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PubMed2006

Nonlinear ultrasonic nature of organic liquid and organic liquid mixture.

Based on Jacobson's molecular free length theory in liquids and the relationship between ultrasonic velocity and the molecular free length in organic liquids, this paper deduces the equations for pressure coefficient and temperature coefficient of ultrasonic velocity and nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A in both of organic liquid and organic liquid binary mixtures. These nonlinear acoustic parameters are evaluated against the measured results and data from other sources. The equations reveal the connections between the nonlinear acoustic parameters and some internal structural of the medium or mixtures e.g. the sizes of molecule, several thermodynamic physical parameters and outside status e.g. condition of pressure and temperature of the liquid or liquid mixture. With the equations the nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A of organic liquid binary mixtures, which is impossible to know without the nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A of the tow components before, can be calculated based on the structural and physical parameters of organic liquid and organic liquid binary mixtures.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Influence of dissolved organic carbon content on modelling natural organic matter acid-base properties.

Natural organic matter (NOM) behaviour towards proton is an important parameter to understand NOM fate in the environment. Moreover, it is necessary to determine NOM acid-base properties before investigating trace metals complexation by natural organic matter. This work focuses on the possibility to determine these acid-base properties by accurate and simple titrations, even at low organic matter concentrations. So, the experiments were conducted on concentrated and diluted solutions of extracted humic and fulvic acid from Laurentian River, on concentrated and diluted model solutions of well-known simple molecules (acetic and phenolic acids), and on natural samples from the Seine river (France) which are not pre-concentrated. Titration experiments were modelled by a 6 acidic-sites discrete model, except for the model solutions. The modelling software used, called PROSECE (Programme d'Optimisation et de SpEciation Chimique dans l'Environnement), has been developed in our laboratory, is based on the mass balance equilibrium resolution. The results obtained on extracted organic matter and model solutions point out a threshold value for a confident determination of the studied organic matter acid-base properties. They also show an aberrant decreasing carboxylic/phenolic ratio with increasing sample dilution. This shift is neither due to any conformational effect, since it is also observed on model solutions, nor to ionic strength variations which is controlled during all experiments. On the other hand, it could be the result of an electrode troubleshooting occurring at basic pH values, which effect is amplified at low total concentration of acidic sites. So, in our conditions, the limit for a correct modelling of NOM acid-base properties is defined as 0.04 meq of total analysed acidic sites concentration. As for the analysed natural samples, due to their high acidic sites content, it is possible to model their behaviour despite the low organic carbon concentration.

Carbon↗
PubMed2002

Establishing character correspondence for sensory organ traits in flies: sensory organ development provides insight for reconstructing character evolution.

In Diptera and in other insects sensory organ patterns play an important role in the construction of phylogenies based on morphological characters. In this paper I explore the developmental basis for sensory organ pattern transformations between and within species. Knowledge of the properties of sensory organ development provides a foundation to judge the correspondence relationships between sensory organs. This is used to explore what components of notum bristle patterns are equivalent across the Schizophora. By investigating patterning processes in leg development, and their conservation across holometabolous insects, I show ways of relating specialised leg vestiture between species. Sensory organ patterns on the legs are diversified under homeotic gene control, potentially adding patterns of homeotic variation between legs to the list of informative traits for phylogenetic analysis. Correspondence relationships between wing and haltere sensory organ fields are resolved by exploring homeotic gene action in detail.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Simulating secondary organic aerosol activation by condensation of multiple organics on seed particles.

The conditions under which semivolatile organic gases condense were studied in a Teflon particle chamber by scanning mobility particle sizing (SMPS) of the resultant particles. Benzaldehyde, maleic and citraconic anhydrides, n-decane, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and citral were introduced in various combinations into a particle chamber containing either particle-free nitrogen or nitrogen with dry seed particles made out of sodium chloride, D-tartartic acid, ammonium sulfate, or 1,10-decanediol. No organic gas was allowed to reach its saturation point relative to the vapor pressure of its pure liquid in any experiment. In the absence of seed particles, organic aerosol particles formed by ternary nucleation when the sum of the individual organic saturation levels reached a threshold between 1.17 and 1.86. With seed particles present, particle sizes began to increase when the sum of organic saturation levels reached 1.0. This size increase corresponds to the establishment and activation of ternary organic layers on the "clean" seed particles, as predicted by absorption partitioning theory. The observed increases in particle volume depended on initial seed particle volume, indicating that either gas diffusion rates or chemical reactions were controlling the rate of uptake.

