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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Actin in the nucleus: what form and what for?

Actin is an abundant protein in most nonmuscle cells. It has often been observed in isolated nuclei, yet cytoplasmic contamination was of course initially regarded as the most plausible origin. Numerous studies on nuclear actin appeared in the 1970s and 1980s, but the picture remained rather muddy. The viewpoint at that time was that actin-shown to move freely between cytoplasm and nucleus-was a mere "thermodynamic wanderer," transiently occupying the nucleus. More recently, evidence has been mounting that actin's presence in the nucleus is not simply governed by the laws of diffusion. The same holds true for the finding of various actin-related proteins in the nucleus, and the case for nuclear myosin, specifically myosin I, is now quite convincing. Moreover, the first intimations of functional roles of nuclear actin are now emerging. Here we examine the overall subject from cell biological and chemical perspectives. The major issue is no longer the presence of actin in the nucleus but rather its supramolecular organization, intranuclear locations, and, of course, functions. These issues interface with recent findings that reveal a surprisingly diverse repertoire of actin conformations and oligomer and polymer forms beyond monomeric G-actin and polymeric F-actin. We present ideas for advancing the nuclear actin field and call for a renewed attack on this major problem in cell biology.

Actins↗
PubMed1990

Hippocampal Complex Spike Cells do not Change Their Place Fields if the Goal is Moved Within a Cue Controlled Environment.

It has been shown that most hippocampal complex-spike cells fire at specific locations in relation to a set of controlled spatial cues and that they continue to fire in the appropriate places when the cues are removed (O'Keefe and Conway, 1978; O'Keefe and Speakman, 1987). However, the goal remained in a constant position relative to the controlled cues throughout these experiments. It is therefore possible that the unit firing was related to the goal location and not to the controlled cues as was suggested. For example, firing in a particular location might signal the rat's intention to make a particular turn towards the goal from that location and not the location itself. There are many reasons for believing that this is an unlikely class of explanations; nevertheless a test of this hypothesis was undertaken in the present experiment. Nineteen place units were recorded from three rats as they performed the task of finding the goal location. After obtaining an accurate picture of the place fields in relation to the controlled cues and the goal, the location of the goal relative to the cues was moved and the animal retrained to the new goal. After the new goal was being consistently chosen, a second picture of the place fields of the same units was obtained. If the fields were related to the environment created by the cues then they would remain the same during the two stages of the experiment. If they were related to the goal, or to the intended movements towards the goal, then they would rotate relative to the cues. As expected, the majority of place fields remained in the same place in relation to the cues during the two stages of the experiment and were not influenced by the goal relocation. In only two cases was there any suggestion that the place fields changed their location after the goal was moved. It was concluded that the activity of place cells is related to an animal's location in an environment and that the results accord with cognitive map theory of hippocampal function (O'Keefe and Nadel, 1978).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

The external EU immigration policy: the need to move beyond the orthodoxy.

"Anti-immigration sentiments have recently engrossed the European Union (EU).... This article will, first, give an overall picture on immigration in the Union; secondly, show that the...justifications for barring EU bound immigrants are flawed and generate negative repercussions on the EU's foreign policy and external relations with third states; thirdly, propose an alternative paradigm within which to conduct the discourse on the EU immigration policy."

Demography↗
PubMed1988

A method for tracking the locomotion of an isolated microorganism in real time.

An inexpensive, real-time recording system ("bug-tracker") for tracking the movements of an isolated microorganism was assembled using a close-up video system, a video memory card, and a personal computer. An isolated organism moving in an almost two-dimensional plane is viewed by the close-up video camera, and a selected video frame is digitized by the video memory card into 256 x 256 pixels (picture points). The pixels of the ith frame are subtracted from those of the i-lth frame to delete images other than that of the image of the moving organism. Windows with an optimized size are generated commonly in the ith and i-lth frame to reduce the number of pixels directly accessed by the computer, and the address of the pixel with the largest value inside the windows identifies the coordinates of the organism on the X and Y axes. By optimizing the size of a window for a given organism, the sampling for the X and Y coordinates can be made at times separated by approximately 0.2 to 2.0 seconds. Data are automatically filed on a floppy disk.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Using of shadow-picture ultrasonography in the following-up of breast bulging operation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of using high-frequency 2-dimonsional ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasonography in the following-up of breast bulging operation. METHODS: 7-11 MHz high-frequency 2-dimonsional ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasonography were used on 18 patients, whose one or two breasts had abnormal symptom after breast bulging operation. RESULTS: Implants or blood swelling which took on a bag have no or low echo district, its margin is clear, regular and has a clear boundary line with the tissue around breast. The breaking and oozing, outing, moving, infection of implants, blood swelling, and sclerosis of wrapping membrane after breast bulging operation have special 2-dimonsional voice picture and the tissue around it has more or less color blood picture and Doppler frequency expression. CONCLUSION: Technique of shadow-picture Ultrasonography has great diagnose value and clinical significance in the detection of complications after breast bulging operation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Business cycles and fertility dynamics in the United States: a vector autoregressive model.

