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PubMed1989

[Optics of self-portrait painting].

This paper is a study of the relationships between optics, right or left handedness and self-portrait, according to the concepts elaborated by Arthur Linksz. Four topics are studied: 1) Image reversal in the looking-glass: making his self-portrait, the painter looks at an self-image in a mirror, and so is copying an image of himself where right and left are, so to speak, inverted; eyes, ears, clothes, and above all, hands: the real right hand is the left hand in the picture, and the real left hand is the right hand in the picture. 2) Due to this reversal, the painter has two possibilities: either he can accept this apparent reversal, and represent himself as left-handed (painting using his left hand); or he can refuse this apparent reversal, and correct the reflected image in the picture. Both these options have in fact been used by painters, depending on whether they painted before or after the birth of photography: before photography, painters, generally, refused to seem left-handed; so, they used many tricks to correct the reflected image: suppression of the two hands in the self-portrait; suppression of the painted left hand (i.e. the real right hand); brushstroke in the painted right hand (i.e. the real left hand) and/or palette in the left painted hand (i.e.; the real right hand); only a few painters accepted to seem appearing left-handed in the self-portrait.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Art↗
PubMed1982

[Daltonism and painting].

The influence of daltonism on painting was studied by Geothe. After a brief historical review, the methods employed are described. These included copying of paintings, critical analysis of paintings by color-blind subjects, and speculations on the history of art. The manner of painting of persons with daltonism depends upon the pictorial consequences of the dyschromatopsia, and the compensatory procedures employed: monochrome or polychrome. Acquired dyschromatopsia also affects painting. Daltonism influences esthetic taste and has to be taken into account during orientation of art students.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Illness caused by water-based paints?].

Illness caused by the indoor environment is a challenging and complicated field to investigate. Emissions from paints may contribute to the problems. Several components of water-based paints evaporate for a long time after painting, and some of them may affect human biology. We describe one patient who has experienced symptoms caused by water-based paint. Different reaction mechanisms may be involved, and these are discussed. Components which may elicit biological effects are listed and discussed. Physicians should be aware of the possibility that a few patients may suffer from illness caused by emissions from modern paints.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Programmed energy dispersive X-ray analysis of top coats of automotive paint.

Elemental, qualitative, and semiquantitative analyses of 1974 U.S. automotive paints by a Finnigan Model 900F Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectrometer are examined. This EDX analytical system incorporates a minicomputer to receive, store, and present data. The paint samples were received from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory as a collection representative of the top coats used on all U.S. manufactured automobiles in 1974. Aspects considered include EDX system stability, homogeneity of similarly catalogued samples from different NBS collections, categorization of paints by predominant constituents, and comparison of data on paint standards that were similar. Automated analysis represents an important application of forensic science to the characterization of paint samples and provides for the nondestructive analysis of a variety of materials in a large range of sample sizes and concentrations.

Automobiles↗
PubMed1996

Human and porcine correspondence of chromosome segments using bidirectional chromosome painting.

The aim of this study was to determine the correspondence between human and porcine chromosome fragments using whole chromosome painting probes from both species in heterologous hybridization experiments (bidirectional heterologous chromosome painting). Bidirectional experiments allow the determination of segment-to-segment homologies between the chromosomes of these two species. Chromosome-specific painting probes from both species were, except one, obtained by DOP-PCR or PARM-PCR amplification of flow-sorted chromosomes. The probes labeled 95% of the total length of the porcine chromosomes with human painting probes and 60% of the human chromosomes in the reverse experiments. Syntenic relationships of chromosomal segments on the karyotype of both species were determined. There was close agreement between com- parative gene mapping data and the identified homologous segments; this comparison enabled orientation of the segments. We demonstrate that bidirectional heterologous chromosome painting is a highly efficient way of generating comparative cytogenetic maps.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A comparative study of karyotypes of muntjacs by chromosome painting.

We have used a combination of chromosome sorting, degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR), chromosome painting and digital image capturing and processing techniques for comparative chromosome analysis of members of the genus Muntiacus. Chromosome-specific "paints" from a female Indian muntjac were hybridised to the metaphase chromosomes of the Gongshan, Black, and Chinese muntjac by both single and three colour chromosome painting. Karyotypes and idiograms for the Indian, Gongshan, Black and Chinese muntjac were constructed, based on enhanced 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) banding patterns. The hybridisation signal for each paint was assigned to specific bands or chromosomes for all of the above muntjac species. The interspecific chromosomal homology was demonstrated by the use of both enhanced DAPI banding and comparative chromosome painting. These results provide direct molecular cytogenetic evidence for the tandem fusion theory of the chromosome evolution of muntjac species.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Trace elemental analysis of automotive paints by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).

