[On early detection of neoplastic processes of the rectum (author's transl)].
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Adolescent↗
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[The role of the modal class of cells in the neoplastic process].
Cytophotometric findings point to a feedback link between tumor influence and remote organs and tissues in a tumor-bearing body, an important factor being whether tumor cells are located to the right or left of the modal class of normal cells of an organ. It is also important that the functional activity pattern of tumor cells genome match that of normal organ cells (Kfagen's ratio) and the number of tumor cells does not exceed that of normal cells by more than 33%.
Animals↗
Dysembryoplastic disorders in neoplastic and non-neoplastic process associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Adolescent↗
[Importance of clinico-laboratory studies in diagnosis and evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of inflammatory, dystrophic and neoplastic processes in the eyes of children].
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Adolescent↗
[Mutational-metabolic model of carcinogenesis and the progression of the neoplastic process].
The given data indicate the presence of a negative correlation between metabolic indices (a decrease of the tolerance to glucose, increase of the blood level of free fatty acids, insulin, cholesterol triglycerides, cortisol, stc) and the indices of cellular immunity, which is determined by the number of rosette-forming cells and blasttransformation reaction to PHA and skin tests. Accordingly, the administration of an antidiabetic drug-phenformin (phenetylbiguanide)--apart from the improvement of metabolic pattern, results in the restoration of the cell-mediated immunity indices. These findings provide a basis for stating the phenomenon of metabolic immunodepression. The metabolic immunodepression may be supposed to prevent immunological surveillance activation, which normally is realized through the signals, provided by cells subjected to somatic mutation. It is noteworthy that the given metabolic conditions (hypercholesterinemia, hyperinsulinemia, the enhanced utilization of free fatty acids) promote the division of somatic cells. Thus, the same metabolic shifts which increase the pull of proliferating cells and, accordingly, increase the possibility of mutation development, also cause the metabolic immunodepression at the same time. These opposite metabolic influences on somatic cells and T-dependent lymphocytes cause the development of the syndrome of cancrophilia. The syndrome of cancrophilia normally arises at pregnancy, in intensive growth of the organism in childhood, accelerated development, stress and during normal ageing. Many carcinogens cause the decrease of tolerance to glucose, the increase in blood-insulin level and elevation of the threshold of sensitivity of the hypothalamus to feedback suppression. This phenomenon is based on the decrease of catecholamine level in thehypothalamus in ageing, stress and the action of some carcinogens. Thus, the syndrome of cacrophilia provides the conditions for cancer development and tumor progression, besides, the tumor itself produces the metabolic shifts typical of cancrophilia. In the light of mutation-metabolic model of cancer development, it is possible to consider the fundamental factors which increase of hinder carcinogenesis.
Aging↗
An approach to the characterization of mononuclear phagocytes involved in pathological processes.
Cells participating in an inflammatory response are derived from the bone marrow (i.e. granulocytes and monocytes) or lymphoid organes (i.e. T and B lymphocytes), or of mesenchymal origin (i.e. fibroblast, reticulum cells). The identification of these different kinds of cell in the inflammatory exudate is often difficult, because the morphological characteristics are not specific enough. For example, in the morphological description of pathological processes often terms such as round-cell infiltration and mononuclear cells are used, which is confusing. For the clear understanding of the course of an inflammatory reaction and the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs it is necessary, however, to define exactly the participating cells. Such an identification can be performed on the basis of morphological, cytochemical and immunological characteristics of the cells, together with their kinetic parameters. These characteristics have been established for murine mononuclear phagocytes. Recently these characteristics have also been studied in human promonocytes, monocytes and skin macrophages. The results show that human mononuclear phagocytes are in many respects similar to those of mice. On this basis an outline for the participation of mononuclear phagocytes in pathological processes (i.e. inflammatory processes, neoplastic processes, and storage disorders) has been made.
Animals↗
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with immunologic phenotype similar to non-T, non-B acute lymphocytic leukemia.
A diagnosis of diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma was made from a biopsy of a scapular mass on a 24-month-old child. The bone marrow and peripheral blood were not involved in the neoplastic process. Neoplastic cells stained negatively for Sudan black B, myeloperoxidase, periodic acid-Schiff reagent, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and acid phosphatase. In addition, neoplastic cells did not form nonimmune rosettes with sheep erythrocytes or contain surface membrane immunoglobulin. However, neoplastic cells were positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and "Ia-like" antigen. We conclude that this non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has a cytochemical and immunologic phenotype similar to that of lymphoblasts from cases of non-T, non-B acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Bone Neoplasms↗
Immunohistochemical detection of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in non-hematopoietic human tissues.
