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PubMed1998

Mechanism by which orally administered leminoprazole stimulates mucus synthesis in rats.

We examined the mechanism by which leminoprazole (an acid pump inhibitor) stimulates mucus synthesis in rats. Leminoprazole and omeprazole were administered to rats, and then the gastric fragments were isolated from the fundus of their stomachs. Mucus synthesis was assessed by [3H]leucine and [3H]glucosamine incorporation by the fragments into high-molecular-weight materials. After oral administration of leminoprazole, mucus synthesis by the gastric fragments was dose-dependently stimulated, while acid secretion was inhibited. Omeprazole had no effect on mucus synthesis, although it potently inhibited acid secretion. Treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), but not indomethacin, caused a reduction of leminoprazole-stimulated synthesis of gastric mucus in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory action of L-NAME was restored by the concomitant administration of L-arginine, but not D-arginine. Intragastric administration of leminoprazole to pylorus-ligated rats also stimulated mucus synthesis without inhibiting acid secretion. In contrast, in the case of intraperitoneal administration, leminoprazole exerted a potent antisecretory effect, but failed to promote mucus synthesis. Exposure of leminoprazole to the luminal surface of the gastric mucosa did not cause any damage. We conclude that orally administered leminoprazole, via direct effect toward the gastric mucosa, stimulates mucus synthesis in rats probably through nitric oxide mediation. The stimulatory effect of leminoprazole on mucus synthesis is independent of its antisecretory effect.

16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2↗

PubMed1990

Collection and analysis of respiratory mucus from subjects without lung disease.

We collected the respiratory mucus coating the endotracheal tubes used during short surgical procedures in 27 patients with no clinical evidence of respiratory disease. Twelve were male and 15 were female, and they ranged from 1 to 64 yr of age (mean, 28.7 yr). The viscoelastic properties, frog palate transport rate, and percent solid composition were in the normal range reported for both canine and human mucus collected using the bronchoscopy brush technique. There were no significant differences noted between male and female patients, and there were no changes in mucus or transport properties seen with aging. Mucus was also collected separately from the inside of the tube exposed to constant gas flow (13 patients), and from the outside of the endotracheal tubes in 25 patients. Although there were no significant differences in viscoelastic properties between inside and outside mucus, there was a greater thread formation (filance, 45 versus 26 mm; p less than 0.005) and a higher percentage of solids in mucus from the inside of the endotracheal tube (15.9 versus 11.4%; p less than 0.05), which is compatible with reduced hydration. The duration of anesthesia ranged from 25 to 195 min (mean, 85 min). There was no effect of duration of anesthesia on any of the measured mucus properties. This technique for mucus collection allows us to study alterations in mucus properties in patients with and without pulmonary disease at the time of incidental surgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Bronchial mucus hypersecretion in acute quadriplegia. Macromolecular yields and glycoconjugate composition.

In acute quadriplegia we have noted that about one in five patients develops unexplained production of markedly excessive and tenacious bronchial mucus. Spontaneous recovery from mucus hypersecretion usually occurs within weeks to months. Mucus samples collected from 12 patients have been found to be abnormal. Macromolecular contents of single aspirates yielded as much as 500 mg. Analytical ultracentrifuge analysis showed the mucus to contain considerable epithelial glycoprotein (GP) of typical buoyant density; its amino acid and carbohydrate compositions were characteristic of the GP from hypersecretory bronchial mucus such as in chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis. In five patients studied after recovery from hypersecretion, there tended to be relatively less GP. The mucus samples contained a high density glycoconjugate (GC): this had sugars of GP but also reacted positively with a monoclonal antibody to keratan sulfate. Its amino acid composition was different from that of GP: threonine was lower and glycine was higher than in GP. In mucus from one patient who died, chondroitin sulfate ABC and hyaluronic acid were identified as well. This suggests proteoglycans are involved in the pathophysiology of mucus hypersecretion. The sudden onset and spontaneous recovery of hypersecretion suggests that it is not due to gland hypertrophy. We speculate that in acute quadriplegia it is due to disturbed neuronal control of bronchial mucus gland secretion, perhaps related to initial disappearance and later reappearance of peripheral sympathetic nervous system tone.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1995

Dose-dependent in vitro effect of recombinant human DNase on rheological and transport properties of cystic fibrosis respiratory mucus.

Recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) has been demonstrated to reduce the viscosity of purulent cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory mucus, to improve pulmonary function and to reduce the risk of respiratory tract infectious exacerbations, but its effect on mucus transportability has not so far been investigated. The dose-dependent effect of rhDNase was analysed in vitro on mucus transport rate (tr) by ciliary activity and by simulated cough (cough transport (ct)), as well as on mucus viscosity and surface properties. Purulent CF sputa (n = 15) were incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C with either rhDNase at three different concentrations (final concentrations 0.2, 2 or 20 micrograms.ml-1 of mucus) or placebo. No significant dose-dependent effect of rhDNase on the mucociliary transport rate was observed when the samples wer statistically analysed together. However, in the larger group of mucus samples (n = 11) with a low initial mucociliary transport rate, the latter was improved at each rhDNase concentration (tr0.2 = 0.69, tr2 = 0.88 and tr20 = 0.87) as compared to placebo (trp = 0.58). In the smaller group of mucus samples (n = 4) with high initial transport rate, a decrease in mucociliary transport rate was observed, particularly at the highest concentration rhDNase assayed, i.e. 20 micrograms.ml-1 of mucus (tr20 = 0.58) as compared to placebo (trp = 0.86). The mucus cough transport was increased by rhDNase (ct0.2 = 25 mm, ct2 = 27.5 mm and ct20 = 31 mm) as compared to placebo (ctp = 23.5 mm).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1980

Mucus-stimulating activity in the sera of patients with cystic fibrosis: demonstration and preliminary fractionation.

The ciliated, mucus-secreting urn cell complex (UCC) is found swimming in the coelomic cavity of the marine invertebrate Sipunculus nudus. This cell complex, which can be maintained in suspension cultures, responds to various stimuli by hypersecreting mucus in the form of a cohesive mucus "tail." This tail can be measured and expressed as a multiple of "urn cell diameters." Using this bioassay, heated sera from 35 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 29 patients who were obligate heterozygotes for the CF gene, and 42 controls with a variety of diseases were tested. Control sera yielded a mean (+/- S.D.) mucus tail length of 2.5 (+/-2.3); CF sera yielded a mean mucus tail length of 7.5 (+/- 2.9), (P < 0.0005), and obligate heterozygote sera yielded a mucus tail length of 6.2 (+/- 2.1), (P < 0.0005). These responses were reproducible with different UCC suspensions from the same Sipunculus, as well as from different Sipunculi. In addition, sera from 3 CF patients and 3 controls were chromatographed on protein A-Sepharose. The bound IgG fraction was then washed with 8 M urea and subsequently eluted with 1 M acetic acid. Pooled dialyzed, lyophilized fractions were assayed as coded samples in the UCC assay. Mucus-stimulating activity as measured by mucus tail length per mg protein was greatest in the fractions eluted with 8 M urea. The 8 M urea fractions from 3 CF sera were 2.8 to 5.5 times as active as fractions from 3 control sera. The UCC assay can quantitatively measure mucus-stimulating activity in CF serum. This activity appears to be associated with a serum fraction which can be dissociated from IgG.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Mechanisms of gastric mucus secretion from cultured rat gastric epithelial cells induced by carbachol, cholecystokinin octapeptide, secretin, and prostaglandin E2.

The effects of carbachol, cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), secretin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and second mediator-like substances (A23187, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and dibutyryl cAMP) on mucus secretion from cultured gastric epithelial cells were investigated. Gastric mucus was measured by an enzyme-linked lectin assay with soybean agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin. Intracellular cAMP and Ca2+ were measured with a cAMP assay kit and an image analysis system using fura-2-loaded cells, respectively. Secreted mucus induced by any combination of receptor agonists was almost equal to the summation of each stimulated mucus secretion. On the other hand, combined stimulation with second mediator-like substances secreted mucus synergistically. These results suggest the existence of interactions among receptors for mucus secretion. Based on these results, the secretagogue induced intracellular cAMP and free calcium ([Ca2+]i) levels were measured in cultured gastric epithelial cells incubated with secretagogues. Secretin and PGE2 induced cAMP accumulation, and carbachol and CCK-8 induced a [Ca2+]i increase. To confirm these results, the effects of protein kinase A and C inhibitors and intracellular calcium chelator on mucus secretion were investigated. An intracellular calcium chelator inhibited the mucus secretion induced not only by carbachol and CCK-8 but also by secretin and PGE2. These results suggest that the [Ca2+]i plays an important role in mucus secretion through cAMP accumulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Effect of KW-5805 on gastric mucus changes induced by water immersion-restraint stress and aspirin in rats].