"Using vector-autoregressions...this paper shows that fertility moves countercyclically over the business cycle....[It] shows that the United States fertility is not governed by a deterministic trend as was assumed by previous studies. Rather, fertility evolves around a stochastic trend. It is shown that a bivariate analysis between fertility and unemployment yields a procyclical picture of fertility. However, when one considers the effects on fertility of early marriages and the divorce behavior as well as economic activity, fertility moves countercyclically."

Americas↗
PubMed2006

Ba adsorption on the stoichiometric and defective TiO(2) (110) surface from first-principles calculations.

A theoretical study on Ba adsorption on the rutile TiO(2) (110) surface has been carried out by means of plane-wave, plane augmented waves potential, density functional theory calculations. A model consisting on a (4 x 1) unit cell, which corresponds to coverage of 0.125 monolayer (ML), has been used and several potential adsorption sites on the stoichiometric surface have been tried. It has been found that the most stable site is with the Ba atom in a position where it is bound to two bridging oxygen atoms and an in-plane oxygen atom forming equivalent bonds (OB site). The adsorption energy is 0.71 eV referred to the formation of Ba bulk and is about 0.3 eV more stable than other adsorption sites. The Ba-surface interaction produces some surface relaxation in all cases. The OB site is stable at moderate temperatures; however, after extensive molecular dynamic calculations it is found that atoms diffuse on the surface by means of a jumping mechanism among several stable positions. The presence of bridging oxygen vacancies does not alter significantly this picture since the adsorption close to defects is not energetically favorable and the atoms tend to move away from vacancies. A strong covalent character has been found in the nature of the bonding, which contrasts with previous suggestions of the existence of Ba(2+) species on the surface. When the coverage is increased to 0.25 ML by adding a Ba atom to the supercell, there is a significant repulsion between Ba atoms that move away from each other to occupy OB sites. Thus, the adsorption energy values per atom diminish. For the stoichiometric surface two equivalent adsorption patterns are found, whereas only one is found for the defective surface.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

The surface layer of Mycoplasma mobile 163K and its possible relevance to cell cohesion and group motility.

Mycoplasma mobile strain 163K tends to move in multicellular configurations, either as pairs or small groups of three or more cells, or as chain-like aggregations or microcolonies. Such wandering groups arise by transient association of independently moving cells. This behaviour of M. mobile was microscopically investigated and documented by sequences of microcinematographic pictures, as well as by photomicrographically recorded motility tracks. The presence of an extracellular slime layer was demonstrated in thin sections, by negative staining and by scanning electron microscopy. The possible association of this layer with the cohesive properties of the mycoplasma cells, enabling the formation of wandering groups, is discussed and a calculation of the magnitude of the cohesive force is provided.

Cell Aggregation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The posteromedial impingement lesion of the ankle. A series of six cases.

We report on a series of six cases of posteromedial impingement lesion of the ankle operated on during a 3-year period with excellent or good results and a return of the patients to preinjury levels of activity. This lesion occurs, on occasion, after a severe ankle-inversion injury in which the deep posterior fibers of the medial deltoid ligament become crushed between the medial wall of the talus and the medial malleolus. Initially, posteromedial symptoms do not predominate, compared with the symptoms of the lateral ligament disruption, and they usually resolve without specific treatment. Occasionally, however, thick, disorganized fibrotic scar tissue persists and impinges between the medial wall of the talus and the posterior margin of the medial malleolus. Clinically, the patient has persistent medial to posteromedial activity-related ankle pain after a severe inversion injury, despite a sound ankle rehabilitation program. There is deep soft tissue induration immediately behind the medial malleolus with localized tenderness and reproduction of symptomatic pain on provocative testing by palpating this site while moving the ankle into plantar flexion and inversion. The posteromedial impingement lesion has a distinct pathologic picture and can coexist with other ankle lesions that cause pain after lateral ligament injury.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Capturing continuous, long timescale behavioral changes in Drosophila melanogaster postural data.

Animal behavior spans many timescales, from short, seconds-scale actions to daily rhythms over many hours to life-long changes during aging. To access longer timescales of behavior, we continuously recorded individual Drosophila melanogaster at 100 frames per second for up to 7 days at a time in featureless arenas on sucrose-agarose media. We use the deep learning framework SLEAP to produce a full-body postural dataset for 47 individuals resulting in nearly 2 billion pose instances. We identify stereotyped behaviors such as grooming, proboscis extension, and locomotion and use the resulting ethograms to explore how the flies' behavior varies across time of day and days in the experiment. We find distinct daily patterns in all stereotyped behaviors, adding specific information about trends in different grooming modalities, proboscis extension duration, and locomotion speed to what is known about the D. melanogaster circadian cycle. Using our holistic measurements of behavior, we find that the hour after dawn is a unique time point in the flies' daily pattern of behavior, and that the behavioral composition of this hour tracks well with other indicators of health such as locomotion speed and the fraction of time spend moving vs. resting. The method, data, and analysis presented here give us a new and clearer picture of D. melanogaster behavior across timescales, revealing novel features that hint at unexplored underlying biological mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Radiological reporting system developed with FileMaker-Pro: cooperation with HIS, RIS, and PACS].

