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PubMed2005

Radiobiological monitoring of striped field mouse populations in the Moscow recreation forest "Kuzminki".

The results of radiometric and haematological studies of striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius) sampled over the years 1995-2003 from the territory of the preserved radioactive waste burial (RWB), which is located in the Moscow recreation forest "Kuzminki", are presented and discussed in the paper. It was shown that the level of 90Sr-90Y content in mice sampled from the RWB area varies within the range of 0-1200 Bq/kg with an average of 98.7+/-21.5 Bq/kg. The content of 90Sr-90Y in the body of 80% of the mice sampled from the RWB area was below 100 Bq/kg. Only in 4% of the sampled mice, the 90Sr-90Y specific radioactivity was above 300 Bq/kg. Haematological indications of the animals sampled from the RWB area were within the range of normal physiological fluctuations. Nevertheless, a slight but statistically significant increase in the average amount of erythrocytes and the average percentage of banded neutrophils was registered in peripheral blood of the mice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sex work, drug use, HIV infection, and spread of sexually transmitted infections in Moscow, Russian Federation.

Rates of HIV-1 infection are growing rapidly, and the epidemic of sexually transmitted infections is continuing at an alarming rate, in the Russian Federation. We did a cross-sectional study of sexually transmitted infections, HIV infection, and drug use in street youth at a juvenile detention facility, adults at homeless detention centres, and women and men at a remand centre in Moscow. 160 (79%) women at the remand centre were sex workers. 91 (51%) homeless women had syphilis. At least one bacterial sexually transmitted infection was present in 97 (58%) female juvenile detainees, 120 (64%) women at the remand centre, and 133 (75%) homeless women. HIV seroprevalence was high in women at the remand centre (n=7 [4%]), adolescent male detainees (5 [3%]), and homeless women (4 [2%]). In view of the interaction between sexually transmitted infections and HIV infection, these findings of high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections show that these disenfranchised populations have the potential to make a disproportionately high contribution to the explosive growth of the HIV epidemic unless interventions targeting these groups are implemented in the Russian Federation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Frequency of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a large psychiatric hospital in Moscow.

A ten-year prospective survey of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) was performed in a major psychiatric hospital (1,510 beds) in Moscow. All inpatients who developed a persistent and severe extrapyramidal rigidity accompanied by fever after exposure to neuroleptic medication were screened for NMS. The diagnosis of NMS was established according to Levenson's criteria and at a later stage all NMS cases were reevaluated using the DSM-IV research criteria. Data on age, gender and psychiatric diagnoses were analyzed. Of the 78,708 inpatients treated with neuroleptic agents, 19 separate patients had an episode of NMS, for a frequency of 0.02%. Mortality rate was 10.5% (2/19 patients). Of the three potential risk factors studied, only young age (</= 25 years) was significantly associated with an increased frequency of NMS (P < 0. 01). The low rate of NMS found here compared to studies in other countries may be due to the stringent demands for NMS diagnosis. More large-scale prospective studies including detailed clinical and laboratory data are needed to clarify these differences and their impact on the prevalence and risk factors of NMS.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol consumption, smoking and risk of gastric cancer: case-control study from Moscow, Russia.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the risk of gastric cancer associated with alcohol consumption and smoking in men and women in Moscow, Russia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study which includes 448 cases and 610 controls was conducted. Cases consisted of patients with newly diagnosed histologically confirmed gastric cancer. Controls were patients admitted during the study period to the hospital with diagnoses other than cancer and/or gastrointestinal diseases. Information on demographic variables, smoking, alcohol consumption and diet was collected from all subjects. Venous blood was drawn from 361 cases and 441 controls. A serological test for Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G was performed. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption, particularly vodka consumption, was found to increase the risk of gastric cancer. In men the effect of hard liquor drinking was stronger for cancer of the cardia (OR = 3.4, CI = 1.2-10.2), while in women the effect was stronger for cancer of sites other than gastric cardia (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.0-2.3). Smoking increased the risk of developing gastric cancer in men, but not in women. In men a dose-response relationship between mean number of cigarettes smoked per day (p = 0.03), pack-years of cigarettes smoked (p = 0.01) and duration of smoking (p = 0.08) and the risk of cancer of gastric cardia was observed. Further statistical analysis revealed interactions between effect of smoking and alcohol consumption and between smoking and H. pylori infection status. CONCLUSIONS: The findings further support the role of alcohol consumption and smoking in the etiology of gastric cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

A clinical-psychological approach to suicidal behavior in depression from Moscow.

