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PubMed2005

[The significance of microvessel density and CD34 expression in nasal polyps].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathologic significance of microvessel density (MVD) and the expression of CD34 in human nasal polyps. METHOD: Using Elivision Plus immunohistochemistry method. Thirty cases of normal inferior turbinate, 60 cases of nasal polyps were stain with CD34. RESULT: MVD of CD34 marker showed higher in the group of nasal polyps than in the group of normal inferior turbinate (P <0.01). MVD in nasal polyps type II phase 3 and type III was higher than that in the nasal polyps type II phase (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: MVD is closely related with the formation edema and development of nasal polyps. Angiogenesis may play an important role in the development of nasal polyps.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of erythromycin on apoptosis of eosinophils in nasal polyps in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of erythromycin on apoptosis of eosinophils in nasal polyps in vitro. METHODS: Fifteen nasal polyp biopsies were collected during nasal polypectomy. The specimens were cultured with erythromycin in RPMI1640, and cultured without erythromycin as control group. The explants in both groups were taken out at 1, 3, 5 day after culture. The apoptosis of cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated dUTP nick endlabeling(TUNEL), eosinophils were identified by morphology and serial sections stained with HE, then the apoptosis index (AI) of eosinophils was calculated. RESULTS: The AI of eosinophils in nasal polyps after cultured for 1,3,5 days with erythromycin were (31.77 +/- 9.52)%, (32.67 +/- 9.44)% and (50.34 +/- 8.78)% respectively. In control group, the AI of eosinophils were (29.18 +/- 7.31)%, (29.82 +/- 12.03)% and (42.25 +/- 8.08)% respectively. There were significant difference between two groups at 5 day after culture(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Erythromycin promoted apoptosis of eosinophils in nasal polyps in vitro.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[The protein expression difference of transforming growth factor beta1, matrix metalloproteinases 1,7,9 and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-1 between chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps and normal mucosa tissues].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the expression difference of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), matrix metalloproteinases1,7,9 (MMP-1,7,9 ) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) protein among the chronic rhinosinusitis tissues, nasal polyps tissues and normal nasal mucosa tissues. METHOD: The protein expression of TGF-beta1, MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in chronic rhinosinusitis tissues from 22 patients, in nasal polyps tissues from 21 patients and in inferior turbinate tissues from 15 patients underwent nasal septum operation was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULT: (1) In chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps tissues, compared with controls, the expression of TGF-beta1, MMP-7, MMP-9, TIMP-1 protein was significant increased (P < 0.05); (2) The expression of TGF-beta1 and TIMP-1 in chronic rhinosinusitis tissues was significant increased versus that in nasal polyps tissues (P < 0.05); (3) Concentration of MMP-7 protein in nasal polyps tissues was found significant higher than that in chronic rhinosinusitis tissues (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Different TGF-beta1, MMP-7, TIMP-1 protein level in chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps tissues might be the molecular basis of the different histopathological character of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyp tissues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Upregulation of COX-1 and COX-2 in nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Since abnormalities in prostanoid metabolism occur in the lower airway of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), it is likely that they could also be detected in the nose. METHODS: The degree of mRNA and protein expression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes 1 (COX-1) and 2 (COX-2) was examined using quantitative reverse competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis in the nasal polyps from 10 patients with CF, nasal polyps