The effects of 5-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]amino-5,11-dihydro[1]benzoxepino[3,4- b]pyridine trihydrochloride (KW-5805) on the changes of gastric mucus induced by stress and aspirin were studied in rats. Water immersion-restraint stress time-dependently decreased the gastric adherent mucus content and induced gastric ulcers. Aspirin, administered orally at 200 mg/kg, reduced the gastric adherent mucus level and produced gastric erosions. The diminution of gastric mucus reached a maximum at 3 hr, and a gradual return to the non-treatment value was observed subsequently. Pretreatment with KW-5805, given orally at 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg, dose-dependently prevented stress- and aspirin-induced mucus depletion and gastric ulceration. Gastric mucus glycoprotein levels, indicated by the contents of hexose and hexosamine, were also decreased by aspirin. KW-5805 pretreatment (30 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited the diminution of mucus glycoproteins. KW-5805 also increased the gastric adherent mucus content and the amount of glycoproteins in normal rats. These results suggested that the stimulating effects of KW-5805 on the secretion and storage of gastric mucus may account for some of its antiulcer properties.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Suppression of mucus secretion in the ciliated epithelium of frog palatine mucosa by perfusion with electrolyte solution.

We investigate the effects of perfusion with electrolyte solution on secretion of mucus by the frog palatine mucosa. The amount of mucus secreted was determined by measuring the contents of hexosamine in the mucus. Ciliary movement was examined by the particle transport method. The goblet cells, which secret mucus in the ciliated epithelium, were examined under light and electron microscopes after the perfusion with Ringer's solution. While the mucus secretion was almost completely suppressed by the perfusion with Ringer's solution, the ciliary movement was not suppressed. This suppression was also observed in the presence of bromhexine, pilocarpine or adrenaline, drugs which enhance mucus secretion. Acceleration of ciliary movement as induced by acetylcholine, adrenaline, and serotonin was potentiated by perfusion with Ringer's solution. The mucus secretion was not suppressed by perfusion with A Tris-HCl-substituted Ringer's solution lacking Na+ and was partially suppressed when perfused with a Tris-Cl-substituted Ringer's solution free of Ca2+. Following perfusion with Ringer's solution, many granules containing mucus were observed in the lower part of a goblet cell in the ciliated epithelium. Moreover, shrinkage of the goblet cell but not the ciliated cell was observed electron-microscopically. The difference in membrane permeabilities to Na+ and Ca2+ between the ciliated cell and the goblet cell may play a role in the suppression of mucus by the palatine mucosa.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2003

Enzymes released from Lepeophtheirus salmonis in response to mucus from different salmonids.

Adult and mobile preadult sea lice Lepophtheirus salmonis were incubated with mucus samples from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), coho salmon (O. kisutch), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) to determine the response of L. salmonis to fish skin mucus as assessed by the release of proteases and alkaline phosphatase. There was variation in the release of respective enzymes by sea lice in response to different fish. As well, sealice collected from British Columbia responded differently than New Brunswick sea lice to coho salmon mucus. Fish mucus and seawater samples were also analyzed using protease gel zymography to observe changes in the presence of low molecular weight (LMW) proteases after L. salmonis incubation. Significantly higher proportions of sea lice secreted multiple bands of L. salmonis-derived LMW proteases after incubation with rainbow trout or Atlantic salmon mucus in comparison with seawater, coho salmon, or winter flounder mucus. Susceptibility to L. salmonis infections may be related to the stimulation of LMW proteases from L. salmonis by fish mucus. The resistance of coho salmon to L. salmonis infection may be due to agents in their mucus that block the secretion of these LMW proteases or factors may exist in the mucus of susceptible species that stimulate their release.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed2004

Adaptable defense: a nudibranch mucus inhibits nematocyst discharge and changes with prey type.