Immunohistochemical studies were done on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues to evaluate the specificity of a newly developed monoclonal antibody (9C5) against tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Sections from 195 specimens were examined, which included 33 types of tissues/organs. These tissues included normal, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes. Neoplastic tissues from 14 patients with hairy cell leukemia served as positive controls. Epitope enhancement was accomplished either by microwave irradiation in citrate buffer or by boiling in water followed by trypsin digestion. Tissues were reacted with monoclonal antibody 9C5 and stained with either the avidin-biotin peroxidase method or the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase method. The hairy cells of all cases of hairy cell leukemia reacted positively with 9C5. Other positively stained cells included osteoclasts, activated macrophages and giant cells. Immunohistochemical studies with 9C5, when interpreted within the context of the specificity of this antibody, are useful for the diagnosis and assessment of treatment results for hairy cell leukemia. Monoclonal antibody 9C5 also may be useful as a marker for osteoclasts and the activated macrophages and for the diagnosis of disorders involved by these cells.
Acid Phosphatase↗
A concept of essentially secondary factors central to definitive subtype characterization of Hodgkin's disease.
Conceptually, Hodgkin's disease would appear to constitute a neoplasm that integrally incorporates responsive cellular elements in terms strictly of morphologic patterns of interaction resulting especially in a predictable scale of therapeutic and prognostic implications as related particularly to pathobiologic course and response to treatment. In this sense, Hodgkin's disease might in a real sense constitute a valid point of reference in terms of processes not only in the generation of the neoplastic process but particularly in terms of how such a neoplastic process interacts with host systems in specifically characterizing the very nature of the intrinsic neoplastic process itself. In this manner, therefore, it might be valid to consider the totality of manifestations of Hodgkin's disease as a fundamental series of processes that integrally determines the genesis and nature of the neoplastic process as a function especially of various host systems in response to that neoplasm. In terms strictly related to a viral or Epstein-Barr virus-related development of Hodgkin's disease, it might perhaps be true that transcription factor NF-kappaB might induce the signaling of a CD30 receptor pathway that is intrinsically linked with anti-apoptosis of germinal center lymphocytes. In overall terms, perhaps, the Epstein-Barr viral nuclear antigens such as Latent membrane protein 1 would activate NF-kappaB as a mechanism that induces anti-apoptotic effect by multiple pathways in the added context particularly of a concerted series of cytokines that secondarily regulate T lymphocyte response. Indeed, in simple terms, Hodgkin's disease would appear to involve a basic mechanism of induced transcription as an effective anti-apoptotic mechanism as exerted on Reed-Sternberg cells. The Epstein-Barr viral nuclear antigens might be pivotal in orchestrating a full series of cytokine and T lymphocyte responses that would perhaps contribute significantly to the effective perpetuation of such anti-apoptotic effect or effects as exerted on the Reed-Sternberg cells.
B-Lymphocytes↗
Non-neoplastic demyelinating process mimicking a disseminated malignant brain tumour.
Non-neoplastic demyelinating processes of the brain with ring enhancing lesions and mass effect on MRI imaging, mimicking malignant brain tumours, are rare phenomena. We document the case of a 32 year old male with clinical, radiological and initial histological findings, suggestive of a malignant brain tumour. Additional investigations confirmed the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. This case is significant as the lesion could not be easily distinguished from a malignant brain tumour on imaging alone. Cases such as this illustrate the importance of considering a demyelinating process in the differential diagnosis of tumour-like brain lesions.
Astrocytoma↗
[Central nervous system neoplasms in clinical data from the Neurology Clinic KCU in Sarajevo 1990-1999].
The Neoplasms are the second leading cause of the mortality of the adult according to WHO. The last decade is the decade of the increase of all the epidemiologic parameters of the neoplasms in general, so also the neoplasms of the central nervous system. The goal of the work was to realize the frequency of the appearance of the neoplasms of the CNS on the clinical material of the Neurologic clinic CC University of Sarajevo with the special accent on the influence of the war as the specific stressor and the factor sui generis at the epidemiologic parameters of the neoplasms of the CNS. The study is retrospective: it is comprehended the period from the 1st January 1990 till 31st December 1999 year. The patients have been analyzed according to years, according the kind of the neoplastic processes and according to the time periods. At the analyzed period was treated 10,329 patients per year, according to the kind of the neoplastic processes and according to the time periods we evidenced the mild decrease from 1991-1999 year (3.03%-2.44%). According to the sex we register 167 males (60%) and 116 females (40%). The most frequent occurrence is in the age period from 55 to 69 years (55% patients). Of the primary neoplastic processes we had in 178 patients (64), with metastases 105 patients (36%). We analyzed the time periods: the prewar period (1st January 1990-5th April 1992), the war period (6th April 1992 till 14th February 1955), and the postwar period (15th December 1995 till 31st December 1999 year). The primary neoplasms in the postwar period we had in 70 patients (40%), in the course og est 35 patients (20%) and after war 69 patients (40%). The metastatic processes are in the evident increase during the war and after the war: before the war 19 patients (18%), during the war 32 patients (31%) and after the war 54 patients (51%). In the collected material during the war and after the war was evidenced the increase of the primary neoplastic processes at the lungs and other organs which have methastized at the nervous system. On the basis of our examination we can conclude that the total clinical material was present the mild percentage decrease of the neoplasms in the relation to all other admitted patients. The primary neoplastic process have been equally present in the patient material before and after the war with certain decrease during the war (probably because of the war and the reduced diagnostics). It is noticed the significant increase of the metastatic processes of the nervous system during the war and after the war. We are of opinion that the increase of the metastatic processes during the war and after the war is more many fold conditioned: the conditions of life of people during the war, shellings, fright from death and wounding, mourning for the killed and the wounded members of the most narrow family, the weak and inadequate nutrition, the increased smoking of the cigarettes, decrease of the total immune forces of an organism and others.