This contribution strives to familiarize Western readers with the theoretical concept of suicidal behavior which was developed at the Department of Suicidology of Moscow Psychiatric Research Institute and has been in use there for the last two decades. In describing this approach the paper concentrates on what differentiates it from traditional Western management without making value judgments about either approach. Such an account of the concept and its development will hopefully afford the reader an opportunity to arrive at his or her own conclusions regarding its clinical value.

Communism↗
PubMed1993

Risk of leukaemia after chemotherapy in a case-control study in Moscow.

In a case-control study of second primary cancers in Moscow, there were 165 cases and 294 controls, matched for site of first primary, duration of follow-up since first primary and relapse history. Of the cases, 18 were of acute, non-lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL), with 39 matched controls. Risk of ANLL was assessed with respect to chemotherapy for the first primary tumour. The chemotherapeutic agents investigated were nitrogen mustard, cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, vincristine, prednisone and combinations. Increased risks were associated with use of nitrogen mustard (odds ratio = 9.94, not significant), doxorubicin (odds ratio = 11.25, 0.1 > P > 0.05) and vincristine (odds ratio = 26.57, P < 0.05). Despite the small number of cases and potential confounding by other agents, these findings, together with those of previous studies, suggest that some non-alkylating agents may predispose to second malignancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Unexpected "gas" casualties in Moscow: a medical toxicology perspective.

In October 2002, the Russian military used a mysterious "gas" to incapacitate Chechen rebels at a Moscow theater. Despite increased interest in the potential use of lethal chemical weapons in recent years, the medical community has paid little attention to the development of incapacitating, calmative, and "less than lethal" technologies. In this analysis, we review the events surrounding the use of a calmative "gas" during the Russian military action and discuss what is currently known about fentanyl derivatives, their aerosolization, and the rationale for their use as incapacitating agents. Collectively, the available evidence strongly suggests that a combination of a potent aerosolized fentanyl derivative, such as carfentanil, and an inhalational anesthetic, such as halothane, was used. The paper also assesses potential errors leading to the loss of a substantial number of hostages. Several lessons can be learned from this surprising and novel use of an incapacitating gas.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2004

The peculiar pattern of mortality of Jews in Moscow, 1993-95.

Russian Jews, particularly men, have a large mortality advantage compared with the general Russian population. We consider possible explanations for this advantage using data on 445,000 deaths in Moscow, 1993-95. Log-linear analysis of the distribution of deaths by sex, age, ethnic group, and cause of death reveals a relatively high concentration of endogenous causes and a relatively low concentration of exogenous and behaviourally induced causes among Jews. There is also a significant concentration of deaths from breast cancer among Jewish women. Mortality estimates using the 1994 micro-census population as the denominator reveal an 11-year Russian-Jewish gap in the life expectancy of males at age 20, but only a 2-year life-expectancy gap for women. Only 40 per cent of the Russian-Jewish difference for men, but the entire difference for women, can be eliminated by adjustment for educational differences between the two ethnic groups. Similarities with other Jewish populations and possible explanations are discussed.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Gender and intergenerational transmission of alcohol use patterns: an analysis of adult children in Moscow.

Based on a 1996 sample of adult children and their parents in Moscow, this study investigates the degree to which alcohol use patterns are transmitted from parents to adult children and examines the roles of gender, family status, and family interaction dynamics for transmission. Findings suggest that parents' drinking and family status/interaction patterns indeed influence adult children's alcohol consumption. Frequency and volume of alcohol use is higher among children whose mothers typically drink about 3 or more drinks daily or who drink on a weekly basis. Fathers' frequency and volume of alcohol use positively influences only sons' drinking. Mothers' drinking, however, may undermine fathers' positive effect on sons. Fathers' verbal and physical abuse significantly affects daughters' consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Fats used in seasoning and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Moscow, Russia.

