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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources

Real-time detection of the EEG using a two-component wave model.

The EEG signal is modeled as consisting of faster, smaller waves superimposed on slower, larger waves. A program, written for the Data General Corporation NOVA series of minicomputers, is described. It performs the continuous detection, in real-time, of both wave types for a simple, quantified characterization of the EEG. The program was written as a special User Clock Routine which is part of a larger multitask package which also provides continuous real-time analysis of the EEG and provides simultaneous line printer, analog and graphical outputs.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗

The design of a program for the collection of 3-dimensional ultrasonic data.

This paper describes the programming mechanisms used in a program which controls the transfer of data from an ultrasonic system through a minicomputer onto a single platter disc cartridge. The system enables the collection and digitization of B scans from parallel planes. The main software design constraints in such a system are identified and discussed in general terms. The rudiments of interrupt programming necessary for such an application are described in the context of the program; and simple optimisation techniques for the bulk transfer of data onto a single platter cartridge are given. Although the particular computer used in the author's program was a Data General Nova and the language used, the corresponding assembly code, the description of the techniques used are sufficiently general to allow the methodology to be imposed upon any assembly code.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗

Applications of a signal averager for neurophysiological investigations in clinical function laboratories using a general signal-processing unit.

A general 'coherent signal averager' software package which can be run on a small laboratory computer is presented as an application of a new approach to medical instrumentation. The combination of the minicomputer, preprocessing hardware and the above-mentioned software yields a flexible multipurpose averaging system for electrophysiological signals. The possibilities of the system are discussed with reference to visual evoked potential measurements in a clinical function laboratory.

Computers↗

A new method for automatic metaphase finding adaptable to different chromosome preparations.

A FORTRAN computer program, running on a Digital PDP 11-34 minicomputer, has been developed for use in conjunction with a Cambridge Quantimet 720 image analyzer for the investigation of metaphase preparations in routine cytogenetics. During a short initiation phase the program is adapted to the type of metaphase being analyzed. The program is fast and its performance is good, even at low microscopic magnifications. It has other uses in biology for all investigations and characterizations of small distinct elements widely spread within a preparation (e.g., autoradiography, bacteriology).

Chromosome Banding↗

A computer program for linear nonparametric and parametric identification of biological data.

A computer program package for parametric ad nonparametric linear system identification of both static and dynamic biological data, written for an LSI-11 minicomputer with 28 K of memory, is described. The program has 11 possible commands including an instructional help command. A user can perform nonparametric spectral analysis and estimation of autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions of univariate data and estimate nonparametrically the transfer function and possibly an associated noise series of bivariate data. In addition, the commands provide the user the means to derive a parametric autoregressive moving average model for univariate data, to derive a parametric transfer function and noise model for bivariate data, and to perform several model evaluation tests such as pole-zero cancellation, examination of residual whiteness and uncorrelatedness with the input. The program, consisting of a main program and driver subroutine as well as six overlay segments, may be run interactively or automatically.

Computers↗

A computer program for on-line measurement, storage, analysis and retrieval of urodynamic data.

A computer program is presented which allows for direct connection of a minicomputer to a urodynamic set-up. The program stores measured pressure and flow data in a random access disc file with minimal intervention of the urodynamicist, and enables the direct application of a number of methods of analysis to the data. The program is modular, and other analysis methods are easily added. Results of analyses are stored in the same disc file, and both results and measured data can be quickly and easily retrieved. The program is written in FORTRAN; hardware-dependent functions (analog input, graphics display, and random access disc storage) are implemented in subroutines (partly assembler) which can easily be replaced.

Computers↗

Computer-aided measurement of transverse axon sections for morphology studies.

A study has been made of a general-purpose minicomputer image analysis system to provide medical researchers with data needed in morphology studies of myelinated axon sections. The system was designed to provide data equivalent to that produced by manually outlining and quantifying the axon and myelin boundaries. The system hardware and algorithms are described and experimental results presented comparing manual and automated data. The results show that a system with limited automation is an order of magnitude faster than manual methods in providing data with comparable accuracy and improved repeatability.

Animals↗

Computerized rapid analysis of pulmonary function test: use of a least mean squares correlation for interpretation of data.