from 10 non-CF patients and 11 nasal mucosa specimens. The results are presented as 10(6) cDNA molecules/mug total RNA and the densitometric ratio between protein and beta-actin. RESULTS: COX-1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in CF nasal polyps (median 2.34, 25-75th percentiles 1.6-3.2) than in the nasal mucosa (0.78, 0.11-1.21), while there was no difference with non-CF nasal polyps (1.11, 0.80-3.15). COX-1 protein levels were significantly higher in CF nasal polyps (3.63, 2.71-4.27) than in nasal mucosa (1.55, 0.66-2.33) and non-CF nasal polyps (2.19, 1.72-3.68). COX-2 mRNA was significantly higher in CF nasal polyps (3.34, 2.42-7.05) than in nasal mucosa (1.69, 0.19-3.50). No differences were found in COX-2 mRNA expression between CF and non-CF polyps (1.38, 0.12-6.07). COX-2 protein levels were also significantly higher in CF nasal polyps (0.23, 0.04-0.34) than in non-CF nasal polyps (0.011, 0.009-0.016) or nasal mucosa (0.014, 0.014-0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Upregulation in the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 could explain the high production of prostanoids reported in CF. These findings raise questions regarding the potential use of selective or non-selective COX-2 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment in CF.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in nasal polyps].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression and significance of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) and transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-beta 1) in nasal polyps. METHODS: Expression of VEGF/VPF and TGF-beta 1 in nasal polyps from 34 patients and middle turbinates from 30 patients with deviation of nasal septum was prospectively studied with immunohistochemistry. Tissue sections were observed under optical microscope. RESULTS: (1) The VEGF/VPF positivity in vascular endothelium and in glandular cell was significantly higher in nasal polyps than in middle turbinates (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively); (2) The TGF-beta 1 positivity in extracellular matrix and in cells in the stroma was significantly higher in nasal polyps than in middle turbinates(P < 0.005); (3) The distribution and shape of TGF-beta 1 expressing cells in nasal polyps were similar to that of eosinophil, their positivities were significantly correlative; (4) The positivity of VEGF/VPF and TGF-beta 1 did not correlate with clinical type in nasal polyps (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: (1) The VEGF/VPF may play a key role in the formation of heavy edema of nasal polyps; (2) The TGF-beta 1 may contribute to some of the pathologic changes observed in nasal polyps, such as thickening of the epithelial basement membrane and stromal fibrosis; (3) Eosinophils in nasal polyps represent a major source of TGF-beta 1.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Clinical relevance of nasal polyps in individuals recruited from a general population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical presentations of individuals with nasal polyps detected by endoscopy in a general population sample with those of patients with nasal polyp disease seeking medical attention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 38 individuals with nasal polyps from a population-based sample were compared with 38 matched controls and a third group consisting of 44 patients who presented to an outpatient clinic with symptoms and diagnosed nasal polyps Upper and lower airway symptoms were registered. Polyp size, peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF), olfactory function and health-related quality of life were measured. RESULTS: Compared with the individuals with nasal polyps in the population sample, patients actively seeking medical care for nasal polyposis experienced more symptoms of nasal blockage and an impaired sense of smell, and had more extensive polyps and reduced PNIF. There were equal frequencies of asthma symptoms in these two groups. Compared with the controls, the individuals with nasal polyps in the population sample had a greater frequency of asthma symptoms and aspirin intolerance and also experienced an impaired sense of smell. CONCLUSION: Nasal polyps alone, as seen occasionally, are indicative of airway disease involving the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Topical steroids do not downregulate expression of growth-related oncogene-alpha in nasal polyps.