BACKGROUND: As part of a case-control study of breast cancer conducted in Moscow the relationship between consumption of fat in seasoning and risk of breast cancer was assessed. DESIGN: The study comprised 92 cases and 110 controls. Cases were newly diagnosed consecutive cases seen at the breast clinic of the Cancer Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences during the year 1990. None of the patients had been previously treated for breast or other cancers and none had distant metastases. Patient were interviewed in the Clinic within two days of admission. Controls were recruited from women visiting their friends and relatives treated in the same Cancer Centre. RESULTS: Four levels of frequency of use of butter and vegetable oils, and four levels for combined sources were created to evaluate the association between use of fat in seasoning and breast cancer risk. Compared to low use, a non-significant increase in risk was observed for the highest intake of butter (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (0.8, 3.0)). High frequency of use of vegetable oil in seasoning decreased the risk of breast cancer. For the highest category of use, the adjusted OR was 0.2 (95% CI (0.1, 0.5)). Frequent use of mayonnaise also appeared to be associated with a decrease in the risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.1; 95% CI (0.01, 0.4)). For total fat seasoning consumption (vegetable oil+mayonnaise), the adjusted OR for highest category of intake was 0.1 (95% CI (0.03, 0.3)). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest a negative association between consumption of fat used for seasoning (except butter) and breast cancer risk. This may be a direct effect or due to increased consumption of salad-type vegetables by high consumers of these sources of fats. The topic should be addressed in other studies in different populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Endogenous plasma sex hormones in pre- and postmenopausal women with breast cancer: results from a case-control study in Moscow.

Plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, total oestradiol (E2) and proportion of E2 not bound to blood proteins (percentage free E2) have been measured in a case-control study to test whether any of these factors are related to the risk of breast cancer. The cases studied were 27 premenopausal and 34 postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed localized breast cancer who were admitted to the All-Union Cancer Research Centre, Moscow. The controls were an equivalent number of women from the same neighbourhood. These were matched for age (within 2 years) and menopausal status. The average levels of E2 in cases were significantly higher than controls (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001 for pre- and postmenopausal groups, respectively). Percentage free E2 was significantly raised only in premenopausal cases (p = 0.019). The plasma concentrations of testosterone and SHBG were similar for both pre- and postmenopausal groups. Raised E2 or percentage free E2 was associated with an increased relative risk of breast cancer. However, only E2 levels (crude or adjusted for body build) were significantly related to risk in the two menopausal sets (p = 0.022 and p = 0.002, respectively). High percentage free E2 was associated with almost a threefold increase in the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women; however, this increase was not statistically significant (p = 0.083). The levels of SHBG or testosterone, crude or adjusted for body build and E2 concentration, were not related to risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Monitoring of major cardiovascular diseases in Moscow, USSR.

Since 1984, suspected events of myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke have been registered and validated for residents of both sexes aged 25-64 in three Moscow administrative districts. The results of the myocardial infarction and stroke registers for 1985 are presented. In men, age-standardized attack rates per 100,000 population in the three districts were 310-400 for myocardial infarction, and 100-180 for stroke; the mortality due to myocardial infarction was 136-179, and the mortality due to stroke was 30-53. In women these rates were 70-90, 60-100, 24-35 and 24-32, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Tobacco smoking in Moscow school students.

A cross-sectional study on tobacco smoking prevalence and related socio-psychological parameters in Moscow school students aged 10-17 was performed. Data from an anonymous self-report (n = 4802) on smoking prevalence was confirmed by special technique--expert assessment. Widespread smoking was found: among male 5th graders (the youngest group) 14.4% are smokers (those who smoked at least 1 cigarette over the past 3 months); among male 10th graders (oldest group) 53.2% smoke; among females these figures were 0.8% for the youngest students and 28.2% for the oldest ones. A significant difference in awareness of smoking health hazards and attitudes towards the habit was shown among school students with various smoking statuses. Complaints about cough and shortness of breath after light physical stress were significantly more prevalent in regular smokers as compared to non-smokers. The possible causal role of some psychological factors in early formation of smoking habit is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Government statistics of certified causes of perinatal mortality in Moscow and certain problems with its improvement.

