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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Persons, networks and institutions: on the founding of the German Society of History of Medicine and Natural Sciences].

In what way did the process of founding the "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften" (1901), the world's oldest society for the history of science develop? This article combines approaches of the historiography of institutions with concepts focusing on individual persons. During the early period of the process August Hirsch and Theodor Puschmann were the most relevant scientists. The history of the "Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte" (GDNA) and their annual meetings mirror the difficult connection of medical history and medical geography or tropical medicine. It was the special ability of Karl Sudhoff to create networks which led to the emancipation and foundation of the DGGMN; nevertheless, the preliminary work of scientists like Hendrik Peypers, Felix von Oefele, Georg Kahlbaum, Julius Pagel or Max Neuburger and others must not be forgotten when analysing the crucial years around 1900. Sudhoff was the dominant personality then; different conceptions of the new discipline in addition to some severe conflicts are documented by newly found manuscripts and correspondences.

Germany↗
PubMed2004

The UNESCO biosphere reserve concept as a tool for urban sustainability: the CUBES Cape Town case study.

The Cape Town Case Study (CTCS) was a multi-institutional collaborative project initiated by CUBES, a knowledge networking initiative of UNESCO's Ecological Sciences Division and the Earth Institute at Columbia University. Cape Town was selected as a CUBES site on the basis of its high biological and cultural significance, together with its demonstrated leadership in promoting urban sustainability. The CTCS was conducted by the Cape Town Urban Biosphere Group, a cross-disciplinary group of specialists drawn from national, provincial, municipal, and civil society institutions, mandated to examine the potential value of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve concept as a tool for environmental management, social inclusion, and poverty alleviation in Cape Town. This article provides a contextualization of the CTCS and its collaborative process. It also reviews the biosphere reserve concept relative to urban sustainability objectives and proposes a more functional application of that concept in an urban context. A detailed analysis of key initiatives at the interface of conservation and poverty alleviation is provided in table format. Drawing on an examination of successful sustainability initiatives in Cape Town, specific recommendations are made for future application of the biosphere reserve concept in an urban context, as well as a model by which urban areas might affiliate with the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves, and criteria for such affiliation.

City Planning↗
PubMed2006

Herbert Simon and the GSIA: building an interdisciplinary community.

This article explores Herbert Simon's attempts to build Carnegie Tech's Graduate School of Industrial Administration into a center for interdisciplinary social research. It shows that despite the pressures toward disciplinary specialization created by the rapid growth of the postwar social sciences, there were strong countercurrents supporting interdisciplinary work. Support for interdisciplinary work came from a network of powerful new patrons that were interested in transforming social science into behavioral science and that supported mathematical, behavioral-functional analysis whatever the topic of study. These patrons deliberately defined their goals in terms of solving problems, not building disciplines, and the networks of advisory committees they created enabled certain entrepreneurial researchers, such as Simon, to exert influence across a range of fields and institutions.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed2005

[Investigation of medical journal website construction in Guangdong province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current status of internet-based publication of biomedical journals and website construction in Guangdong province. METHODS: On the platform of the currently available databases for academic science journals (Wanfang Datebase, China Acdemic Journal Network, PubMed and SCI) with the assistance general searching engines, the websites of the medical journals in Guangdong province were evaluated and the editorial offices of the core medical journals in Guangdong province were interviewed. RESULTS: At present, the internet-based publication of the journals was executed predominantly by 3 means, namely utilization of the access to the websites of the direct sponsor, authoritative websites of science and technology, or independent websites. CONCLUSION: Relying on the database system of Wanfang and China Academic Journal Network, for instance, most of the journals can provide access to their full-text resources, but this internet-based publication is somehow delayed in comparison with the print publication. At present, only a few medical journals in Guangdong have built their independent websites, and among those which already have, Journal of First Military Medical University and Cancer are indexed by IM and PubMed, therefore they provide online abstracts of the papers ahead of the print copy publication.

China↗
PubMed2004

User-controlled mapping of significant literatures.

We apply a version of our web-based literature-mapping system to PNAS for 1971-2002, as indexed by the National Library of Medicine and the Institute for Scientific Information. Given a single input term from a user, a medical subject heading, a cocited author, or a cocited journal, PNASLINK rapidly displays views in which that term and the other 24 terms that most frequently co-occur with it in a bibliographic database are interrelated in ways suggesting fruitful combinations for document retrieval. The interrelationships are produced by two algorithms, pathfinder networks and Kohonen-style self-organizing maps. PNASLINK displays are themselves interactive interfaces that can retrieve documents from digital libraries (e.g., PNAS Online). This style of visualizing knowledge domains is called "localized" because it does not attempt to map the indexing of literatures in full but concentrates on the top terms in an "associative thesaurus" reflecting user interests. It also permits swift remappings, as the user recognizes terms worth pursuing. PNASLINK is illustrated with maps drawn from the literature of population genetics. Some comparative and evaluative comments are added, one from a domain expert indicating that the face validity of the system may be tempered by insufficient specificity in the indexing terms being mapped.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed2005

Performance evaluation of the CellaVision DM96 system: WBC differentials by automated digital image analysis supported by an artificial neural network.