CONCLUSIONS: Topical steroids did not affect expression of growth-related oncogene-alpha (GRO-alpha) in nasal polyps. The results of this study suggest roles for steroid-resistant gene expression in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps and point to the need for additional pharmacological strategies. OBJECTIVE: Infiltration of inflammatory cells is believed to play a role in the development of nasal polyps. GRO-alpha is a chemokine that recruits and activates neutrophils and also possesses growth stimulatory and angiogenetic properties. An increased presence of GRO-alpha has been demonstrated in nasal polyps compared with normal nasal tissue. In this study we evaluate the presence and expression levels of GRO-alpha in nasal polyps before and after glucocorticoid treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nasal polyps were surgically removed in patients before and 6 weeks after treatment with topically applied fluticasone. GRO-alpha gene expression and the presence of GRO-alpha peptide were detected in polyp tissue by means of in situ hybridization, quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Strong GRO-alpha gene expression and the presence of GRO-alpha peptide were seen in both the epithelium and stromal inflammatory cells of nasal polyps. No differences in gene expression levels in tissue homogenates were found when untreated polyp tissue was compared with polyps treated for 6 weeks with topically applied steroids.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2000

[The concentration and expression of IL-5 in human nasal polyp tissue].

OBJECTIVE: To study the concentration and expression of IL-5 in nasal polyp tissues and explore its significance in the micro-environment differentiation of eosinophils accumulation and clarify the conception of nasal polyposis. METHODS: The concentration and expression of IL-5 in nasal polyp tissues of 40 patients were determined by ELISA and immunohistochemistry, and inferior turbinate mucosa from patients with nasal polyps and healthy volunteers was used as control. RESULTS: 1. IL-5 concentration in the polyp tissues was significantly higher than that in inferion turbinate mucosa(P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in inferion turbinate mucosa between the patients with nasal polyps and healthy volunteers (P > 0.05). IL-5 concentration in polyp tissues was markedly higher in patients with extensive polypoid change of nasal mucosa, history of previous polypectomy and allergic rhinitis compared with those without these features (P < 0.05). IL-5 concentration had no correlation with age and sex (P > 0.05). 2. 80.1% of the eosinophils were positive for IL-5 and 90.9% of IL-5 positive cells were eosinophils. Only 3.7% of the lymphocytes and neutrophils were IL-5 positive, and IL-5 was not detectable in epithelial cells. IL-5 expression in eosinophils of polyp tissues was remarkably stronger than that of the turbinate mucosa (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in inferion turbinate mucosa between the patients with nasal polyps and healthy volunteers (P > 0.05). IL-5 expression of eosinophils in polyp tissues was significantly stronger in patients with extensive polypoid change of nasal mucosa, history of previous polypectomy and allergic rhinitis compared with those without these features (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-5 expression in lymphocytes and neutrophils between polyp tissues and inferior turbinate nasal mucosa (both P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: IL-5 is a key protein in eosinophilic pathologic mechanisms in nasal polyp tissues.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Protein kinase C in proliferation and infiltration of eosinophils in nasal polyp.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the significance of protein kinase C (PKC) in proliferation and infiltration of eosinophils in nasal polyps. METHODS: With in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry staining methods, PKC, pro-apoptotic, and anti-apoptotic gene (Bax, bcl-2) expressions were measured in nasal polyp tissues from 26 patients and inferior turbinate mucosa tissues (ITMTs) from 20 healthy persons. The May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) staining method was used to identify eosinophils. RESULTS: In eosinophils, the positive cell expressive rates of Bcl-2 mRNA and its protein were significantly higher in the group with nasal polyps than in the ITMT group (P < 0.01). Although the positive cell expressive rate of Bax mRNA and associated protein were a little higher in the group with nasal polyp tissues than in the ITMT group, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). There was PKC expression in the eosinophils of 26 cases of nasal polyps, but occasional PKC expression in 7 of 20 ITMT cases. In the two groups, PKC positive cell expression was significantly different, and the expression of PKC and bcl-2 mRNA as well as associated protein in eosinophils of nasal polyps showed a remarkably positive relationship (r1 = 0.0875, r2 = 0.0823, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Increased PKC expression in eosinophils of nasal polyp tissues is closely associated with apoptosis inhibition, and it is presumed that eosinophil apoptosis inhibition in nasal polyp tissues is obtained by activation of the PKC signal transduction pathway.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Histamine, norepinephrine and serotonin content of nasal polyps.

Histamine, norepinephrine and serotonin were assayed and localized by fluorescence histochemistry in normal mucosa and nasal polyps because of their possible role in the development of inflammation and edema. Histamine was present in greater concentration in nasal polyps than in normal mucosa. Norepinephrine was present primarily in the base of nasal polyps and in greater concentration than in normal mucosa. Patients with aspirin sensitivity and asthma had much lower histamine concentrations in their nasal polyps than all other patients with nasal polyps. A proposal for a possible mechanism of formation of nasal polyps based on vascular and inflammatory mechanisms and incorporative roles for histamine and norepinephrine is presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Immunopathological characteristics of nasal polyps.