While preparing the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (1970-1975), the World Health Organisation sought ways of improving the accuracy of statistics of perinatal mortality. A new Certificate of Cause of Perinatal Death, developed for use in all regions of the USSR and introduced there in 1974, was recommended for introduction in other countries. This was based on the reorganised and more clear-cut coding outlined in Chapter XV of ICD-9. Comparison of the perinatal death rates in 1975 with those in 1986 showed a fall from 25 to 20 per 1000 births, with changes in causes related to changes on classification. Cross-tabulation of multiple-cause perinatal death was made possible by coding maternal conditions affecting the fetus or newborn separately from fetal conditions originating in the perinatal period. Analysis of the results of tabulation of multiple-cause perinatal death in Moscow in 1986 proceeded to a proposed structure for a Basic Tabulation List allowing comparisons of the statistics of perinatal mortality.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1994

Comparative detection of mite allergens in house dust of homes in Moscow by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and acarologic analysis.

The present study revealed that 73% of surveyed apartments in Moscow whose residents included children with the atopic form of bronchial asthma and sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergens were infested with the pyroglyphid mites D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae. The number of mites in the surveyed apartments varied between 0 and 154 mites/g of dust for D. pteronyssinus and between 0 and 162 mites/g of dust for D. farinae. The levels of mite allergens in these apartments ranged from 0.5 to 165.8 micrograms/g for Der p I and from 0.3 to 91.3 micrograms/g of dust for Der f I. The Der p I allergen was found to predominate, and its concentration in one-third of the apartments was more than 10-fold greater than that of Der f I. Correlation between the number of pyroglyphid mites and the concentration of group I allergens was established for both D. pteronyssinus (r = 0.4932; P < 0.01) and D. farinae (r = 0.6748; P < 0.01). In most of the apartments, high and moderate levels of Der I allergens were detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Asymptomatic cervical artery stenoses in Moscow.

The risk of stroke related to asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis is known to be increased in high-grade or rapidly progressive stenosis. Information of the prevalence in the general population is required for the recommendation of screening methods to detect patients needing prophylactic treatment. We studied the prevalence and the grade of severity of extracranial carotid and vertebral artery obstructions by means of Doppler sonography in 529 asymptomatic Russians (m: 343, f: 186; 36-84 years, mean: 58.4 years) living in Moscow city. Internal carotid artery obstructions of more than 50% stenosis were present in 22 (= 4.2%) subjects, 8 of them (1.5%) had bilateral lesions. Appropriate abnormal findings in vertebral arteries were found in 11 (= 2.1%) subjects, in 1 of them bilaterally. Affection of both the carotid and the vertebral arteries was noted in 4(= 0.8%) individuals. There were no sexual differences. The risk factor which correlated most significantly with cervical arterial lesions was hypertension. Carotid lesions were also significantly associated with age and smoking, but not with diabetes or hyperlipoproteinemia. The prevalence of cervical artery stenoses was found to be lower than in western reports, which may be due to different technical equipment and different study design.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Community water fluoridation in Leningrad and Moscow.

A total of 47 water samples were obtained over a 3-yr period in the cities of Leningrad and Moscow in the USSR. All the samples had their fluoride content analyzed blindly outside the Soviet Union. A total of three samples had therapeutic levels of fluoride (0.8 ppm or above); all the other 44 samples had fluoride levels of 0.3 ppm or less.

Fluoridation↗
PubMed1993

Advice to a Moscow children's hospital.

At the request of the largest children's hospital in Moscow, McKenzie and colleagues made recommendations for improving the service. Restrictions on visiting and fears of contracting illness from non-disposable needles have discouraged the local population from using the hospital. Consequently the hospital is underused and overstaffed. Serious shortages of drugs and surgical supplies compromise care. Fundamental changes are needed in nursing and postgraduate education. The authors encouraged their Russian colleagues to address the health care needs of their local population and to develop family centred care, and they offered training in London.

Child↗