoquinoline drug-has been subjected by Soviet workers to intensive research, an outline of which is presented in this paper. The results of their investigations, which ranged from laboratory and clinical studies of tolerance to the drug, through small-scale trials of its parasiticidal activity, to large-scale studies on the effectiveness of its mass administration are very encouraging. Both for anti-relapse treatment and for pre-epidemic prophylaxis, a short (10- or 14-day) course of quinocide proved as effective as a lengthy course of acriquine with plasmocide. Side-effects were infrequent, and most of those that occurred were transient and did not necessitate the suspension of treatment. It is suggested that the mass administration of quinocide would, in certain cases, be a useful adjunct to insecticidal measures in the clearance of malaria foci.

Aminoquinolines↗
PubMed2003

[Management of children with sickle cell disease in Africa: experience in a cohort of children at the Royal Albert Hospital in Dakar].

Management of major sickle hemoglobinopathies in industrialized countries has improved significantly over the last few years thanks to strict application of the preventive and curative measures developed as a result of a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. However patients in Africa have benefited little from progress in the field due to the lack of human and physical resources in sharp contrast with the high prevalence of the disease. The purpose of this study was to analyze problems involved in management of childhood sickle cell disease in Africa based on our experience in a cohort of 556 cases treated over a period of 12 years. The main problems were the same as those encountered in other black African nations, i.e., delayed diagnosis due to a lack of routine neonatal diagnostic screening, difficulty implementing anti-infectious prophylaxis due not only to the high cost of recommended vaccinations not covered by the Expanded Program on Immunization but also to poor compliance with antiobioprophylaxis, and insufficient transfusion facilities hindering application of long-term transfusion protocols when indicated. In addition the high prevalence of digestive-tract parasitosis and malaria raise the need to combine standard preventive measures with routine parasiticidal treatment and malarial prophylaxis adapted to each geographical area. The high frequency of associated iron deficiency requires systematic laboratory testing to identify and treat resulting manifestations during follow-up. An important prerequisite for widespread implementation of appropriate preventive and curative measures in Africa is recognition of sickle cell disease as a priority in public health care policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Treatment of Chagas disease with benznidazole and thioctic acid].

A multicenter, randomized, triple blind and controlled trial was designed to determine whether the combination with thioctic acid (TA), an antioxidant agent, can reduce the intolerance rate to Benznidazol (BZ) in patients infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Four regimens were assigned randomly for 3 age intervals, administrating placebo or TA orally at daily doses of 50 to 100 mg in association with BZ at a dose of 5 mg/k/day for 30 days. In some, medication was given during a run-in period. Safety controls were carried out on days 10, 20, 37 and 52 days after therapy initiation. A total of 249 patients between 15 and 44 years old were enrolled. At the end of the trial, 70.3% of the patients had completed the treatment, while 17.7% required its suspension due to BZ related adverse reactions. The proportion of individuals affected with at least one side effect ranged from 54.8% to 58%; however, none were serious. Reported side effects included: cutaneous maculopapular rush (28%), pruritus (13.6%), headache (8%), epigastralgia (6.2%), fever (6.2%), fatigue (4.3%), nausea (4%), myalgias (4.3%), others (21.5%). The incidence of these reactions did not differ significantly among the 4 therapeutic regimens, nor even among the age intervals considered. It can be concluded that the association with TA did not prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions related to BZ administration. However, a single month cycle of this parasiticide permitted a high compliance rate to therapy among infected outpatients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Hydatid disease cured by minimally invasive therapy.