The presence of immunoglobulins in nasal polyps and surrounding mucosa was studied by direct immunofluorescence in 14 patients. Specific and total IgE were determined in polyps and in the sera of this group. Significant immunofluorescence to IgE was demonstrated in 12 polyps but in only four samples of adjacent mucosa. Eight polyps showed significant immunofluorescence to IgM. Six patients had elevated total IgE levels within polyp sac fluid in the absence of elevated serum values. In seven cases, specific IgE was found in polyp sac fluid which could not be detected on skin or serum testing. These results may suggest local production of IgE and support the concept of nasal polyps being a manifestation of a local allergic phenomenon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Expression of P-selectin in nasal polyps and its mechanisms].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of P-selectin and its mechanism in nasal polyps. METHODS: The expression of P-selectin was detected with immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in nasal polyps from 24 patients and nasal epithelium from 9 normals. The production of P-selectin in supernatans of isolated cultured vascular endothelial cells induced by interleukin-5 (IL-5) was detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The positive rate of P-selectin in nasal polyps was 79.1% (19/24) while it was 22.2%(2/9) in normals. The relative density ratio of P-selectin and beta-actin were 0.68 +/- 0.11 in nasal polyps and 0.29 +/- 0.08 in normals indicated by RT-PCR and agrose electrophoresis. The concentration of P-selectin was (53.4 +/- 2.9) ng/L and (21.3 +/- 3.5) ng/L in the two groups respectively. CONCLUSIONS: P-selectin upregulated in nasal polyps correlated with the infiltrated eosinophils and IL-5 could induce the expression of P-selectin protein in the isolated cultured endothelial cells. It suggested that upregulation of P-selectin may play a role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps and can be enhanced by cytokine IL-5.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Glycohistochemical characteristics of nasal polyps from patients with and without cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether cystic fibrosis (CF)-related nasal polyps exhibit significantly distinct glycohistochemical characteristics when compared with single vs massive nasal polyps obtained from patients without CF. DESIGN: Glycohistochemical characteristics were identified by means of 8 histochemical probes, including 5 plant lectins (peanut, gorse seed, wheat germ, Maackia amurensis, and Sambucus nigra agglutinins), 2 animal lectins (14- and 16-kd galectins), and 1 neoglycoprotein (exposing the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen). The binding of the 8 glycohistochemical markers was determined by means of computer-assisted microscopy. For each probe, 3 quantitative parameters were computed: the labeling index, which describes the percentage of tissue area specifically stained by a given marker; the mean optical density, which reflects the staining intensity; and the concentrational heterogeneity, which characterizes the level of heterogeneity of the staining intensity. SUBJECTS: A series of 61 nasal mucosa specimens was analyzed, including 6 normal cases, 23 single and 18 massive polyposis cases without CF, and 14 nasal polyps associated with CF. RESULTS: Normal and polyposal nasal mucosa differed in terms of the amounts and linkage types of sialic acids (revealed by the wheat germ, M amurensis, and S nigra agglutinins) rather than the characteristics of galactoside expression (monitored with the peanut agglutinin and 2 animal galectins). In contrast, nasal polyps markedly differed between patients with and without CF with respect to galactoside expression (revealed by the peanut agglutinin and the 14-kd galectin) and the display of binding site(s) for the neoglycoprotein. CONCLUSION: Normal and polyposal nasal mucosa differ essentially in sialic acid presentation, while nasal polyps from patients with CF have a higher level of various lectin-reactive galactoside residues than nasal polyps from those without CF.

Cystic Fibrosis↗
PubMed1994

Eosinophil adhesion to nasal polyp endothelium is P-selectin-dependent.

Tissue eosinophilia is a characteristic feature of a number of inflammatory diseases including asthma and nasal polyposis. Eosinophil migration into tissues is controlled in part by interactions between eosinophil adhesion receptors and counter-structures on the vascular endothelium. To determine the receptors used by eosinophils to adhere to vascular endothelium in allergic inflammation we have adapted the Stamper-Woodruff frozen section assay (FSA) to study eosinophil adhesion to nasal polyp endothelium. Immunohistology indicated that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin and P-selectin were well expressed by nasal polyp endothelium, whereas expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) was weak or absent. Unstimulated human peripheral blood eosinophils adhered specifically to nasal polyp endothelium. Adherence was temperature and divalent cation-dependent and saturable at cell densities > 5 x 10(6) cells/ml. Eosinophil adhesion was almost completely inhibited by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against P-selectin and by a chimeric molecule consisting of the Fc portion of human IgG and the lectin binding domain of P-selectin, which binds to the P-selectin ligand on leucocytes. Anti-Mac-1 mAb partially inhibited eosinophil adhesion whereas mAb against E-selectin, L-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, very late activation antigen 4, and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 had no effect. P-selectin is stored in intracellular granules within the endothelial cell and in vitro is only transiently expressed. To determine if P-selectin was expressed on the membrane of the nasal polyp endothelium we compared P-selectin expression in normal skin and nasal polyps after acetone fixation, which permeabilizes cells, and paraformaldehyde, which only allows staining of membrane expressed receptors. In the skin, good expression was seen with acetone fixation but no expression was seen after paraformaldehyde treatment, whereas in nasal polyps, similar expression was observed with both fixatives. In addition immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy demonstrated lumenal staining of nasal polyp endothelium indicating that P-selectin was located on the surface of endothelial cells while in skin only an intracellular granular distribution was apparent. Lastly, whereas eosinophils bound consistently to nasal polyp endothelium, no binding was observed to blood vessels in normal skin further supporting the idea that eosinophils were binding to membrane expressed and not intracellular P-selectin. The importance of P-selectin in eosinophil adhesion to nasal polyp endothelium suggests that P-selectin antagonists may be effective at inhibiting eosinophil accumulation at sites of allergic inflammation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Tissue-specific immunoglobulin E in human nasal polyps.

