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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Modulation of bovine lymphocyte response by salivary gland extracts of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae).

The effect of salivary gland extract of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L), on bovine lymphocyte proliferation was determined, and antibody reactivity to salivary gland proteins was characterized in cattle exposed to stable flies. Salivary glands were dissected from male and female flies (4-8 d after eclosion), and protein extracts were made by freeze-thaw cycles. Salivary gland extract (SGE, 1 and 5 microg) significantly inhibited mitogen-driven proliferation of bovine lymphocytes, compared with 1 and 5 microg of identically prepared midgut extract (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Phytohemagglutinin A (PHA) stimulated lymphocyte responses were suppressed by 61.7 and 79.5% (mean values) with 1 and 5 microg of SCE, whereas concanvalin A (Con A) stimulated responses were suppressed by 62.9 and 77.1% (1 and 5 microg). In contrast, midgut extract (1 and 5 microg) minimally suppressed PHA (12.7% +/- 12.6 and 18.7% +/- 15.5) and Con A-driven responses (13.8% +/- 20.5 and 24.6% +/- 14.9), respectively. Viability studies using propidium iodide and flow cytometry demonstrated that SGE was not cytotoxic. Two-color immunofluorescence studies identified T and B lymphocytes as the nonviable cells in the cultures. Western blot analysis of serum collected from five dairy cows during periods of low and high fly exposure identified an immunodominant 27 kDa protein among the salivary gland proteins. These results indicate that exposure of cattle to stable fly saliva during blood feeding results in an antibody response to salivary proteins and that the saliva has a potential to modulate T lymphocyte function.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Susceptibility of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) to permethrin in dairies in Aguascalientes, Mexico.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey for the susceptibility of the horn fly, Hematobia irritans (L.), populations to permethrin on dairy cattle from Aguascalientes, Mexico. Samples of populations of horn flies at 25 dairies were exposed to two discriminating doses (2.5 and 6.0 microg/cm2) on permethrin-treated filter papers and the percentage of mortality was compared with that of a susceptible strain treated with same doses of permethrin. The results show that there was a difference in the mortality from two discriminating doses and the mortality of the susceptible strain. Therefore, horn fly populations at all dairies tested in Aguascalientes, Mexico, were susceptible to permethrin. This insecticide, as well as other pyrethroids, could continue to be used to provide satisfactory control of horn flies in the study region.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Novel growth media for rearing larval horn flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae).

Experiments were conducted to develop an agar-based medium for rearing immature horn flies, Hematobia irritans (L.). Larval survival was determined on sterilized manure inoculated with pure and mixed cultures of Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus pumilus Meyer & Gottheil, Comamonas acidovorans den Dooren de Jong, Pseudomonas mendocina Palleroni, Flavobacterium sp. and Empedobacter breve (Holmes & Owen). Rearing larvae on mixed cultures enhanced pupal weight but not survival. Horn fly larvae failed to survive when reared on standard bacteriological media inoculated with pure and mixed cultures of Acinetobacter sp., P. mendocina, and C. acidovorans. Larvae completed development on a minimal medium supplemented with alfalfa, egg proteins, and vitamins. Medium with low alfalfa content (30 g alfalfa/500 ml minimal medium) had enhanced survival when supplemented with egg yolk protein and vitamins. Medium with high alfalfa content (130 g alfalfa/500 ml minimal medium) had enhanced survival when supplemented with whole egg protein and vitamins. Survival was also favored when media were inoculated with pure cultures of Acinetobacter or Acinetobacter mixed with either Pseudomonas or Comamonas. Individual plates could support larvae developing from up to 40 eggs, and survival was least variable when plates were inoculated with greater numbers of eggs. This rearing system shows promise as a means for conducting standardized bioassays on a meridic diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Non-biting Muscidae and control methods.

Many non-biting muscids (filth flies) are characterised by the habit of visiting manure or rotting organic material to feed and/or oviposit. As these flies also often have close associations with human beings, as well as human habitations and domestic animals, they are potentially both a nuisance and a contributory factor in the transmission of diseases. The authors examine the biology, economic importance and control of four of the most important non-biting muscids: housefly, Musca domestica; face fly, Musca autumnalis; Australian bush fly, Musca vetustissima; sheep head fly, Hydrotaea irritans.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Topical treatment of calves with synthetic pyrethroids: effects on the non-target dung fly Neomyia cornicina (Diptera: Muscidae).

Dung from calves treated with synthetic pyrethroids negatively influenced, in varying degrees, survival, reproduction and size of the common dung fly Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius). This was documented in assays where the coprophagous larvae and adults of N. cornicina were exposed to dung collected from calves dosed with topical preparations of deltamethrin, flumethrin, cyfluthrin, and alpha-cypermethrin. Larval mortality was significantly increased in dung collected up to at least seven days after treatment with deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and cyfluthrin. Alpha-cypermethrin caused significant mortality of adults allowed to feed on moist dung. Nulliparous flies fed for six days on dung collected three days after treatment of calves with alpha-cypermethrin or deltamethrin showed little or no ovarian development. A tendency for a comparable effect with flumethrin was also observed. A connection between ovarian development and inhibition of feeding was indicated by the observation of significantly lowered excretion rates in flies exposed to residues of deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and flumethrin. Larvae that survived exposure to dung from calves dosed with deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, or cyfluthrin gave rise to smaller flies. The effect on adult fly size decreased when larvae were exposed to dung collected at longer times after treatment of the calves. Adult fly size was significantly reduced in dung collected up to 14 days (alpha-cypermethrin) or up to 28 days after treatment (deltamethrin and cyfluthrin). Fluctuating asymmetry of a wing vein character did not reflect the anticipated levels of exposure. The study strongly indicated that the use of synthetic pyrethroids affected the insect dung fauna and that such use may reduce dung decomposition.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Surface ultrastructure of the third-instar larvae of Hydrotaea spinigera Stein (Diptera: Muscidae), a fly species of forensic importance.

The surface ultrastructure of third-instar larvae of Hydrotaea (= Ophyra) spinigera Stein was observed with scanning electron microscopy. The number of papillae in each anterior spiracle ranges from 5-7. Abdominal segments 4-12 possess ventral welts. Each posterior spiracular disc bears 3 nearly straight slits, with the lower and middle slits closer together than the middle and upper slits. Although the larvae of H. spinigera are generally similar to two other closely-related species in Thailand, Hydrotaea (= Ophyra) leucostoma (Wiedemann) and Hydrotaea (= Ophyra) chalcogaster (Wiedemann), some of the morphological features can help in differentiating these species, thus allowing more accurate identification of species of fly larvae in forensic investigation.

Animals↗