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PubMed1976

Use of the dynamic compression plate for treatment of equine long-bone fractures.

Long-bone fractures of 6 foals admitted consecutively to the Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital were treated successfully with ASIF dynamic compression plating. The cases included 2 foals with closed fracture of the metacarpus, and 1 foal each with open nonunion of the metatarsus, closed fracture of the radius, open fracture of the tibia, and open fracture of the ulna. Five of these foals became sound, with no deformity, so they could be trained for racing or showing. The 6th foal, a filly with nonunion, became "pasture-sound" and was scheduled for breeding. It was concluded that the dynamic compression plates have many advantages over conventional ASIF plates. These advantages include: the plates can be put near the end of bones; screws can be put at an angle other than 90 degrees to the plate; cancellous screws can be used in any hole; plates can be shaped and the screw heads will still fit the holes; less exposure is required; and operating time is shorter.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Forelimb segment length proportions in extant hominoids and Australopithecus afarensis.

Forelimb proportions have been used to infer locomotor adaptation in Australopithecus afarensis. However, little is known about proportions among individual forelimb segments in extant or fossil hominoids. The partial A. afarensis skeleton A.L. 438-1 and the more complete skeleton A.L. 288-1 provide the opportunity to assess relative length of the arm, forearm, wrist, and palm. We compare scaling relationships between pairs of forelimb bones of extant hominoids and A. afarensis, and length of individual forelimb elements to a body size surrogate. Hylobatids, and to a lesser extent orangutans, have the longest forelimb bones relative to size, although the carpus varies little among taxa, perhaps due to functional constraints of the wrist. Pan species are unique in having long metacarpals relative to ulnar length, demonstrating that they probably differ from the common chimp-human ancestor, and also that developmental mechanisms can be altered to results in differential growth of individual forelimb segments. A. afarensis has no forelimb bones that are significantly longer than those of humans for its size. It falls within the range of variation seen in modern humans for all comparisons relative to size, but appears to differ from the typical human brachial index due to a slightly shorter humerus and/or slightly longer ulna. It has short metacarpals like humans only among hominoids. Thus, while Pan may have elongated its metacarpus relative to ulnar length, A. afarensis may have reduced the length of its metacarpals and possibly its humerus relative to body size from the primitive condition.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1985

Movements at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand and their effect on the dimensions of the articular ends of the metacarpal bones.

A detailed study was undertaken to quantify the range of various movements at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand in cadavers and compare the values so obtained with those in the living, measured with the help of skiagrams. Longitudinal sections of hand were also prepared to bring out the nature of articulations at the carpometacarpal joints. Based on the data available, metacarpal mobility formulae of 1 greater than 5 greater than 4 greater than 2 greater than 3 for the carpometacarpal, and 5 greater than 4 greater than 3 greater than 2 greater than 1 and 5 greater than 2 greater than 4 greater than 3 greater than 1 for metacarpophalangeal joints are being proposed with the hope that these formulae will find their application in the clinical practice to assess the extent of functional damage to these joints as well as to evaluate the rate of progress or deterioration, in course of time. As an extension of our earlier study (Batmanabane, 1982), osteometric analysis of the metacarpus was also carried out and it is confirmed that it is the mobility which determines the osteometric features of the articular ends of these miniature long bones.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The extent of fetal ossification as an index of delayed development in teratogenic studies on the rat.

In teratogenic studies toxic effects may manifest themselves in retarded fetal development, such as a reduction in fetal weight. In searching for an additional index, the number of centers of ossification in seven skeletal districts (sternum, metacarpus, metatarsus, cervical and caudal vertebrae, anterior and posterior proximal phalanges) of rat fetuses delivered on days 19, 20 and 21 of gestation were counted and compared. Results showed uneven ossification in day-19 and -20 fetuses, but sufficiently advanced, homogeneous and uniform ossification in day-21 fetuses to provide a reliable quantitative index for evaluating retarded fetal development. It is therefore proposed that the stage of skeletal ossification in day-21 fetuses be used in teratogenic studies in the rat to evaluate retarded fetal development.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[The carpus in the conflict between stability and mobility].