This article briefly describes our original radiological reporting system. This system was developed with the widely used database software FileMakerPro (ver 5.5). The reporting system can obtain information about patients and examinations from a radiology information system(RIS) by the Open DataBase Connectivity(ODBC) technique. By clicking the button on the reporting system, the corresponding DICOM images can be displayed on a picture archiving and communication system(PACS) workstation monitor. Reference images in JPEG format can be easily moved from PACS to the reporting system. Reports produced by the reporting system are distributed to the hospital information system(HIS) in Portable Document Format(PDF), through another web server. By utilizing the capacity of FileMakerPro, the human-machine interface of the system has been able to be improved easily. In addition, cooperation with HIS, RIS, and PACS could be constructed. Therefore, this original system would contribute to increasing the efficiency of radiological diagnosis.

Efficiency↗
PubMed2000

The strategic control of gaze direction in the Tower-of-London task.

In this paper, we describe a novel approach to the study of problem solving involving the detailed analysis of natural scanning eye movements during the "one-touch" Tower-of-London (TOL) task. We showed subjects a series of pictures depicting two arrangements of colored balls in pockets within the upper and lower halves of a computer display. The task was to plan (but not to execute) the shortest movement sequence required to rearrange the balls in one half of the display (the Workspace) to match the arrangement in the opposite half (the Goalspace) and indicate the minimum number of moves required for problem solution. We report that subjects are more likely to look towards the Goalspace in the initial period after picture presentation, but bias gaze towards the Workspace during the middle of trials. Towards the end of a trial, subjects are once again more likely to fixate the Goalspace. This pattern is found regardless of whether the subjects solve problems by rearranging the balls in the lower or upper visual fields, demonstrating that this strategy correlates with discrete phases in problem solving. A second experiment showed that efficient planners direct their gaze selectively towards the problem critical balls in the Workspace. In contrast, individuals who make errors spend more time looking at irrelevant items and are strongly influenced by the movement strategy needed to solve the preceding problem. We conclude that efficient solution of the TOL requires the capacity to generate and flexibly shift between control sets, including those underlying ocular scanning. The role of working memory and the prefrontal cerebral cortex in the task are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Freely moving circular shadows in the abdominal cavity--the exudative enteropathy syndrome?].

The authors describe a 14-year-old gypsy girl with the clinical picture of exudative enteropathy where they observed on X-ray examination of the abdominal cavity circular formations which changed position. On laparotomy they found on the serous membrane of the entire enlarged and inflamed ileum numerous pseudo-polypous formations the majority of which were released and floated freely in the chylous ascites. The description of similar globular lesions of the lymphatic system was found in the literature only in accounts on post-mortem findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Visual interactions in the path of apparent motion.

When two stationary visual objects appear in alternating sequence, they evoke the perception of a single object moving back and forth between them. This is known as stroboscopic or apparent motion and forms the basis of perceived continuity in, for example, motion pictures. When the spatiotemporal separation between the inducing objects is optimal, the subjective appearance of apparent motion is nearly indistinguishable from that of real motion. Here we report that the detection and identification of a simple visual form in the path of apparent motion is impaired by the illusory perception of an object moving through the empty space between the locations at which the inducing objects are presented. This observation may be a manifestation of perceptual completion or 'filling in' during apparent motion perception. We propose that feedback from higher to lower visual cortical areas activates an explicit neural representation of a moving object, which can then disrupt the representation of visual stimuli in the path of the movement.

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed1996

Probing the Energetics of Antigen-Antibody Recognition by Titration Microcalorimetry

Our understanding of the energetics that govern antigen-antibody recognition lags behind the increasingly rapid accumulation of structural information on antigen-antibody complexes. Thanks to the development of highly sensitive microcalorimeters, the thermodynamic parameters of antigen-antibody interactions can now be measured with precision and using only nanomole quantities of protein. The method of choice is isothermal titration calorimetry, in which a solution of the antibody (or antigen) is titrated with small aliquots of the antigen (or antibody) and the heat change accompanying the formation of the antigen-antibody complex is measured with a sensitivity as high as 0.1 μcal s-1. The free energy of binding (DeltaG), the binding enthalpy (DeltaH), and the binding entropy (DeltaS) are usually obtained from a single experiment, and no spectroscopic or radioactive label must be introduced into the antigen or antibody. The often large and negative change in heat capacity (DeltaCp) accompanying the formation of an antigen-antibody complex is obtained from DeltaH measured at different temperatures. The basic theory and the principle of the measurements are reviewed and illustrated by examples. The thermodynamic parameters relate to the dynamic physical forces that govern the association of the freely moving antigen and antibody into a well-structured and unique complex. This information complements the static picture of the antigen-antibody complex that results from X-ray diffraction analysis. Attempts to correlate dynamic and static aspects are discussed briefly.

Journal Article↗