Allergy is generally believed to be an underlying cause of nasal polyps. The objective of this study was to define allergic nasal polyps. We investigated specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) in polyp tissue. Thirty pieces of polyp tissue were taken from patients with positive allergic symptoms, and 30 from patients without allergic symptoms. Nasal polyp tissue homogenate and serum from these patients were prepared for detecting sIgE by a CAP method. For patients with allergic symptoms and/or positive serum CAP test results, the rates of positive tissue CAP tests were low: 36.7% and 35.7%, respectively. However, nearly all of the tissue CAP-positive subjects had allergic symptoms and positive serum CAP tests. We conclude that the local tissue sIgE profile reflects more specifically the allergic status of patients with nasal polyps than does the systemic serum test or the presentation of allergic symptoms. Thus, polyp tissue CAP tests might be performed in patients with positive allergic symptoms and positive serum CAP tests to define an allergy-induced polyp precisely. Then, specific antiallergic treatment could be administered to prevent polyp recurrence.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Expression profile of immune-associated genes in nasal polyps.

OBJECTIVES: We performed this study to investigate the expression profile of immune-associated genes and to probe the role of related genes in the immune pathogenesis of nasal polyps. METHODS: Microarray analysis was used to find the expression profile of 491 immune-associated genes in nasal polyps. In validation studies, immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis were used to detect interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) in nasal polyps and controls. RESULTS: Eighty-seven genes were differentially expressed in the immune-associated gene profile of nasal polyps, and 15 genes showed differential expression in both chips. In nasal polyp tissues, IL-17 was expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of plasma cells and to a lesser degree in the prickle cell layer of the epithelium and the acinus of the serous gland. In turbinates, IL-17 was also expressed in the same location, but the expression of IL-17 in nasal polyps and that in turbinates differed significantly (p < .05). Both IL-17 and IL-17R displayed specific bands in nasal polyps and turbinates, but the bands of IL-17 and IL-17R in nasal polyps were stronger than those in turbinates. CONCLUSIONS: The differentially expressed genes in immune-associated gene chips will provide clues about, and a theoretical foundation for, the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Furthermore, IL-17 may play an important role in the occurrence of nasal polyps by overexpression.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Protein kinase C in eosinophil proliferation and infiltration in nasal polyp tissue].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the significance of protein kinase C (PKC) in eosinophil (EOS) proliferation and infiltration in nasal polyp tissues. METHODS: With the methods of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry staining, PKC and apoptosis gene (Bcl-2, Bax) expression were measured between nasal polyps from 26 patients and inferior turbinate mucous membrane tissue (ITMMT) from 20 normal persons. EOS was identified with May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) staining. RESULTS: In EOS, the positive cell expressive rate of Bcl-2 mRNA and its protein were significantly higher in group of nasal polyps than that in group of ITMMT (P < 0.01). Although the positive cell expressive rate of Bax mRNA and its protein were slightly higher in group of nasal polyp tissue than that in group of ITMMT, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). PKC was expressed in EOS of all 26 cases from nasal polyp tissues, but in 20 cases from ITMMT, only 7 cases showed occasional PKC expression. In both groups, PKC positive cell expression was significantly different, and the expression of PKC and Bcl-2 mRNA as well as their protein in EOS of nasal polyps showed remarkably positive relation (r1 = 0.0875, r2 = 0.0823, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: PKC expression increasing in EOS of nasal polyp tissues was closely associated with apoptosis inhibiting. So we presumed that EOS inhibiting in nasal polyp tissues was obtained by activating PKC signal transduction pathway.

Adult↗