The stability of the carpus is determined by a precise interaction of the osseous and ligamentous elements. The main load of the carpus responsible for the adaptation of concerned tissues is a longitudinal compression caused by the force of the muscles of the forearm with their insertions to the metacarpus and fingers. As a consequence, the proximal row is distracted due to the wedge-shaped form of the hamatum together with the capitatum. It is the function of the mainly oblique orientated ligaments to take these transverse tensional forces, supported by the circular arrangement of the retinacula. Here, the ligaments are described in respect of their precise course into three groups. The distribution of material which is needed for bearing the enormous static and dynamic forces is minimised by the integration in a system of oblique fibre bundles which guaranties that all elements, osseous as well as ligamentous, are involved in the force distribution. This is the prerequisition for the minimalisation of osseous material. On the other hand, damage of only one element can cause severe consequences to the stability of the whole system.

Carpal Bones↗
PubMed1997

Modified Burton and Pellegrini procedure for trapezium excision, ligament reconstruction and interposition arthroplasty of the tendon of flexor Carpi radialis.

GOAL OF SURGERY: Relieve of pain and increased stability at the base of 1st metacarpal. INDICATIONS: Painful degenerative and inflammatory arthritis in trapeziometacarpal joint (TMCJ). CONTRAINDICATIONS: Patients not willing to undergo lengthy intensive postoperative rehabilitation. Rheumatoid arthritis (relative). POSITIONING AND ANAESTHESIA: Supine. Hand table. General or regional anaesthesia. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Modification of the Burton-Pelligrini operation by using half of the flexor carpi radialis for interposition between base of 1st metacarpal and scaphoid. Stabilization with a Kirschner wire. In the presence of scaphotrapezoid arthritis an arthrodesis of this joint is performed for better pain control. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: Immobilization in a below elbow cast for 6 weeks. Then active physiotherapy, night splint for another 6 weeks. POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS: Fracture while drilling the base of the 1st metacarpus, migration of Kirschner wires, injury to the radial artery and cutaneous nerves. RESULTS: Out of 15 patients 12 (14 thumbs) were followed for at least 6 months. In 11 patients the shape of the hand was normal and 10 patients were satisfied with the result of the operation. Complications included: twice postoperative migration of Kirschner wires, and once intraoperative tearing of the tendon which had to be sutured.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Osteoclastic resorption of equine cranial and postcranial bone in vitro.

To address possible differences in the resorbability of cranial and postcranial bone, slices of equine frontal bone and leg (first phalanx or third metacarpus) were seeded with embryonic chick bone cells and cultured for 20-24h. After removing the cells and drying the specimens, the areas and volumes of more than 800 resorption pits in each set were measured using a video-rate reflection confocal microscope system. Relative mineralization densities were determined by quantitative electron backscattering analysis. The mean mineralization density was greater in the leg bone, but the mean depths for resorption pits in frontal bone were smaller (median volume/area ratios, experiment 1 and experiment 2: 1.98 microm frontal and 3.79 microm leg versus 2.70 microm and 4.20 microm, respectively; P < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney), even though the areas were greater in the frontal (medians, 286 microm2 and 324 microm2, versus 242 microm2 and 201 microm2; P < 0.0001). This study has shown a difference between cranial and postcranial equine bone in the shape and size of resorption pits formed in vitro. Overall, it has shown that cranial bone may be resorbed at least as readily as postcranial bone. This result is counter to the clinical impression that cranial bone has a greater staying power than postcranial bone when used as a grafting material.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Hand injury in polytrauma].