Nudibranchs that feed on cnidarians must defend themselves from the prey's nematocysts or risk their own injury or death. While a nudibranch's mucus has been thought to protect the animal from nematocyst discharge, an inhibition of discharge by nudibranch mucus has never been shown. The current study investigated whether mucus from the aeolid nudibranch Aeolidia papillosa would inhibit nematocyst discharge from four species of sea anemone prey. Sea anemone tentacles were contacted with mucus-coated gelatin probes, and nematocyst discharge was quantified and compared with control probes of gelatin only. Mucus from A. papillosa inhibited the discharge of nematocysts from sea anemone tentacles. This inhibition was specifically limited to the anemone species on which the nudibranch had been feeding. When the prey species was changed, the mucus changed within 2 weeks to inhibit the nematocyst discharge of the new prey species. The nudibranchs apparently produce the inhibitory mucus rather than simply becoming coated in anemone mucus during feeding. Because of the intimate association between most aeolid nudibranchs and their prey, an adaptable mucus protection could have a significant impact on the behavior, distribution, and life history of the nudibranchs.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Lipids in airway mucus of acute quadriplegic patients.

Quadriplegic patients have difficulty in clearing lung mucus due to paralysis of muscles of respiration. In about 25% of these patients, excessive mucus in the airway necessitates tracheostomy, and in some patients it is fatal. In others there is spontaneous recovery. To determine if the excessive mucus results from secretion of abnormal mucus or from accumulation of normal mucus, we analyzed the lipids in mucus from eight quadriplegic patients. Lipids were separated from other constituents of the mucus by density gradient ultracentrifugation, extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1), and examined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Cholesterol was the major neutral lipid; phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin were the main phospholipids. Glycolipids were predominant, lactosylceramide (CDH) being the highest in amount. Two-dimensional HPTLC as well as high-performance lipid chromatography also revealed the presence of gangliosides: comparison with standards indicated the presence of GM1, GM2, GM3, and some unidentified gangliosides. In normal mucus, cholesterol is the predominant lipid; phospholipid is present in smaller amounts but glycolipids are not identified. Thus, results of our lipid analysis show that mucus from the quadriplegic patients is abnormal and similar to that in hypersecretory diseases such as chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis. Unlike these latter cases, hypersecretion in the quadriplegic has a rapid onset and, often, spontaneous recovery, suggesting that this is due to abnormal stimulation rather than an increase in the population of secretory cells.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1989

The role of mucus sol phase in clearance by simulated cough.

Using a simulated cough machine, we analyzed the effect of adding tensio-active liquids as sol phase simulant on the clearance of gel mucus simulant by cough. Polysaccharides crosslinked with sodium tetraborate were used at different concentration as gel mucus simulant. A drop of gel mucus simulant was deposited either directly on the model trachea or on a sol phase layer simulant (2% sodium dodecyl sulfate in water). The clearance of the mucus simulants was quantified by observing the movement of marker particles in the gel layer. The viscoelastic properties of gel mucus simulants were determined by using a viscoelastometer (SEFAM). The adhesive properties were analyzed by means of the platinum ring technique. The wettability of the mucus simulants was quantified by the automatic measurement of the contact angle of the drop of gel on the model trachea. We found that the addition of a sol phase significantly decreased by about 50% the adhesivity and wettability of the gel mucus simulants. This decrease was associated with a marked enhancement of cough clearance, whatever the viscoelastic properties of the gel mucus simulants. These results suggest that the sol phase is essential in bronchial respiratory mucus clearance by the cough mechanism.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed2002

Cytokine regulation of mucus production in a model of allergic asthma.