Absorption↗
PubMed2001

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in fresh human prostate tumour tissue and organ-cultured prostate tissue: levels of collagenolytic and gelatinolytic MMPs are low, variable and different in fresh tissue versus organ-cultured tissue.

Prostate tissue was obtained from 22 radical prostatectomies (performed for clinical management of prostate carcinoma) immediately after surgery. A small piece of tissue was fixed immediately in formalin and used for routine histology while a second piece was frozen in OCT and used for immuno-histochemistry. Another small piece was used for isolation of epithelial and stromal cells. The remainder of the tissue was cut into 2 x 2 mm pieces and incubated in organ culture for 8 days. In organ culture, non-malignant, basal epithelial cells underwent a proliferative response. This was accompanied by de-differentiation of glandular structures and by migration of epithelial cells across the surface of the tissue. Erosion of the basement membrane could also be seen in places, but was not widespread. Invasion of epithelial cells into the adjacent stroma was not evident. Production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with gelatinolytic activity or collagenolytic activity was assessed in organ culture and compared to expression patterns in fresh tissue. MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) and MMP-9 (92-kDa gelatinase B) were undetectable or low in fresh tissue specimens. Both enzymes were detected in organ culture and both increased over time. Even after 6 days, however, there was only a low level of gelatin-hydrolytic activity and no measurable collagen-hydrolytic activity. In past studies we used organ cultures of normal skin and malignant skin tumours (basal cell carcinomas) to help elucidate the role of collagenolytic and gelatinolytic MMPs in epithelial cell invasion (Varani et al, 2000). Compared to MMP levels observed in skin, levels of these enzymes in prostate are low. The low level of collagenolytic and gelatinolytic MMPs in fresh prostate tissue and in organ-cultured prostate tissue may help explain why there is little tissue destruction in many primary prostate tumours and why the majority of such tumours remain confined to the prostate for extended periods.

Collagen↗
PubMed2005

Decreased renal organic anion secretion and plasma accumulation of endogenous organic anions in OAT1 knock-out mice.