Paints and coatings are frequently encountered as types of materials that are submitted to forensic science laboratories as a result of trace evidence transfers. The aim of this study was to develop a method to complement the commonly used techniques in a forensic laboratory in order to better characterize these samples for forensic purposes. A laser ablation method has been used to simultaneously sample several layers directly prior to introduction into an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer for the detection and quantification of the trace metals present in the layer(s). Time-resolved analysis plots displaying the elemental response and quantification of selected metals are compared to associate/discriminate paint samples. Matrix-matched standards were successfully incorporated into the analysis scheme for quantification of lead in the solid paint samples. Preparation of new matrix-matched standards for quantification of additional elements developed for this study are also presented. A sample set of eighteen (18) survey automotive paint samples have been analyzed with the developed method in order to determine the utility of LA-ICP-MS for trace element analysis of paints.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Entitling art: Influence of title information on understanding and appreciation of paintings.

There is evidence that presenting titles together with artworks affects their processing. We investigated whether elaborative and descriptive titles change the appreciation and understanding of paintings. Under long presentation times (90 s) in Experiment 1, testing representative and abstract paintings, elaborative titles increased the understanding of abstract paintings but not their appreciation. In order to test predictions concerning the time course of understanding and aesthetic appreciation [Leder, H., Belke, B., Oeberst, A., & Augustin, D. (2004). A model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments. British Journal of Psychology, 95(4), 489-508] in Experiment 2, abstract paintings were presented under two presentation times. For short presentation times (1 s), descriptive titles increased the understanding more than elaborative titles, whereas for medium presentation times (10 s), elaborative titles increased the understanding more than descriptive titles. Thus, with artworks a presentation time of around 10 s might be needed, to assign a meaning beyond the mere description. Only at medium presentation times did the participants with more art knowledge have a better understanding of the paintings than participants with less art knowledge. Thus, it seems that art knowledge becomes significant, if there is sufficient time to assign a meaning and the present studies reveal the importance of considering the time course in aesthetic appreciation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Vessel painting of the microcirculation using fluorescent lipophilic tracers.

Flexible approaches to defining microvessel morphometry are useful in the study of both acute and chronic structural changes of the microcirculation. In this report, we examined the utility of the intravascular infusion of lipophilic carbocyanine tracers in the structural assessment of the retina, skin, lung, and colon microcirculation. The microvessel labeling technique, here termed fluorescent vessel painting, involved the intravascular injection of sulfonated lipophilic carbocyanine tracers. The utility of vessel painting in morphometry was assessed using morphometric comparisons with corrosion casting and 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional scanning electron microscopy. The comparisons demonstrated that fluorescent vessel painting modestly overestimated the interbranch angles, interbranch distances, and vessel diameters of the 2D mucosal plexus of the colon. These differences were narrowed with the application of confocal microscopy. The advantages of fluorescence vessel painting included (1) the filling of all tissues including the relatively high resistance microvessels of the mouse skin, (2) the ability to use tissue counterstains such as DAPI, and (3) the prolonged stability of the lipophilic tracer after aldehyde fixation. These studies suggest the utility of fluorescent vessel painting as a complementary technique to corrosion casting in the morphometric study of the microcirculation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A strong genotoxic effect in mouse skin of a single painting of coal tar in hairless mice and in MutaMouse.

The dorsal skin of C3H/Tif/hr hairless mice was painted with coal tar, pharmacological grade. Epidermal cells and hepatocytes were isolated after 4, 24, 48 and 96 h and DNA strand breaks were determined as tail moment by the alkaline comet assay. The tail moment of epidermal cells was significantly greater at the time points 4, 24, 48 and 96 h after exposure compared to the controls, with the most DNA strand breaks at 24 h. The DNA strand breaks in epidermal cells increased linearly with the dose of coal tar. In hepatocytes, no difference in DNA strand breaks was found between exposed animals and controls. DNA adducts were determined by the 32P-postlabeling assay. For epidermal cells, the mean DNA adduct level was 12-fold greater in coal tar painted mice after 24 h than in controls. Again, a linear dose/response relationship was seen 24 h after painting. For liver DNA, the mean DNA adduct level was 3-fold greater than for controls. The mutation frequency in epidermal and liver cells was examined in lambdalacZ transgenic mice (MutaMouse). Thirty-two days after painting, the mutation frequency in epidermal cells was 16-fold greater in coal tar treated mice compared to controls. No effect was detected in hepatocytes. We found that a single painting of coal tar resulted in strong genotoxic effects in the murine epidermis, evidenced by induction of DNA strand breaks and DNA adducts in hairless mice and lambdalacZ mutations in the MutaMouse. This demonstrates that it is possible to detect genotoxic effects of mixtures with high sensitivity in mouse skin by these end-points.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2003

Identification of pigments in paint cross sections by reflection visible light imaging microspectroscopy.