Although systems for automated calculation and interpretation of screening pulmonary function tests (PFT) have been discussed by previous investigators, these systems are often unavailable to other users, require large or hybrid computers, or are difficult to modify. The use of a branching decision tree for PFT interpretation may also limit the number of correlations possible and make revision of the program difficult because changes in the proximal branches of the tree require a rewriting of the entire distal program. We have developed a system based on a minicomputer which uses a least mean squares analysis for rapidly analyzing the patient's PFT data. This program considers the following types of PFT data singly and in combination: percentage predicted total lung capacity and/or alveolar volume, forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity ratio (before and after bronchodilator or 80% helium challenge), and percentage predicted single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. The interpretation program (IP) then selects the 'best interpretation' for the patient by computing the variance between the patient's data and data from a menu of over 120 interpretation statements. During the past two years we have used this system for screening over 3000 patients. In about 90% of patients the computer selected interpretation statements which were acceptable to a sub-specialty pulmonary physician. The use of this IP for screening purposes has facilitated the efficient use of laboratory personnel and equipment.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗

A Fortran program for fast and compact processing of clinical radiotherapy data.

A set of Fortran IV programs have been developed to enable a patient registry to operate on a minicomputer of a type frequently used for treatment planning within radiotherapy departments. The system is both comprehensive and flexible, allowing the efficient storage of clinical data in the form of coded units. The coding format used enables inexperienced operators to enter, or extract data from the system with the minimum of keyboard operations.

Computers↗

A C+ + class library foundation for developing an electronic medical record.

The basic features that gave the M (or Mumps, as it originally called) language its initial popularity are still important to many programming applications, especially those involving the health care domain. To date, however, efforts to change the language have been predicated on the axiom that the existing structure must be preserved in order to accommodate legacy applications. To many, it is becoming clear that the 1960s' minicomputer induced interpreter syntax underlying M is inadequate and incapable of further evolution. In this paper, we demonstrate an alternative that preserves those features that many find to be the essence of M in a manner that is transportable to other language environments and not directly linked to any underlying operating system. This article describes a set of operating system independent C + + class libraries, based on M, designed to enhance the C + + programming environment with features that facilitate health care record applications development. These extensions allow the user to manage hierarchical data base problems, such as those typical in the health care domain, at a level of abstraction consistent with many information theoretic models commonly in use. Examples are given from a pilot implementation of the libraries to demonstrate a simple health care record application.

Classification↗

A method for near-continuous determination of aqueous humor flow; effects of anaesthetics, temperature and indomethacin.

A method is described for near-continuous determination of aqueous humor flow. The anterior chamber is perfused with push-pull coupled syringes at a low rate with a fluid containing labelled albumin. An external circuit is used to determine continuously the anterior chamber concentration of the labelled protein. The dilution data are analysed on-line by a minicomputer which permits rapid calculation of the anterior chamber volume and the rate of flow of aqueous humor. The technique and some experiments of technical interest are reported. Experiments in monkeys with different anaesthetics resulted in flow values of 0.99 +/- 0.02, 1.47 +/- 0.09 and 0.99 +/- 0.04 microliter min-1 for pentobarbital, urethane and ketamine anaesthesia, respectively. By using 125I-labelled albumin in one eye and 131I-labelled albumin in the other, it was possible to determine flow in both eyes. Highly significant correlation coefficients between the two sides were found for the rate of aqueous flow, intraocular pressure and anterior chamber volume. Rapid changes in inflow into the anterior chamber from the posterior chamber were produced by elevating and then lowering the intraocular pressure; the delay inherent in the method was about 6 min. Indomethacin, 3 mg kg-1 body wt., had no effect on aqueous humor flow in eyes cannulated with a minimum of trauma. In eyes with problematic cannulation indomethacin at this dose tended to delay an irritation response. Changes in temperature of the fluid perfused through the anterior chamber had no clear effect on the rate of aqueous flow. Warming the animals about 3-4 degrees C above the normal temperature tended to increase the rate of aqueous flow. Cooling by 3-4 degrees C had no clear effect. Cooling after an initial warming also had no clear effect. The rate of flow of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the general circulation was calculated from data for the accumulation of labelled albumin in the general circulation. The difference between the rate of aqueous flow determined from the dilution data and the flow into blood was assumed to represent uveoscleral flow. In 14 animals with an aqueous flow of 1.19 +/- 0.08 microliters min-1 the flow to the general circulation was 0.57 +/- 0.055 and uveoscleral flow 0.61 +/- 0.09 microliters min-1. The procedure and mathematical treatment will be applicable to flow determinations with other large molecules and in other systems.