Mucus hyperproduction in asthma results from airway inflammation and contributes to clinical symptoms, airway obstruction and mortality. Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils dominate the airway inflammatory infiltrate. We investigated the role of different lymphocyte subsets and their cytokines in the stimulation of mucus production using a system in which T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD4+ Th cells were generated in vitro, transferred into recipient mice and activated in the respiratory tract with inhaled antigen. Th2 cells induced mucus production and eosinophilic inflammation, while mice that received Th1 cells exhibited airway inflammation without mucus. Th1 cells failed to stimulate mucus due to the inhibitory effects of interferon (IFN)gamma. Mucus was induced by Th2 cells in the absence of interleukin (IL)4, IL5, eosinophils and mast cells, but not without IL4R alpha signalling. Th2 cells lacking IL13 could not stimulate mucus production, despite the presence of airway inflammation. IL9 also stimulates mucus through an IL13-mediated pathway. Using bone marrow chimeras we show that IL13 acts on structural cells in the lung, most likely by direct stimulation of epithelial cells, and not through intermediate inflammatory cells. In asthma, airway inflammation with CD4+ Th2 cells stimulates mucus production by a single pathway mediated by IL13.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1992

Role of mucus in mucosal protection through ethanol and pepsin damage models.

Gastrointestinal mucus is considered an important part of the mucosal defence mechanism against endogenous aggressors such as acid and pepsin. The mucus gel layer, adherent to the mucosal surface creates a diffusion barrier to luminal pepsin, thus protecting the underlying epithelium from the digestion by pepsin. The mucolytic pepsin will, however, digest the mucus at its luminal surface, but that lost is normally balanced by secretion of new mucus. This dynamic balance is disrupted when the mucus is exposed to excess pepsin, which causes focal haemorrhagic damage by progressively hydrolyzing the adherent mucus. The adherent mucus gel layer cannot contribute to the protection against exogen damaging agents such as ethanol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as these compounds easily penetrate the mucus barrier causing, at high concentration, epithelial exfoliation. This study describes the basic properties and characteristics of gastric mucus and compares the pepsin-induced damage with the ethanol damage model.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fungi: a normal content of human nasal mucus.

BACKGROUND: In recent studies, we showed that 91.3% of both CRS patients and healthy controls grew positive fungal cultures out of their nasal mucus, which therefore appears to be a common finding within the adult population. However, it still was unknown as of when fungi could be cultured from nasal mucus in human beings. We attempted to ascertain this point of time in the nasal mucus of neonates. METHODS: We examined nasal mucus from 30 neonates immediately after birth, on the 1st and 4th day postpartum and after 2 and 4 months of life. The samples obtained with sterile cotton swabs were cultured on agar plates. Fungal cultures were identified either conventionally by microscopy or with molecular techniques. To prove possible contamination during birth, mucus of the maternal birth canal was examined as well. RESULTS: In 6 of 30 (20%) of our neonates we found positive fungal cultures immediately after birth in (3 of them Candida albicans) most likely because of contamination passing the maternal birth canal. In 2 of 29 (7%) of our neonates, positive fungal cultures were obtained on the 1st day postpartum, and in 4 of 26 (15%) positive fungal cultures were obtained on the 4th day, all limited to 1 day only and without clinical symptoms of colonization. After the 2nd month of life, examination of nasal mucus yielded positive fungal cultures in 8 of 11 (72%), and after 4 months examination of nasal mucus yielded positive fungal cultures in 17 of 18 (94%) of our babies, with a wide array of different species. CONCLUSION: Fungi can be cultured from nasal mucus as soon as contact with the environmental air exists but they are not persistent in the 1st day of life. However, after 4 months, the situation is similar to the one in adults: fungal cultures can be obtained from almost everyone's nose. Therefore, fungi must be considered a normal content of nasal mucus.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

Mucus glycoprotein, its biophysical and gel-forming properties.