The "classical" organic anion secretory pathway of the renal proximal tubule is critical for the renal excretion of the prototypic organic anion, para-aminohippurate, as well as of a large number of commonly prescribed drugs among other significant substrates. Organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), originally identified as NKT (Lopez-Nieto, C. E., You, G., Bush, K. T., Barros, E. J. G., Beier, D. R., and Nigam, S. K. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 6471-6478), has physiological properties consistent with a role in this pathway. However, several other transporters (e.g. OAT2, OAT3, and MRP1) have also been proposed as important PAH transporters on the basis of in vitro studies; therefore, the relative contribution of OAT1 has remained unclear. We have now generated a colony of OAT1 knock-out mice, permitting elucidation of the role of OAT1 in the context of these other potentially functionally redundant transporters. We find that the knock-out mice manifest a profound loss of organic anion transport (e.g. para-aminohippurate) both ex vivo (in isolated renal slices) as well as in vivo (as indicated by loss of renal secretion). In the case of the organic anion, furosemide, loss of renal secretion in the knock-out results in impaired diuretic responsiveness to this drug. These results indicate a critical role for OAT1 in the functioning of the classical pathway. In addition, we have determined the levels of approximately 60 endogenous organic anions in the plasma and urine of wild-type and knock-out mice. This has led to identification of several compounds with significantly higher plasma concentrations and/or lower urinary concentrations in knock-out mice, suggesting the involvement of OAT1 in their renal secretion. We have also demonstrated in xenopus oocytes that some of these compounds interact with OAT1 in vitro. Thus, these latter compounds might represent physiological substrates of OAT1.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The Pediatric Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (P-MODS): development and validation of an objective scale to measure the severity of multiple organ dysfunction in critically ill children.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and then prospectively validate an objective scale to grade multiple organ system dysfunction in a large population of critically ill children. DESIGN: Prospective, observational cohort study. SETTING: A pediatric intensive care unit at a tertiary care pediatric teaching hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 6,456 pediatric consecutive admissions (mean age 4.62 yrs) admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. INTERVENTIONS: a) Identification of variables that could define organ dysfunction in children; b) development of a Pediatric Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (P-MODS); c) correlation of the score with outcome at pediatric intensive care unit discharge; d) subsequent prospective validation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A computer system randomly separated patients into two groups: a development set to create the scoring system and a validation set to evaluate score performance and reproducibility. Survivors and nonsurvivors were compared to define variables that were significantly more abnormal in nonsurvivors. Those variables were correlated with pediatric intensive care unit mortality rate. Optimal intervals for each variable were defined on the development set, and their performance was evaluated in the validation set. Descriptors for organ dysfunction were identified in five organ systems: cardiovascular (lactic acid), respiratory (Pa(O(2))/Fi(O(2)) ratio), hepatic (bilirubin), hematologic (fibrinogen), and renal (blood urea nitrogen). A grading scale for each variable was set from 0 to 4, corresponding to mortality rates of <5% and >50%, respectively. P-MODS was calculated by summing the worst score for all variables. Overall performance of the score was evaluated by generating receiver operating characteristic curves for both study sets. The score correlated strongly and in a graded fashion with pediatric intensive care unit mortality rate. In both sets (development and validation), mortality rate was <5% when the score was 0 and >70% at the highest score. Overall mortality rate was 5.9% (development set) and 5.3% (validation set). The score showed excellent discrimination reflected in areas under the curve: 0.81 (development set) and 0.78 (validation set). CONCLUSIONS: P-MODS correlated strongly with pediatric intensive care unit mortality in both study sets and can provide an objective measure for assessing organ dysfunction in the pediatric intensive care unit. With further study and validation across many centers, it is likely that P-MODS could function as a quantitative, clinically relevant surrogate outcome measure for future therapeutic trials.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1994

Hepatitis C RNA prevalence in a Western European organ donor pool and virus transmission by organ transplantation.

Liver disease is a common finding after organ transplantation and might in part be due to transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive results with different anti-HCV tests and HCV-RNA in a local donor pool and to clarify to what extent HCV was transmitted to organ recipients. Serum samples from 207 consecutive organ donors were analysed retrospectively with anti-HCV ELISA (2nd and 3rd generation), anti-HCV RIBA (2nd generation) and HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Organ recipients at risk were identified and followed up serologically and clinically. Anti-HCV seroprevalance in organ donors was 4.3% for 2nd generation ELISA, 4.8% for 3rd generation ELISA and 1.9% for 2nd generation RIBA. HCV-PCR was positive in 1.4%. Nine organs from four RIBA-positive donors were transplanted into eight recipients of whom four became anti-HCV and PCR positive after transplantation. HCV-PCR became positive several days after transplantation whereas anti-HCV seroconversion took place after 8-9 months. Two recipients developed acute liver disease and another two showed features of mild chronic liver disease but no serious complications due to HCV infection were observed.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1979

The neuronal organization of the rat subfornical organ in vitro and a test of the osmo- and morphine-receptor hypotheses.