Aged↗
Copper, zinc and superoxide dismutase in precancerous, benign diseases and gastric, colorectal and breast cancer.
The aim of the present study was to assess serum levels of copper and zinc levels and erythrocytes Cu,Zn-SOD activity and to determine probable changes in gastric and colorectal precancerous diseases, benign breast diseases, gastric, colorectal and breast cancer. The study included 165 subjects with cancer, 348 subjects with precancerous (atrophic gastritis, gastric adenoma, colon adenoma, rectal adenoma) and/or benign diseases (weak dysplasia, severe dysplasia, fibroadenoma, cystic disease) and 161 randomly selected healthy controls. Our results suggest that while in gastric and colorectal cancer there were mostly increased copper levels, in breast cancer they were not changed. Zinc levels were weakly decreased in atrophic gastritis, gastric adenoma and breast cancer. There was a strong positive correlation between zinc levels and SOD activity in fibroadenoma and a weak positive correlation in colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer without any correlation between SOD activity and copper in these groups. In gastric precancerous disease there was a positive correlation between SOD and copper. The results of this study suggest that serum trace element levels and activity of related enzymes might be different in various neoplastic processes. This variation in neoplastic processes might be influenced by other factors that have to be considered in complex relationships between the whole body and neoplastic cells.
Adult↗
Enzymes in benign and malignant effusions.
A critical review of the work done in this area indicates that, of the available enzyme systems now used in clinical diagnosis, the LDH system is the only one of significant value in the examination of pleural and peritoneal effusions. In terms of differential diagnosis, estimation of pleural or peritoneal fluid LDH levels will enable the examiner to distinguish between poorly cellular vs. abundantly cellular effusions. In the abundantly cellular effusions, estimation of levels of LDH do not distinguish with any degree of accuracy between those effusions due to inflammatory processes vs. neoplastic processes. Results of studies of LDH isoenzymes are at variance and require more study.
Ascitic Fluid↗
Utility and safety of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of salivary gland masses including a cytologist's review.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility and safety of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the salivary glands for diagnosis of focal masses in the salivary glands, including the prevalence of nondiagnostic sampling, the impact of the presence of a cytologist during the procedure, and the usefulness of flow cytometry. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 43 ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirations of the salivary glands from 36 lesions in 33 patients was performed. Fine-needle aspirations were obtained under sonographic guidance, and 1 to 6 punctures were made with 20- to 25-gauge needles. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirations obtained in the presence of a cytologist were compared with those performed without a cytologist regarding the adequacy of the specimen and the number of punctures performed. Postprocedural complications and the frequency with which flow cytometry was performed were noted. Cytopathologic diagnosis was correlated with clinical follow-up (n = 33) and surgical pathologic findings (n = 10). RESULTS: Cytologic diagnosis was made in 31 (94%) of 33 patients, confirming a neoplastic process in 18 (50%) of 36 and a non-neoplastic process in 16 (44%) of 36. Although the presence of a cytologist at the bedside resulted in a higher prevalence of diagnostic sampling (P < .05), it did not alter the number of punctures performed (mean, 3 punctures). No complications were encountered except for pain in 2 patients. Flow cytometry was helpful in 8 (22%) of 36 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the salivary glands is a safe procedure with a low prevalence of nondiagnostic sampling. Approximately 44% of patients can be spared surgical intervention through diagnosis of a non-neoplastic process. The presence of a cytologist increases the likelihood of obtaining a diagnostic sample. Flow cytometry was helpful in 22% of patients.