Hydatid disease is relatively frequently encountered in general surgery services (4-5% of the total operated cases). The association of the hepatic and pulmonary localizations is quite common, but the involvement of more organs is rare. The asymptomatic rupture of the hydatid cyst in the peritoneal cavity is exceptional. We present the case of a 69-year old female patient who was hospitalized in the 1st Surgical Clinic for irritative dry cough, loss of weight (4 kg in the last 3 months), fatigue, itching and dyspnea. She had been hospitalized in a department of internal medicine for respiratory symptoms when, during X-ray investigation, an opacity was observed, which was suggestive for a pulmonary hydatid cyst. The abdominal ultrasound revealed a multiple hydatid localization (liver, spleen, lower right abdominal quadrant and hypogastrium) and the patient was sent to our clinic. The patient was treated with albendazole 10 mg/kg/day for 10 days before surgery. Surgery was performed by a minimally invasive approach, first by thoracoscopy and, in the same operative session, the other hydatid localizations were approached by laparoscopy. The parasiticide treatment was continued about 3 months after surgery, when the patient was hospitalized again in order to cure the splenic hydatid cyst. Postoperative evolution was complicated by a biliary fistula which resolved spontaneously in 10 days after the intervention. The postoperative hospital stay was 14 days. This case was unusual because of the paucity of symptoms in spite of the multiple abdominal cysts and because it was cured by a modern, minimally invasive approach.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Cure of experimental botulism and antibotulismic effect of toosendanin.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), a group of bacterial proteins that comprise a light chain disulfide linked a heavy chain, are the most lethal biotoxins known to mankind. By inhibiting neurotransmitter release, BoNTs cause severe neuroparalytic disease, botulism. A series of important findings in the past 10 years which displayed the molecular targets of BoNTs and hence proposed a four-step action mechanism to explain BoNT intoxication greatly advanced the study of antibotulismic drug. In this article, we reviewed these progresses and anti-botulismic compounds found in recent years. These compounds function due to their facilitation on neurotransmitter release or to their interference on the binding, internalization, translocation, and endopeptidase activity of the toxins. Toosendanin is a triterpenoid derivative extracted from a digestive tract-parasiticide in Chinese traditional medicine. Chinese scientists have found that the compound is a selective prejunctional blocker. In spite of sharing some similar action with BoNT, toosendanin can protect botulism animals that have been administrated with lethal doses of BoNT/A or BoNT/B for several hours from death and make them restore normal activity. The neuromuscular junction preparations isolated from the rats that have been injected with toosendanin tolerate BoNT/A challenge. Toosendanin seems to have no effect on endopeptidase activity of BoNT, but blocks the toxin approach to its enzymatic substrate.

4-Aminopyridine↗
PubMed2004

Amphids: the neuronal ultrastructure of macrocyclic-lactone-resistant Haemonchus contortus.

The development of anthelmintic resistance by nematode parasites is a growing problem for veterinarians and producers. The intensive use of the macrocyclic lactones for the treatment of a variety of parasitic diseases has hastened the development of resistance to this family of parasiticides among sheep, goats and cattle. As a result, resistance to ivermectin, moxidectin and doramectin by Haemonchus contortus has been documented throughout the world. While the exact sites of action of the macrocyclic lactones remain incompletely known, a critical point of entry for these drugs may be the terminally exposed sensory major neurons located in the cephalic end of the worms. These neurons, called amphidial neurons, are located in a pair of channels, the amphids, on either side of the pharynx and are exposed to the external environment via pores at the anterior tip of the worm. Through these neurons, important chemical and thermal cues are gathered by the parasite. Examination of serial electron micrographs of ivermectin-susceptible and ivermectin-resistant H. contortus allows for comparison of neuronal structure, arrangement of neurons within the amphidial channel, and distance of the tip of the dendritic processes to the amphidial pore. The latter of these characteristics provides a useful means by which to compare the association between the neurons and the external environment of the worm. Comparison of parental laboratory strains of ivermectin-susceptible H. contortus with related selected, ivermectin-resistant strains and with a wild-type ivermectin-susceptible field strain of H. contortus from Louisiana reveals that the ivermectin-resistant worms examined have markedly shorter sensory cilia than their ivermectin-susceptible parental counterparts. Additionally, the amphidial neurons of ivermectin-resistant worms are characterized by generalized degeneration and loss of detail, whereas other neurons outside of the channels, such as the labial and cephalic neurons, are normal in structure. Similar degeneration was also observed in field strains of doramectin-resistant H. contortus collected from a New Jersey alpaca heard. These findings raise a number of questions regarding the relationship between amphidial structure and macrocyclic lactone resistance as well as the role of amphids as a means of entry for these molecules. While shortened amphidial sensilla are associated with ivermectin resistance, it remains unclear if such a structural modification facilitates survival of nematodes exposed to the macrocyclic lactones.

Animal Structures↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hepatic amebiasis in French Polynesia. Study of 42 cases ].

The authors aimed at describing and analysing retrospectively the clinical, serological, anatomical and evolutive aspects of 42 cases of hepatic amoebiasis treated and followed up in Papeete (French Polynesia) from 1984 to 1990. Painful hepatomegalia with fever, was a revealing sign once out of two. Complications started at initial stage only twice. Amoebic serology (by immunofluorescence or hemagglutination) was always positive, while pathogenic amoeba was absent in 95.2 p.c. of the cases. Hepatic amoebiasis always produces an intra-hepatic collection of pus: to that point of view, superiority of echotomography on other methods of investigation is evident, particularly to diagnose multiple collections (45.25 p.c. in this series). Recovery was always got, in most of the cases by only a medical treatment (39 cases) or in association with a puncture (2 cases). Nitro-imidazol compounds are the preferred treatment. They were efficient in all cases but one, and were always followed by a systematic colic parasiticidal treatment with a contact amoebicide.

Adolescent↗