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate forearm and hand injuries in multitrauma patients and to compare this group of patients to the overall multitrauma population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Out of a prospectively gathered polytrauma data base a retrospective analysis, including demographics, injury severity, injury pattern and treatment of forearm and hand injuries was performed. RESULTS: Out of 386 patients (G) that had been entered in our polytrauma data base, 26 had forearm and hand injuries (H). The mean age of group (H) was 36.4 years (G: 40.3 years, p = 0.220), the mean ISS of this population was 28,3 (G: 34.5, p = 0.003). Mostly fractures of the radius (50.0%), the metacarpus (53.8%) and the carpus (50.0%) were diagnosed. Surgical interventions of hand- and forearm injuries were done in 15 cases within 24 hours, 4 patients were treated after 24 hours. CONCLUSION: Multiple trauma patients with hand- and forearm injuries showed a statistically significant decreased injury severity and were younger compared to the overall multitrauma population.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed1989

Sonographic fetometry in the bovine.

The fetuses of 19 heifers were examined a total of 485 times during the course of pregnancy by means of transrectal sonography with sector scanners. Changes in size of organs and parts of the body were fetometrically assessed and the relative frequency of different intrauterine positions during pregnancy was registered. Until the end of Month 4 of gestation, anterior and posterior presentations occurred with equal frequency. During Months 5 to 7 the posterior presentation was found in about 25% of the cases, while after that it was rarely encountered at all. The head, thorax, abdomen and pelvis of the fetuses were readily accessible for transrectal sonography during the first 4 mo. During Months 5 to 7, the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic regions could be examined in at least one third of the cases. The head was accessible in about 80% of the cases examined throughout all stages of pregnancy. Ultrasound fetometry served to assess average growth-rate of a number of organs during pregnancy. The regressions and correlation coefficients between the development of bovine fetuses and the age of gestation were obtained for the following structures: eye, braincase, trachea, stomach, vena cava, urinary bladder, scrotum, ribs, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, coccygeal vertebrae, scapula, humerus, radius and ulna, metacarpus, os ilium, os ischii, femur, tibia, metatarsus, trunk, crown-rump length and umbilical cord. Additionally, the development of the fetal heart rate during pregnancy was observed. It can be concluded that intrauterine development of the bovine fetus and its gestational age may be judged from the size of its organs and parts of the body.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Teratogenic relationship between polydactyly, syndactyly and cleft hand.

Several investigators have suggested that polydactyly, syndactyly and cleft hand might have arisen from a common teratogenic mechanism. To confirm this hypothesis, 75 hands with these anomalies were analysed. Advanced cases with central polydactyly or osseous syndactyly in which the fusion area extends as far as the proximal phalanx and metacarpus are identical to typical cleft hand. The author has induced the same deformities using myleran in rat foetuses. The clinical features of these anomalies in rats were the same as those in clinical cases and the critical periods of these anomalies were also the same. The findings suggest that these hand anomalies may appear in human beings when the same teratogenic factor acts on the embryo at the same developmental period and that they should belong to the same teratogenic entity.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Serum osteocalcin (bone Gla-protein), an index of bone growth in lambs. Comparison with age-related histomorphometric changes.

In 96 normal male sheep, we studied the variations with age of serum osteocalcin (bone Gla-protein), measured with an assay specific for ovine osteocalcin. We compared serum osteocalcin with the main histomorphometric parameters of bone growth measured on the metacarpus of 20 normal lambs from birth to 90 days of age. Serum osteocalcin significantly decreased with age (r = -0.70, p less than 0.001), particularly during the first 90 days of life (r = -0.85, p less than 0.001). During this growth period, serum osteocalcin was significantly correlated with the appositional rate (r = +0.73, p less than 0.001), the rate of longitudinal bone growth (r = +0.68, p less than 0.002), the rate of production of chondrocytes in the growth plate (r = +0.60, p less than 0.007), and the thickness of the growth plate (r = +0.79, p less than 0.001). In low birth weight male lambs (growth-retarded animals), serum osteocalcin was significantly lower at birth when compared to normal lambs (271 +/- 156 vs. 535 +/- 169 micrograms/l, p less than 0.001), and was also significantly correlated with histomorphometric parameters. We conclude that serum osteocalcin, which is already known as a sensitive and specific marker of bone formation, is also a sensitive biochemical marker of skeletal growth in normal and growth-retarded lambs. In addition, sheep appears as a valid animal for experimental studies on bone growth.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Osteonal effects on elastic modulus and fatigue life in equine bone.