Adult↗
The expression of fatty acid synthase (FASE) is an early event in the development and progression of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
Correlation of elevated levels of the lipogenic enzyme, fatty acid synthase (FASE), with advanced stages of some cancers has drawn attention to this enzyme as a possible marker of poor prognosis. Because recent studies have shown that cancer cells are dependent on fatty acid synthetic activity and pharmacologic inhibitors of this enzyme are selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells, expression of FASE also may provide a potential target for intervention in the neoplastic process. To determine the potential usefulness of expression of FASE in the neoplastic process of the lung, we evaluated its pattern of expression immunohistochemically in archival specimens from 60 human lung specimens with squamous cell cancer (SCC) and associated "preneoplastic" lesions compared with its expression in the normal bronchial epithelium of 60 noncancer specimens. The expression of FASE was significantly higher in SCC associated uninvolved bronchial epithelium (mean = 0.40+/-0.03, median = 0.38) compared with its expression in the bronchial epithelium of noncancer specimens (mean = 0.18+/-0.02, median = 0.16) indicating its early expression. We also observed a statistically significant step-wise increase in FASE expression from SCC associated uninvolved bronchial epithelium (mean = 0.40+/-0.03, median = 0.38) to epithelial hyperplasia (0.58+/-0.04, median = 0.57) to SCC (1.53+/-0.06, median = 1.50). The results suggested that expression of FASE is an early event in the development and progression of SCC of the lung. The inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by inhibiting enzymatic function with metabolic analogues may be a useful strategy in the treatment of SCCs. The expression of FASE in early lesions such as SCC associated uninvolved bronchial epithelium and epithelial hyperplasia might also provide a potential means for intervention early in the neoplastic process in the lung or even preventing their malignant transformation to invasive carcinomas.
Biomarkers, Tumor↗
Assay for beta-glucuronidase in cerebrospinal fluid: usefulness for the detection of neoplastic meningitis.
The specificity and sensitivity of the assay for beta-glucuronidase in cerebrospinal fluid were evaluated to determine the usefulness of this test for the detection of neoplastic meningitis. The enzyme activity was first measured in cerebrospinal fluid from 131 patients with various disorders and was then prospectively measured in cerebrospinal fluid from 30 patients with cytologic results that were positive for or suggestive of malignant disease. Within the first group, elevated levels of beta-glucuronidase were found only among patients with neoplastic processes in the central nervous system, including neoplastic meningitis. Among 26 patients with neoplastic processes in the central nervous system, including neoplastic meningitis. Among 26 patients with positive cytologic results, 13 had elevated beta-glucuronidase activities. Elevated values were more frequent among patients with adenocarcinoma (75%) and myelogenous leukemia (60%). The patients with these two disorders also had the highest enzyme activities. The correlation of th beta-glucuronidase level with other cerebrospinal fluid values, including total protein, glucose content, and cell count, was not significant. The findings of this study indicate that measurement of beta-glucuronidase in cerebrospinal fluid can be used as an adjunctive diagnostic test for neoplastic meningitis. The results should be interpreted with caution, however, because of the possibility that the elevated enzyme levels may be due to acute or subacute bacterial or fungal meningitis.
Cerebrospinal Fluid↗
[Lipiodol blocks caused by non-neoplastic intraspinal processes].
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Contrast Media↗
Hepatic tumor induction in c-myc mono-transgenic and TGF-alpha/c-myc double-transgenic mice.
Double transgenic mice bearing fusion genes consisting of mouse albumin enhancer/promoter-mouse c-myc cDNA and mouse metallothionein 1 promoter-human TGF-alpha cDNA were generated to investigate the interaction of these genes in hepatic oncogenesis and to provide a general paradigm for characterizing both the interaction of nuclear oncogenes and growth factors in tumorigenesis as well as to produce an experimental model to test how environmental chemicals might interact with these genes during the neoplastic process. Coexpression of c-myc and TGF-alpha as transgenes in the mouse liver resulted in a tremendous acceleration of neoplastic development in this organ as compared to expression of either of these transgenes alone. The two distinct cellular reactions that occurred in the liver of the double transgenic mice prior to the appearance of liver tumors were dysplastic and apoptotic changes in the existing hepatocytes followed by emergence of multiple focal lesions composed of both hyperplastic and dysplastic cell populations. These observations suggest that the interaction of c-myc and TGF-alpha, during development of hepatic neoplasia contributes to the selection and expansion of the preneoplastic cell populations which consequently increases the probability of malignant conversion. Treatment of the double transgenic mice with both genotoxic agents such as diethylnitrosamine and IQ as well as the tumor promoter phenobarbital greatly accelerated the neoplastic process. These results suggest that selective transgenic mouse models may provide important tools for testing both the carcinogenic potential of environmental chemicals and the interaction/cooperation of these compounds with specific genes during the neoplastic process.
Animals↗