A setup for reflection visible light imaging microspectroscopy (VIS-imaging) as well as its evaluation and application is described and tested. The spatial resolution of the system is approximately 1 microm at a spectral resolution of 4 nm. The optical contrast between different colored particles in the surface of a sample is optimized with a new image processing method for mapping of the distribution of the identified pigment particles. The potential of VIS-imaging in the study of paint cross sections obtained from paintings is explored. Spectra obtained from pigment particles in these cross sections result in classification or identification of several pigments. The investigated paint samples are challenging test cases, as they contain several colored materials with a very fine distribution. VIS-imaging can identify and map the most common traditional blue pigments, i.e., smalt, azurite, ultramarine, and indigo in 17th century oil paintings. Smalt can be identified even after complete discoloration. VIS-imaging analysis assisted in the identification and mapping of modern synthetic red and yellow pigments in a 20th century painting.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Analytical study of the chemical and physical changes induced by KrF laser cleaning of tempera paints.

The cleaning of paintings using UV lasers is a growing field of interest in the practice of conservation. In this work, we have studied the chemical and physical changes induced by KrF excimer laser at 248 nm of tempera paint dosimeter systems. The changes have been evaluated by using a range of analytical techniques. These include profilometry; colorimetry; optical and vibrational spectroscopies, such as laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Fourier transform Raman (FTR), and infrared (FT-IR); and analytical mass spectrometric techniques, such as direct-temperature-resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Integration of the results obtained by these techniques allowed the investigation of the nature and degree of change of the irradiated paint systems. Direct laser irradiation induces various degrees of discoloration that depend strongly on the nature of the pigment. This effect takes place mainly on the surface layer of the sample. Degradation of the binding medium occurs in the presence of inorganic pigments, and in some cases, evidence of alterations in the molecular composition of the pigment has been obtained. Varnished systems do not display this discoloration when a thin protective layer is left on the paint. A laser cleaning strategy for varnished paintings should be based on the partial removal of the varnish, leaving a residual layer that shields the underlying pigments from direct laser exposure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of radiation-induced micronuclei by FISH using a combination of painting and centromeric DNA probes.

In situ hybridization with whole chromosome painting probes (chromosome 1, 7, 11, 14, 17 and 21) in combination with a human pancentromeric alpha-satellite probe was used to analyse the presence of specific chromosomal material in micronuclei (MN) induced in human lymphocytes by ionizing radiation. The purpose was to investigate the nature of radiation-induced cytogenetic damage, especially to study whether the fraction of paint-positive MN is proportional to the relative DNA content of the respective chromosomes which might indicate a random breakage of chromosomes. Flow-sorted MN and MN in binucleated cells were analysed with the six chromosome specific painting probes. It was found that the fraction of paint-positive MN increased linearly with the DNA content of the respective chromosomes. About 13% radiation-induced MN in human lymphocytes were found to contain centromeric signals independent of the presence of specific chromosome painting signals. The data obtained on flow-sorted MN and MN in binucleated cells agreed well, indicating that flow-sorted MN can be used for studying their chromosomal content with the FISH technique. If it is assumed that the chromosomal content of MN reflects radiation-induced damage, then these results support a random model of radiation-induced cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes for the six chromosomes studied.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Color analysis of apparently achromatic automotive paints by visible microspectrophotometry.

Chromatic secondary pigments are utilized in achromatic automotive paints to create unique paint systems. These pigments may not be observable in reflected light; however, utilizing visible microspectrophotometry (MSP) discriminating data may be gathered. This study analyzed 160 apparently achromatic automotive paints via this technique for spectral evidence of secondary pigmentation. These results were compared with visual observations made via polarizing light microscopy. Positive spectral results were attained in approximately 25% of the black and gray/silver topcoat sample sets, whereas the white topcoat and gray undercoat set yielded no probative spectral data. The black sample set did yield several samples that produced spectral evidence of pigmentation when no visual chromatic data was observed. The results of this study suggest that paint analysis schemes should incorporate visible MSP for apparently achromatic black and gray/silver paint samples.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

A proposed system for scoring structural aberrations detected by chromosome painting.