1. Extracellular action potentials (units) were recorded from rat subfornical organ explants in vitro in response to addition of angiotensin II (AII) or carbamyl-choline (carbachol) or serotonin (5-HT) to the superfusion solution. The frequency recorded was dose dependent over a wide range (AII, 0.05--5 nM; carbachol, 2.7--2700 nM; 5-HT, 1--100 nM). Appropriate antagonists, sarc1-ala2 angiotensin (saralasin) for AII, atropine sulphate for carbachol and methysergide maleate for 5-HT, blocked these excitations. The effects were reversible except for that of atropine. 2. Two populations of AII-excited units were found. A superficial population lying between 15 and 45 microns from the ependymal surface was blocked only by saralasin and another population lying more than 55 microns below the ependymal surface could be blocked by atropine as well as saralasin. Carbachol-evoked units generally lay below 45 microns, and 5-HT-evoked units were scattered evenly over the subfornical organ. It is suggested that superficial AII-excited neurones have a cholinergic excitatory synapse with the deeper carbachol-excited neurones. 3. No evidence was found for the hypothesis that neurones of the subfornical organ are excited by morphine or by changes in extracellular osmotic pressure. 4. All types of drug-excited unit, both superficial (15--55 microns) and deep (below 55 microns), could be driven polysynaptically from the body or columns of the fornix. Units driven antidromically or antidromically and synaptically were almost all more than 55 microns from the surface. 5-HT-evoked units were driven antidromically only by stimulation of the columns of the fornix. AII- and carbachol-evoked units could be driven antidromically or antidromically and synaptically by stimulation of the body or the columns of the fornix. It is suggested that AII units driven antidromically are actually carbachol-sensitive neurones driven by the more superficial AII-sensitive cells. 5. A model of the neuronal organization of the subfornical organ is suggested in which AII-sensitive neurones lying superficially are excited by substances borne by blood or cerebrospinal fluid and synapse with deeper carbachol-sensitive neurones. The axons of these deep neurones pass out of the subfornical organ in the columns and body of the fornix. Afferent fibres from the body and columns of the fornix polysynaptically excite both superficial and deep neurones. A recurrent inhibitory circuit is suggested on the output path.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Identification of the hepatic efflux transporters of organic anions using double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells expressing human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1)/multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, OATP1B1/multidrug resistance 1, and OATP1B1/breast cancer resistance protein.

Until recently, it was generally believed that the transport of various organic anions across the bile canalicular membrane was mainly mediated by multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2). However, a number of new reports have shown that some organic anions are also substrates of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1/ABCB1) and/or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), implying MDR1 and BCRP could also be involved in the biliary excretion of organic anions in humans. In the present study, we constructed new double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells expressing organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1)/MDR1 and OATP1B1/BCRP, and we investigated the transcellular transport of four kinds of organic anions, estradiol-17beta-d-glucuronide (EG), estrone-3-sulfate (ES), pravastatin (PRA), and cerivastatin (CER), to identify which efflux transporters mediate the biliary excretion of compounds using double-transfected cells. We observed the vectorial transport of EG and ES in all the double transfectants. MRP2 showed the highest efflux clearance of EG among these efflux transporters, whereas BCRP-mediated clearance of ES was the highest in these double transfectants. In addition, two kinds of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, CER and PRA, were also substrates of all these efflux transporters. The rank order of the efflux clearance of PRA mediated by each transporter was the same as that of EG, whereas the contribution of MDR1 to the efflux of CER was relatively greater than for PRA. This experimental system is very useful for identifying which transporters are involved in the biliary excretion of organic anions that cannot easily penetrate the plasma membrane.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed2000

Estimation of the yield coefficient of Pseudomonas sp. strain DP-4 with a low substrate (2,4-dichlorophenol [DCP]) concentration in a mineral medium from which uncharacterized organic compounds were eliminated by a non-DCP-degrading organism.

The yield coefficient (YC) of Pseudomonas sp. strain DP-4, a 2, 4-dichlorophenol (DCP)-degrading organism, was estimated from the number of CFU produced at the expense of 1 unit amount of DCP at low concentrations. At a low concentration of DCP, the YC can be overestimated in pure culture, because DP-4 assimilated not only DCP but also uncharacterized organic compounds contaminating a mineral salt medium. The concentration of these uncharacterized organic compounds was nutritionally equivalent to 0.7 microg of DCP-C ml(-1). A mixed culture with non-DCP-degrading organisms resulted in elimination of ca. 99.9% of the uncharacterized organic compounds, and then DP-4 assimilated only DCP as a substrate. In a mixed culture, DP-4 degraded an initial concentration of 0.1 to 10 microg of C ml of DCP(-1) and the number of CFU of DP-4 increased. In the mixed culture, DCP at an initial concentration of 0.07 microg of C ml(-1) was degraded. However, the number of CFU of DP-4 did not increase. DCP at an extremely low initial concentration of 0.01 microg of C ml(-1) was not degraded in mixed culture even by a high density, 10(5) CFU ml(-1), of DP-4. When glucose was added to this mixed culture to a final concentration of 1 microg of C ml(-1), the initial concentration of 0.01 microg of C ml of DCP(-1) was degraded. These results suggested that DP-4 required cosubstrates to degrade DCP at an extremely low initial concentration of 0.01 microg of C ml(-1). The YCs of DP-4 at the expense of DCP alone decreased discontinuously with the decrease of the initial concentration of DCP, i.e., 1.5, 0.19, or 0 CFU per pg of DCP-C when 0.7 to 10, 0.1 to 0.5, or 0.07 microg of C ml of DCP(-1) was degraded, respectively. In this study, we developed a new method to eliminate uncharacterized organic compounds, and we estimated the YC of DP-4 at the expense of DCP as a sole source of carbon.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Organization, functioning and expectations of organizations representing patients. Survey of key informants].