Anesthetics↗

Orthogonal polynomials used as soft tissue energy density functions.

A mathematical method is developed for computing the coefficients of soft tissue energy density polynomials, satisfying certain constraints. The polynomial coefficients are computed in the least squares sense. It is demonstrated that this method: (a) determines up to 30 polynomial coefficients whereas the unmodified least squares method based on Maclaurin power series determines up to nine coefficients; and (b) increases numerical stability and accuracy by several orders of magnitude. All computations are carried out in single precision on a LSI-11/23 laboratory minicomputer. The algorithm is particularly useful for on-line data analysis using small laboratory computers.

Connective Tissue↗

A program for handling data obtained by 'blind' histopathological evaluations.

An interactive data input, storage, retrieval and treatment system (LAMES) is described for use in histopathological studies where pathologists evaluate tissues without any identification (termed evaluations which are 'blind'). The system produces the mean values of individual groups within an experiment, and results of statistical comparisons between the groups. The system was implemented on a Hewlett-Packard (HP) 1000-F minicomputer operating under RTE-6/VM, and was written using FORTRAN IV.

Computers↗

An efficient medical database system implementation with its tool and data structure consideration.

The development of a new system for medical database application running on minicomputer under MUMPS system is described. Two kinds of data representation in global structure are briefly reviewed. The use of a subject oriented multi-dimensional data structure greatly simplifies database design and facilitates data manipulation, organization, selective retrieval and software development. It is concluded that the program generator approach can provide the flexibility necessary for various applications and future growth of computerized medical record system. The final system has been proven effective in practical operation. The future extension concerns the introduction of multi-microprocessor structure and logic representation is presented.

Computers↗

On-line data acquisition and control in a physiology laboratory.

A series of programs are described for use in estimating the pulmonary function of laboratory animals. Data acquisition and control are through a Hewlett-Packard (HP) 1000-F minicomputer. The system allows the estimation of respiratory parameters similar to those obtained in laboratories estimating pulmonary function in humans.

Animals↗

Computer aided interpretation of acid-base disorders.

This paper describes an expert system for the interpretation of acid-base disorders. The target users are residents in training in internal medicine, anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. The program is written in PROLOG and runs on a SUN 3/160 minicomputer. Evaluation of a learning set (N = 202) and a test set (N = 194) has proved that the system's accuracy is acceptable. As a result, the program has recently been put in routine clinical practice.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗

Identification of compartmental models for perturbed cell populations using state-space parameter estimation techniques.

Multiple compartment models for describing synchronous cell kinetics in which cell populations are characterized by DNA content are reviewed. These models are useful for understanding and predicting a cell population's dynamic response to perturbations induced by drugs or radiation. A practical approach is proposed for determining the parameters of these models from empirical cell-cycle data. Specifically, a state-space parameter estimation algorithm based on the maximum likelihood method--developed and coded primarily for engineering applications and commercially available for personal computers and minicomputers--can be applied to DNA specific cell-cycle measurements from synchronized cell populations to produce model parameter estimates. This is demonstrated using published data from a cell-cycle experiment. The results show that the procedure works well, and that with careful experimental planning even better results should be possible. Since the compartmental model is often used to represent biological systems, this approach is widely applicable.

Algorithms↗

A television/computer three-dimensional surface shape measurement system.

An optical scanner is described which has been designed primarily for the measurement of human back shape. A projector and television camera were mounted together in a box which could rotate about a horizontal axis. The projector shone a horizontal plane of light, which was viewed at an angle from below by the television camera, linked directly to a minicomputer. The shape of the line of light formed by the plane as it fell on an object, together with a knowledge of the geometry of the system, enabled three-dimensional coordinates of points on the line to be calculated. A record of a surface shape was built up by scanning the object in about 2 s. Calibration of the system was achieved by scanning an object of known dimensions. Sets of algorithms are described which derive geometric parameters from the calibration scan and which sort surface shape coordinates, outline them and detect special markers from the surface shape scan. The accuracy of measurement exceeded the design aim of +/- 3 mm in each axis within a volume of 400 mm x 500 mm x 300 mm.

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