The advent of chromosome painting has brought the realization that structural aberrations can be far more complicated than previously imagined. Various investigators have devised their own nomenclature systems to deal with this difficulty, with the result that the terminology has become inconsistent and confusing. Recently, an international group of cytogeneticists experienced in chromosome painting gathered to address this issue. Results of the meeting are presented in this report, which provides a nomenclature system capable of describing chromosome aberrations that occur between painted and unpainted chromosomes, as well as aberrations involving only painted chromosomes. The nomenclature is flexible enough to describe accurately even the extensively rearranged chromosomes. As a consequence of this flexibility, the scheme upon which the nomenclature is based differs substantially from other systems of aberration classification. We call this system the Protocol for Aberration Identification and Nomenclature Terminology (PAINT).

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1996

Identification of complex chromosome rearrangements in the gibbon by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of a human chromosome 2q specific microlibrary, yeast artificial chromosomes, and reciprocal chromosome painting.

Chromosome painting has revealed that the human chromosome homologs in lesser apes are often fragmented and translocated to a number of different hylobatid chromosomes. We investigated the fragmented human chromosome 2 homologs in gibbons to illustrate a new strategy in mapping regional and band-specific chromosomal homologies between species. Previous research showed that the DNA library specific to human chromosome 2 paints parts of four gibbon (lar species group) chromosomes (viz., 1, 10, 12, and 16) and yields five distinct hybridization signals (including two on gibbon chromosome 16). However, the exact segments of human chromosome 2 that were translocated to the various gibbon chromosomes could not be distinguished. To determine the origin of the human chromosome 2 signals, we hybridized a microlibrary for the long arm of human chromosome 2, as well as YACs specific for most of the major bands on this chromosome, to metaphases of the gibbon. For reciprocal chromosome painting, we hybridized flow-sorted gibbon chromosome probes to human chromosome 2. Each method added additional insights that helped clarify the shuffling of human chromosome 2 material in the highly reorganized gibbon genome. There was an excellent correspondence between these complementary techniques. YAC 958d2 identified the breakpoint between human chromosome 2 material present on gibbon chromosomes 10 and 16. The reciprocal chromosome painting permitted a more complete and regional assignment of homology between segments on various gibbon chromosomes to human chromosome 2. The results show that a combination of reciprocal chromosome painting, subregional microlibraries, and band-specific probes (such as YACs) can be used to identify homologies between species and to rapidly construct detailed comparative chromosome maps, especially when the karyotypes are highly rearranged.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Chromosome painting: a method for testing chromosomal changes in lemur evolution.

Chromosome painting using commercially available human chromosome-specific DNA libraries was performed to elucidate chromosomal rearrangements in lemur evolution. Human-specific probes for chromosomes 3, 14, 15, and 21 were used to paint chromosomes of six species: Eulemur fulvus mayottensis, Varecia variegata, Lemur catta, Hapalemur simus, H. griseus griseus, and H. aureus. All human chromosome libraries hybridized specifically to chromosome segments of varying length or to whole arms of Lemur chromosomes. The labeling was clearly visualized and permitted precise delineation of the hybridized Lemur chromosomal segments. The use of commercial probes of human chromosomes for chromosome painting appears efficient enough to investigate homology in different species of Lemur. In general, the results obtained by chromosome painting in this study confirm results previously obtained by the R-banding technique but modify the location of some chromosomal rearrangements on different branches of the evolutionary tree of the Lemuridae and reveal some new rearrangements that were not detectable with banding techniques. These results show that chromosome painting with human chromosome-specific DNA libraries can provide useful information in comparative studies on karyotypes of distantly related mammalian species, providing a powerful tool for evolutionary studies, especially in phylogeny.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Terahertz paintmeter for noncontact monitoring of thickness and drying progress in paint film.

We propose a paintmeter for noncontact and remote monitoring of the thickness and drying progress of a paint film based on the time-of-flight measurement of the echo signal of a terahertz (THz) electromagnetic pulse. The proposed method is effectively applied to two-dimensional mapping of the painting thickness distribution for single-layer and multilayer paint films. Furthermore, adequate parameters for the drying progress are extracted from the THz pulse-echo signal and effectively applied to monitor the wet-to-dry transformation. The THz paintmeter can be a powerful tool for quality control of the paint film on the in-process monitoring of car body painting.

Journal Article↗