OBJECTIVES: To explore patient organizations and their scope in terms of patient and user participation in decisions affecting their health. METHODS: Semi-structured questionnaire survey of key informants from 21 patient organizations. RESULTS: Most of the patient organizations were regional or national private organizations. Their main objectives include improving quality of life and representing the interests of patients and their families, developing information triage and dissemination activities, and providing additional services not offered by the public health service. The main methods of communicating with members were electronic mail, open meetings and forums. Most patient organizations considered health professionals to be the most important group of stakeholders. The sources of funding most frequently quoted were membership fees, public grants and contributions from the pharmaceutical industry. The most important factor for enhancing patient co-responsibility was considered to be involving patients in health care as a way to improve the quality of the heath services. The proposed future scenario that received the most support was the creation of a legal forum in which the patient's voice could be heard and demonstrably taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: Patient organizations can play an important role in providing patients and health professionals with information, promoting self care and improving the effectiveness of health care. These features require visible commitment by the health authorities to facilitate opportunities for patient decisions and choice within the system.

Capital Financing↗
PubMed2004

Hemoadsorption to improve organ recovery from brain-dead organ donors: a novel therapy for a novel indication?

While brain-dead organ donors represent the majority of the organ donor pool, it appears that graft survival is adversely affected by brain death itself. Brain death has been shown to cause severe disturbances in the hormonal, hemodynamic and immunological homeostasis, which could in part be responsible for the inferior outcome of organs originating from brain-dead donors compared to living donors. Hemodynamic effects of brain death lead to a wide fluctuation in mean perfusion pressures, blood flow to the organs and systemic oxygen consumption, altering regional perfusion. In addition, a wide array of immunological changes has been shown to occur after brain death contributing to organ injury and hemodynamic instability. Recent studies have shown that brain death upregulates multiple lymphocyte- and macrophage-derived cytokines and the injured brain itself may be the source of proinflammatory factors such as S100B. This increased inflammatory response seen during and immediately after brain death has also been associated with poor allograft function. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that the massive inflammatory response seen in brain-dead donors could also lead to increased immunogenicity and accelerated allograft rejection after transplantation. Hence, we hypothesize that nonspecific downregulation of this inflammatory response by hemoadsorption could potentially lead to improved donor organ and allograft function. As a 'proof of concept' we tested the ability of a novel hemoadsorbent to remove S100B in vitro using two human glioblastoma cell lines. Our results indicate a >80% reduction in S100B after 2 h of circulation with the sorbent.

Brain↗
PubMed2001

Goosecoid promotes head organizer activity by direct repression of Xwnt8 in Spemann's organizer.

Formation of the vertebrate body plan is controlled by discrete head and trunk organizers that establish the anteroposterior pattern of the body axis. The Goosecoid (Gsc) homeodomain protein is expressed in all vertebrate organizers and has been implicated in the activity of Spemann's organizer in Xenopus. The role of Gsc in organizer function was examined by fusing defined transcriptional regulatory domains to the Gsc homeodomain. Like native Gsc, ventral injection of an Engrailed repressor fusion (Eng-Gsc) induced a partial axis, while a VP16 activator fusion (VP16-Gsc) did not, indicating that Gsc functions as a transcriptional repressor in axis induction. Dorsal injection of VP16-Gsc resulted in loss of head structures anterior to the hindbrain, while axial structures were unaffected, suggesting a requirement for Gsc function in head formation. The anterior truncation caused by VP16-Gsc was fully rescued by Frzb, a secreted Wnt inhibitor, indicating that activation of ectopic Wnt signaling was responsible, at least in part, for the anterior defects. Supporting this idea, Xwnt8 expression was activated by VP16-Gsc in animal explants and the dorsal marginal zone, and repressed by Gsc in Activin-treated animal explants and the ventral marginal zone. Furthermore, expression of Gsc throughout the marginal zone inhibited trunk formation, identical to the effects of Frzb and other Xwnt8 inhibitors. A region of the Xwnt8 promoter containing four consensus homeodomain-binding sites was identified and this region mediated repression by Gsc and activation by VP16-Gsc, consistent with direct transcriptional regulation of Xwnt8 by Gsc. Therefore, Gsc promotes head organizer activity by direct repression of Xwnt8 in Spemann's organizer and this activity is essential for anterior development.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Lymphoid organ weights and organ:body weight ratios of growing beagles.