We hypothesized that recently formed, incompletely mineralized, and thus, relatively deformable osteons in the equine third metacarpus enhance in vitro load-controlled fatigue life in two ways. Macroscopically, there is a compliance effect, because reduced tissue elastic modulus diminishes the stress required to reach a given strain. Microscopically, there is a cement line effect, in which new osteons and their cement lines more effectively serve as barriers to crack propagation. We studied 18 4 x 10 x 100 mm beams from the medial, lateral, and dorsal cortices of metacarpal bones from 6 thoroughbred racehorses. Following load-controlled fatigue testing to fracture in 4 point bending, a transverse, 100 microm thick, basic fuchsin-stained cross-section was taken from the load-bearing region. The number and diameter of all intact (and thus recently formed/compliant) secondary osteons in a 3.8 x 3.8 mm region in the center of the section were determined. The associated area fraction and cement line length of intact osteons were calculated, and the relationships between these variables, elastic modulus (E), and the logarithm of fatigue life (logN(F)) were analyzed. As expected, logN(F) was negatively correlated with E, which was in turn negatively correlated with intact osteon area fraction and density. (LogN(F))/E increased in proportion to intact osteon density and nonlinearly with cement line density (mm/mm(2)). These results support the hypothesis that remodeling extends load-controlled fatigue life both through the creation of osteonal barriers to microdamage propagation and modulus reduction.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Forensic value of gunpowder tattooing in identification of multiple entrance wounds from one bullet.

Multiple entrance gunshot wounds can give useful information in forensic evaluation of deaths from homicide and suicide. Although the presence of multiple entrance gunshot wounds does not absolutely exclude the possibility of suicide, they are important to the forensic investigators and pathologists in cases of assault, attempted homicide and suicide as they provide important clues for determination of number of shots fired and direction of firing. We present a case of 16 years of young woman who was shot to death by her husband. External examination revealed an entrance wound with semi-lunar shot residue at the dorsal side of her left hand at 5th metacarpus, and exit wound on the hypothenar muscle. There was also a second wound entrance located on her left zygoma. Direction of the bullet was downward traveling from left-to-right. Initially it was thought that there were two close shots, but when her left hand was placed over the malar area her face, it was determined that the gunshot powder tattoos were completing the nature of a single shot from a close distance. Crime scene investigation revealed only one cartridge casing. The autopsy and radiography findings showed that the bullet was entered from dorsal site of the left hand exiting from the palm and re-entering from the zygomatic region, hit the base of the skull, and remained in the soft tissue of the right mandible after passing the soft palate. The bullet was caused an incomplete laceration of the right internal arteria carotid and she died of internal and external bleeding. Detailed investigation of gunshot residues can provide important information for clarification of close distance gunshot wounding. We present this case due to its interesting nature, and to highlight the importance of detailed investigation of the gun powder residues in cases with multiple entry wounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Embryotoxic and long-term effects of cadmium exposure during embryogenesis in rats.

The present study was performed to evaluate the long-term behavioral effect in offspring of a subteratogenic Cd dose administered by the oral route to Wistar rat during organogenesis. First, the teratogenic Cd dose was determined by treating pregnant rats with 20 mg/kg Cd from Day 6 to Day 14 of pregnancy and by visceral and skeletal analysis of their fetuses. In a second experiment, pregnant rats treated with this Cd dose were allowed to give birth and nurture their offspring. The physical and behavioral parameters of the offspring were analyzed in infancy and during adulthood. Results showed that Cd treatment during organogenesis (1) was not able to induce maternal toxicity; (2) induced external malformations; (3) increased significantly fetus anomalies and malformations, with reduced metacarpus ossification, cleft palate and right or left renal cavitation being observed in these animals; (4) did not modify pup body weight or weight gain during the lactation period; (5) improved testis descent and delayed the vaginal opening of pups; (6) did not modify ear unfolding, incisor eruption, eye opening, negative geotaxis or palmar grasp; (7) did not modify the open-field parameters and the stereotyped behavior of male or female pups; and (8) modified male sexual behavior and (9) reduced female sexual behavior. We conclude that prenatal exposure to a teratogenic Cd dose induced in the survivor animals several deleterious effects in their development as well as in adult behaviors, mainly in the sexual sphere.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of limb reduction defects in babies exposed to chorionic villus sampling.