We evaluated the CellaVision DM96 (CellaVision AB, Lund, Sweden), an automated digital cell morphology and informatics system for peripheral blood smears. Technologists agreed with 82% of the instrument's preclassifications. Correlation coefficients between final results released from the CellaVision and results obtained by direct microscopy were 0.96 (all neutrophils), 0.94 (lymphocytes), 0.88 (segmented neutrophils), 0.73 (eosinophils), 0.69 (bands), and 0.67 (monocytes). After correction for statistically and clinically insignificant variations, the CellaVision DM96 had 95% sensitivity and 88% specificity for immature myeloid cells. It was 100% sensitive and 94% specific for blasts, and 100% sensitive and 97% specific for unusual WBCs and nucleated RBCs. Advantages of the CellaVision DM96 over direct microscopy include the ability to review slides from a remote location, consultation and quality control on a cell-by-cell basis, and potential labor savings.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1994

Developing a health information infrastructure for Arizona.

Network connectivity is critical in Arizona, where travel distances are great, academic programs dispersed, and health care practitioners often geographically isolated. Accordingly, the University of Arizona (UA) applied for $50,000.00 in National Library of Medicine/National Science Foundation (NLM/NSF) Connections Program funding to promote statewide collaboration in supporting UA's health sciences education and research programs by expanding network connectivity to hospitals and other health-related institutions. The proposal outlined three strategies: Each major nonuniversity teaching hospital would secure and maintain a leased communications line dedicated to network connectivity, and NSF funds would be used to buy some necessary hardward. NSF funds would be used to establish a modern bank for dial-up Internet access by rural practitioners and teaching sites. Co-principal investigators of the project would promote and support the use of this new statewide connectivity and foster its continued expansion. The proposal was based on a conservative philosophy: familiar technologies and, where possible, existing networks and equipment would be used. The proposal was approved, and NSF funds hastened creation of an expanded health information network in Arizona. Once that network was in place, participants moved quickly from managing the mechanics of connectivity to planning for a computing and communications platform with services. Private funds were obtained to help organize the Arizona Health Information Network to direct these expanded services.

Arizona↗
PubMed2005

Simultaneous L(p)-approximation order for neural networks.

Simultaneous approximation of a function and its derivatives are required in many science and engineering applications. There have been many studies on the simultaneous approximation capability of feedforward neural networks (FNNs). Most of the studies are, however, only concerned with density or feasibility of performing simultaneous approximation with FNNs, and no quantitative estimation on approximation accuracy of the simultaneous approximation is given. Moreover, all existing density or feasibility results are established in the uniform metric only, and provide no solution to topology specification of the FNNs used. In this paper, by means of the Bernstein-Durrmeyer operator, a class of FNNs is constructed which realize the simultaneous approximation of any smooth multivariate function and all its existing partial derivatives. We present, by making use of multivariate approximation tools, a quantitative upper bound estimation on approximation accuracy of the simultaneous approximation of the FNNs in terms of the modulus of smoothness of the functions to be approximated. The obtained results reveals that the approximation speed of the constructed FNNs depends not only on the number of hidden units used, but also on the smoothness of functions to be approximated.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Basic concepts of artificial neural networks (ANN) modeling in the application to pharmaceutical development.

Artificial neural networks (ANN) methodology is a new modeling method that has not been broadly applied to pharmaceutical sciences up to now. The aim of this paper is to give a detailed description of the associating networks as well as a description of less well-known networks (i.e., feature-extracting and nonadaptive networks) and their scope of application in pharmaceutical sciences. The descriptions include the historical origin and the basic concepts behind the computing. ANN are based on the attempt to model the neural networks of the brain. Learning algorithms for associating ANN use mathematical procedures usually derived from the gradient descent method whereas feature-extracting ANN map multidimensional input data sets onto two-dimensional spaces. Nonadaptive ANN map data sets and are able to reconstruct their patterns when presented with corrupted or noisy samples. Associating networks can typically be applied in the pharmaceutical field as an alternative to traditional response surface methodology, feature-extracting networks as alternative to principal component analysis, and nonadaptive networks for image recognition. Based on these abilities, the potential application fields of the ANN methodology in the pharmaceutical sciences is broad, ranging from clinical pharmacy through biopharmacy, drug and dosage form design, to interpretation of analytical data. The few applications presented in the pharmaceutical technology area seem promising and should be investigated in more detail.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

Quantitative modeling of stochastic systems in molecular biology by using stochastic Petri nets.