Although dogs, especially beagles, are used extensively in biological and clinical investigations, the literature dealing with normal biological measurements of their lymphoid organs is scanty. This study was undertaken to provide the information on the weight of lymphoid organs of beagles. The thymus, spleen, and prescapular, popliteal, and mesenteric lymph nodes of 95 normal beagle dogs, from one day to 11 months of age, were weighed and compared with body weights. The weight of the thymus and spleen increased drastically at and after 2 months of age, although the organ:body weight ratios remained the same at 2 months of age and decreased afterward. Similar increases in the weight of the mesenteric lymph node complex, but with an increase in the organ:body weight ratio, occurred also at and after 2 months of age, reflecting the importance of the gut-associated lymphoid organs after weaning. The increases in the size of the cutaneous nodes, prescapular and popliteal, were less pronounced and their organ:body weight ratios remained the same from birth through 11 months of age.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Medicare and Medicaid programs; conditions of coverage for organ procurement organizations--HCFA. Interim final rule with comment.

This interim final rule with comment sets forth changes to the conditions of coverage for organ procurement organizations (OPOs). It redefines an OPO service area, revises the qualifications for the Board of Directors, specifies the assistance to be provided by an OPO to hospitals in establishing and implementing protocols governing organ procurement activity, requires an OPO to establish criteria for allocating organs, and requires an OPO to ensure that tests are performed on prospective organ donors to prevent the acquisition of organs that are infected with the etiologic agent for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. These changes are required by the Health Omnibus Programs Extension Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-607) and the Transplant Amendments Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-616). We also clarify the distinction between certification and designation and amend the criteria with respect to compliance with performance standards, change of ownership, and termination procedures.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Maintenance protocol for potential organ donors in multiple organ procurement.

Donor organs that are suitable for transplantation remain scarce, especially in view of the number of types of organ transplants now possible and the ever-increasing number of waiting recipients. This scarcity of donor organs can, to some extent, be ameliorated by the adoption of potential organ donor maintenance protocols that protect the organs from irreversible damage. Of key importance to the success of any such protocol is the establishment of hemodynamic adequacy and stability. Appropriate and vigorous antibiotic prophylaxis is also a major consideration, especially with regard to the pulmonary and genitourinary systems. The use of ophthalmologic preparations for protection of the corneas, attention to skin cleanliness, and the practice of rigorous sterile technique in the care of all indwelling catheters are measures that are strongly encouraged in order to provide the best possible chance of successful donation of organs that otherwise may be compromised.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

[Dynamics of organic C in black soil of Northeast China, simulated by CENTURY model I. Accumulation of soil organic carbon under natural conditions].

By using CENTURY model, this paper simulated the dynamics of organic carbon and its fractions, including active, slow and passive pools, in black soils under natural condition at Nenjiang, Beian, Hailun and Harbin in Heilongjiang Province and at Gongzhuling in Jilin Province. The results showed that soil organic carbon had increased for a long time, and tended to reach the steady state. In the steady state, soil organic carbon reached 7914.72-11672.78 g x m(-2), which decreased from north to south in geperal. The active, slow and passive fractions were 3.36%-4.62%, 50.54%-55.47% and 36.47%-41.95% of soil organic carbon pool, respectively, which indicated that slow and passive fraction were the main body of soil organic carbon in native ecosystem. The simulated results were in agreement with some observed results, which can be used as the original data in the study on the dynamics of soil organic matter after cultivation.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