In 1991 we reported a cluster of babies with limb abnormalities and suggested that chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was aetiologically associated with these defects. To address the issue more objectively, we have assessed reported limb reduction defects in 75 babies exposed to CVS in utero. 13 babies had an absent limb or a defect through the humerus or femur; 9 had defects through the radius or tibia; 22 defects of the carpus, tarsus, metacarpus, or metatarsus; 25 defects of the digits; and 6 defects of the terminal phalanx or nail only. There was a strong correlation between the severity of the defects and the duration of gestation when CVS was done. The median gestational age at CVS ranged from 56 (range 49-65) postmenstrual days for the most severe category to 72 (51-98) days for the least severe. The relation was seen for both isolated limb defects and for cases with oromandibular-limb hypogenesis syndromes. This relation is further evidence that CVS has an aetiological role in some limb reduction anomalies.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1999

The prevalence and risk factors associated with forelimb skin abrasions and sole bruising in preweaning piglets.

The presence of skin abrasions and sole bruising in 264 preweaning piglets (1-30 days old) from 13 breeding units in south west England was investigated in 1995. The mean prevalence of forelimb skin abrasions among the pigs on the study farms was 36% (range 0-59%) and sole bruising was 50% (range 0-95%). Skin abrasions were located on three aspects on the front limbs: the carpus, the metacarpus and the digit. Lesions occurred early in a piglet's life; the modal ages for sole bruising was 4 days and for skin abrasions were 5 and 10 days. The presence of skin abrasions on the front limbs was significantly associated with the presence of sole bruising on the front feet. Logistic regression indicated that part-concrete, part-round-mesh (OR 56.4) and part-concrete, part-metal-rods floors (OR 15.9) and exposed aggregate (OR 4.6) were associated with an increased odds of sole bruising while the presence of sparse straw (OR 0.12) or deep straw (OR 0.12) in the pen was associated with lower odds of sole bruising. The same floor type (part-concrete, part-round-mesh) was associated with increased odds of forelimb skin abrasions (OR 2.2). A worn floor surface where the solid adjoined the perforated area (OR 4.6) and the presence of sparse shavings (OR 1.7) were also associated with an increased risk of skin abrasions.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Suspensory ligament desmitis.

The gross and functional anatomy of the suspensory ligament (SL) and its ultrasonographic variability are described. Injuries of the suspensory apparatus are divided into lesions confined to the proximal one third of the metacarpus or metatarsus (proximal suspensory desmitis and avulsion fractures), lesions of the body, and branch lesions. Complete breakdown injuries are also discussed. In view of the close association of the SL, the second, third, and fourth metacarpal or metatarsal bones, and the proximal sesamoid bones, associated bony lesions are also considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Principles and experimentation of wrist prostheses of the universal joint type.

The till now wrist prosthesis have a poor rotatory stability either they are flexible or rigid; specially the spheric ones, they are unable, from their very conception, to transmit the pronation-supination; the condylar ones have an incomplete stability because of their insufficient embedding. The prono-supination transmission needs a "universal joint" prosthesis, whose sellar surfaces are deeply embedded; so, it is possible to get in the same time firm stability and normal ranges of motion. The articular components, crescent roll shaped, are chained each other in perpendicularly plans and fixed in the radius and in the carpus-metacarpus. This is the mono-articular prosthesis, radio-carpal, type A. With an ulna piece, articulated with the radial one by a spherical pivot, we have a bi-articular prosthesis, type B, including the lower radio-ulnar joint: so we have the true total wrist prosthesis. Experimented on cadaveric specimens, these two prostheses, inserted by dorsal approach, have physiologic ranges of motion and absolute rotatory stability. Further studies may define the best dimensions of the prosthesis according to individual variations and ancillary tools set, before beginning the clinical experimentation.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