An integrated understanding of molecular and developmental biology must consider the large number of molecular species involved and the low concentrations of many species in vivo. Quantitative stochastic models of molecular interaction networks can be expressed as stochastic Petri nets (SPNs), a mathematical formalism developed in computer science. Existing software can be used to define molecular interaction networks as SPNs and solve such models for the probability distributions of molecular species. This approach allows biologists to focus on the content of models and their interpretation, rather than their implementation. The standardized format of SPNs also facilitates the replication, extension, and transfer of models between researchers. A simple chemical system is presented to demonstrate the link between stochastic models of molecular interactions and SPNs. The approach is illustrated with examples of models of genetic and biochemical phenomena where the ULTRASAN package is used to present results from numerical analysis and the outcome of simulations.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Phenotype- and gene-driven approaches to discovering the functions of mammalian genes.

All of us are involved in discovery science as we pursue the genes, networks, cellular processes and biophysical principles that govern our chosen biological question. For those of us who choose to proceed using plant or animal models to dissect the elements of our favorite biological system, there are many classical and newer approaches available for our use, including two complementary strategies by which the discovery process is proceeding at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The ORNL has been known for six decades for its investigations of the effects of radiation and chemicals in inducing heritable mutations in mouse germ cells, and for using mouse mutations as tools for the cloning and characterization of mammalian genes. Our history and experience in making mouse models are being applied via these two complementary strategies: 1), a phenotype-driven approach, in which mice carrying random chemically-induced mutations are screened for abnormal phenotypes; and 2) a gene-driven approach in which heritable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in preselected genes already thought likely to influence a biological system of choice can be recovered in live mice. The SNP-carrying mice can then be phenotyped for alterations in one's target biology. Both approaches have value and are necessary; while we can use mutations in genes that we already know to be of interest in our favorite biology to discover gene function, we also know that biology is full of surprise genes whose effects on our favorite biology would not be predicted and which will be identified only through phenotype screening.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Adaptation and survivors in a random Boolean network.

We introduce the competitive agent with imitation strategy in a random Boolean network, in which the agent plays a competitive game that rewards those in minority. After a long time interval, the worst performer changes its strategy to the one of the best and the process is repeated. The network, initially in a chaotic state, evolves to an intermittent state and finally reaches a frozen state. Time series of survived species (whose strategies are imitated by other agents) in the system depend on the connectivity of each agent. In a system with various connectivity groups, the low connectivity groups win the minority game over the high connectivity groups. We also compared the result with mutation strategy system.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

AHEC in West Virginia: a case study. Area health education centers.

This case study describes the area health education centers (AHEC) program in West Virginia, spanning 30 years from a first-generation project at Charleston in 1972 (AHEC 1) to a newly funded statewide program (AHEC 2). The outcome is an evolving university-community partnership designed to meet changing work-force and community health needs in the heart of rural Appalachia. West Virginia University's (WVU's) application of the original Carnegie Commission AHEC recommendations (1970) resulted in the Charleston AHEC, now part of the Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center of WVU. AHEC today trains more than 135 residents and interns, and one-third of the third-year and fourth-year WVU medical students. Charleston offers clinical and continuing education for nurses, dentists, pharmacists, and allied health professionals. A health sciences library, distance learning, and a network of primary care clinics help define Charleston's unique AHEC role. This AHEC hub continues to meet the classic Carnegie goals of recruiting and retaining health professionals, and providing access to care in the original service area and statewide. Based on the Charleston experience, four new federally funded AHECs are being developed to link rural primary care residencies with the state-funded West Virginia rural health education partnerships. These rural consortia AHECs are applying the concept of community competency, a performance-based methodology, to integrate learning while achieving the goals of Healthy People 2010.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2005

Antisense transcription in the mammalian transcriptome.

Antisense transcription (transcription from the opposite strand to a protein-coding or sense strand) has been ascribed roles in gene regulation involving degradation of the corresponding sense transcripts (RNA interference), as well as gene silencing at the chromatin level. Global transcriptome analysis provides evidence that a large proportion of the genome can produce transcripts from both strands, and that antisense transcripts commonly link neighboring "genes" in complex loci into chains of linked transcriptional units. Expression profiling reveals frequent concordant regulation of sense/antisense pairs. We present experimental evidence that perturbation of an antisense RNA can alter the expression of sense messenger RNAs, suggesting that antisense transcription contributes to control of transcriptional outputs in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Teleradiology.

Advances in telecommunications and computer software have led to the development of radiology image transfer systems. Radiologists may now report radiographs at a site distant from that of the examination, in some cases almost instantaneously. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography may also be supervised from afar. Developments over the past few decades are reviewed, allowing an understanding of the systems currently available. These include systems that transmit static images and real time video systems that enable interactive supervision from a radiologist at a distant site. The implications for the practice of radiology are discussed and the main areas of development over the next few years explored.

Computer Communication Networks↗