The mucus glycoprotein molecules of mildly solubilised mucus have been called 'the first units into solution'. These are strand-like, randomly coiling macromolecules 0.5 to 50M. Dalton in molecular weight. Light scattering shows them to be Kuhn coils of a approximately 1000 A long, thin, linearly repeated segment built on a protein chain of about 1000 amino acids, the presumable gene product synthesized by the cell. Mucus, from all sources, involves this glycosylated (approximately 80% sugar) structural subunit, composed of two parts: a bare peptide part, B, and a heavily glycosylated peptide part, T, containing all the sugar in some 200 O-glycosidically linked side chains. The network required for the rheological functioning of mucus, the mucus gel, is built up of these units. A large number of cysteines occur in the bare protein region B. As the crosslink, therefore, either a direct intermolecular disulfide bond (B to B), or a disulfide bond stabilized lectin protein-to-sugar bond (B to T), is presumed to be involved. There may be two levels of crosslinking. Bonds entered into in nascent mucus may be labile, and a freshly secreted mucus blob swells easily. Later on the links seem to become more stable, no longer exchange with ease and there is little swelling. The gel network in mucus may not be infinite, but only an effectively entangled system of very large molecules. On normally functioning respiratory epithelia, indeed, the network may only be transient. Anything which destroys the bare peptide region, e.g. proteolysis, dissolves the network and yields T-domains. There is at most a side-to-side association of the individual glycoprotein subunits in the network strands and rather few branches. The lectin hypothesis for the crosslink would give the cell very easy control over the structural and rheological properties of the secreted product. In the context of the lectin hypothesis it is proposed that the so-called 'link' protein of intestinal mucus is a degraded part of the B+T subunit, the B part plus some of the adjacent T domain. The 'link' protein would thus contain the lectin and would stay bound until released by thiol reduction.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[Analysis of the levels of CA125, CEA and CA19-9 in the cervical mucus samples obtained at various phases of the menstrual cycle and with inflammatory diseases of the uterine cervix].

Recently, normal cervical glandular cells have been reported to synthesize and secrete CA125 as a common constituent of normal cervical mucus. However, the levels of CA125 in the cervical mucus samples during the menstrual cycle and with cervical inflammatory diseases have not been determined. Therefore, we measured CA125 in cervical mucus samples in various phases of the menstrual cycle and in patients with cervical polyp or vaginitis. In addition to CA125, CEA and CA19-9 were also examined in the same samples. CA125 levels in the mucus samples of women (45 cases) without any gynecologic disorders (control) were 102,200 +/- 8,600 (M +/- S.E.) U/ml. Significantly higher levels were noted in the samples obtained in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase. CA125 levels in the mucus with atrophic vaginitis (12 cases) were significantly lower than those of controls. CEA and CA19-9 levels in the control samples were 3,400 +/- 550 ng/ml and 3,470 +/- 500 U/ml, respectively, and both of these showed no significant difference between the follicular and luteal phases. However, both CEA and CA19-9 levels in the cervical mucus with cervical polyps (15 cases) or vaginitis were much higher than in the controls. Accordingly, the present study revealed that CA125 in the cervical mucus fluctuates during the menstrual cycle, probably under the influence of ovarian sex steroids. In addition, CEA and CA19-9 in the cervical mucus samples obtained from women without any gynecologic disorders showed low levels, but those with inflammatory diseases were high, and this suggested that inflammatory diseases in the cervix and/or vagina may affect the constituent of the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens in the cervical mucus.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immuno-bead test (IgG-IgA-IBT) in cervical mucus for the diagnosis of antisperm isoimmunization in female infertile patients with negative or doubtful PCT.

57 infertile women belonging to infertile couples with negative or doubtful PCT underwent the following tests: Sperm Cervical Mucus Contacts Test (SCMC-Test), IgG-IgA-Immuno-Bead Test (IgG-IgA-IBT) in cervical mucus, Micro Sperm Immobilizing Test (Micro-SIT) in cervical mucus and Sperm Immobilizing Test (SIT) in serum. Et least one of the tests gave a positive result in 49.1% of the patients examined and there was a significant difference between the SCMC-Test and the IgG-IgA-IBT: the former was positive in 26 out of 45 patients (57.7%), while the latter was positive in 13 cases (28.8%), (chi 2 = 6.48, p less than 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the cervical mucus IgG-IgA-IBT, cervical mucus Micro-SIT and serum SIT; these were positive in respectively 14 (24.5%), 18 (31.5%) and 17 (29.8%) in the 57 patients who underwent all the tests at the same time. Three of the four cases with a mildly positive result of the cervical mucus IgG-IgA-IBT, where the beads were located at the tail-tip, showed negative results to all the other tests performed. Cervical mucus IgG-IgA-IBT is therefore a fairly specific method for the determination of antisperm isoantibodies in the cervical mucus as long as the assessment of those cases with low positivity and beads located mainly at the tail-tip is performed carefully. It is advisable in these patients to take into consideration the results of more classical tests such as cervical mucus Micro-SIT.

Adult↗