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PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of direct x-ray contrast lymphography on pulmonary perfusion function].

Overall twenty-five persons (8 males and 17 females) were enrolled in a study on the influence of straight radiopaque lymphography with an oily substance, on the condition of pulmonary microcirculation, as evidenced by perfusion pulmoscintigraphy. There was a significant decrease in the accumulation of 99m-Tc-macroaggregate (TCK-8) in lower portions of both lungs 24 hours after the lymphography and normal dispersal 10 days after the study made. The authors suggest that the radiopaque substance might stimulate the inflammatory processes in chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Histologic changes in the lymph nodes, lungs, liver and spleen following experimental lymphography by means of iophendylate].

An experimental lymphography was effected in 41 rabbits which were given the contrast medium intralymphatically in a dose of 0.3--0.5 ml/kg. The roentgenological dynamics of contrasting the lymphatic structures of the hind limbs and pelvis of the animals was studied. Iodophendylate was found in experimental lymphography to cause no damage to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, spleen and the kidneys. In the mechanism of the contrast medium elimination of major importance are phagocytic cellular reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Percutaneous trans hepatic lymphography: evaluation in schistosomal hepatic fibrosis.

The increased interest in lymph and lymphatics has cast its mantle over the portal circulation. Lymphography has contributed greately to our knowledge. In the present study percutaneous transhepatic lymphography showed some of the factors sharing in the production of portal hypertension in schistosomal hepatic fibrosis, and gave a further evidence that the liver is not a source of excess lymph production in hepatic lesions associated with presinusoidal block to portal blood flow. Hepatic lymphatics were opacified in cases with mixed cirrhosis and schistosomal hepatic fibrosis as the sinusoidal pressure is elevated with subsequent cases increase in hepatic lymph production.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

[Lymphography in testicular tumors (author's transl)].

Results of lymphography in 101 cases of testicular tumor are described. Secondaries could be shown in 43% of seminomas and 46% of teratomas. Examples show the criteria of lymphographic diagnosis of secondaries. Lymphography permits a) more exact classification of stages b) better planning and control of treatment and c) prognosis.

Dysgerminoma↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of normal, inflammatory, and tumor-bearing lymph nodes with contrast-enhanced interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography: preliminary results in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To assess different gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents for interstitial magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography in normal, inflammatory, and tumor-bearing lymph nodes in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three paramagnetic contrast agents were assessed: a standard extracellular 0.5 M Gd-chelate, gadoterate meglumine (Gd-DOTA), and two macromolecular agents, P792 and P760 (all Guerbet, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France). A volume of 0.5 mL of each agent were injected subcutaneously into the dorsal footpads of six rabbits (three groups, 18 rabbits). Imaging was performed prior to as well as two weeks following induction of either reactive (complete Freund adjuvant) or tumorous (VX2 tumor) lymph nodes. T1-weighted three-dimensional gradient-echo and maximum intensity projection (MIP) images were obtained up to 120 minutes as well as 24 hours after administration of the different compounds. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of enhancing lymph nodes were calculated. The different compounds were compared regarding nodal enhancement over time, depiction of regional nodes, and lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, enhancement patterns were compared between normal, inflammatory, and metastasized nodes. RESULTS: Inguinal and iliac lymph nodes and lymph vessels revealed enhancement following interstitial injection of all evaluated compounds. For all agents, inflammatory lymph nodes revealed no significantly different SNRs compared to normal nodes (P > 0.2), whereas tumorous nodes showed signal voids and significantly lower SNRs (P < 0.05). Compared to P760 and P792, depiction of tumor-bearing nodes with Gd-DOTA was less reliable. CONCLUSION: Interstitial MR lymphography with P760 and P792 allows differentiation of tumor-bearing lymph nodes from reactive inflammatory and normal nodes based on a contrast uptake pattern assessed qualitatively as well as quantitatively.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Isotope lymphography of the retrosternal region.

The authors have examined 150 patients with Hodgkin's lymphomas and cancer of the breast and lung. They consider indirect lymphography as a screening method necessary to be completed with available clinical examinations. In normal scintigram it is possible eliminate the pathological process. Even when some part of lymphatic region is not scanned it is possible to say that the suspicion of a pathological process is highly probable. It is necessary to consider the anatomical variability of lymphatic vessels. Therefore, the scintigram must be evaluated together with other clinical findings. The examination of axillar and cervical area of lymphatic system and the determination of eventual collateral circulation is recommended simultaneously with retrosternal lymphography.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

Inhalation MR lymphography: a new method for selective enhancement of the lung hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes.

On MR lymphography, a new approach to the lung hilar and mediastinal nodes was developed in an animal model. Five rabbits were made to inhale iron colloid (cideferron) that was nebulized to aerosol. Two days after inhalation of the agent, the mediastinal lymph nodes decreased in signal on SE 2000/30 and SE 2000/60 images and proved to have iron on histological evaluation, whereas the popliteal nodes did not have any iron. Experimental results indicate that inhalational administration can deliver the agent to the pulmonary lymphatic system and has the potential of lung hilar and mediastinal MR lymphography.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2001

Interstitial MR lymphography with gadoterate meglumine: initial experience in humans.

Magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography was performed in five healthy volunteers and three patients (two adults and one infant). Subcutaneous administration of gadoterate meglumine in the foot allowed visualization of draining lymph vessels and nodes. In one patient, an inguinal fluid collection could be characterized as a lymphocele. In the infant, a chylothorax was diagnosed. The authors conclude that interstitial MR lymphography with commercially available compounds is feasible.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Experimental lymph node metastases: enhanced detection with MR lymphography.

Magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography with superparamagnetic iron oxide (AMI-25) as a contrast agent was developed in an animal model with tumor-bearing lymph nodes. After interstitial administration of 20 mumol of iron per kilogram of body weight into the footpads of rats, the T2 of popliteal and paraaortic lymph nodes decreased from 67 msec +/- 8.2 to 9.5 msec +/- 0.9 and 9.3 msec +/- 0.9, respectively. T2 relaxation times of lymph nodes containing metastases showed a significantly higher value (61 msec +/- 6.2, P less than .005) after interstitial administration of the contrast agent. Intravenous administration of AMI-25 did not produce enhancement of normal or metastatic lymph node relaxation times. The signal intensity of normal lymph nodes decreased profoundly on spin-echo MR images (repetition time of 500 msec, echo time of 30 msec) after interstitial administration, whereas lymph nodes with metastases showed no significant change in signal intensity. Experimental results indicate that MR lymphography may potentially increase the sensitivity of MR imaging the detection of lymphatic malignancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

MR lymphography with iron oxide particles: dose-response studies and pulse sequence optimization in rabbits.

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles are a promising contrast agent for MR lymphography. The effect of SPIO on MR imaging of normal lymph nodes and the impact of the size of the dose have not yet been investigated in detail. Therefore, we performed dose-response and pulse sequence optimization studies. MR images of the iliac lymph nodes of 15 normal rabbits were obtained at 1.5 T with 12 different spin-echo (SE) and gradient-echo (GRE) sequences before and after SPIO administration. The contrast agent was injected into a femoral lymph vessel at five different doses (0.02-2.0 mumol Fe/animal). The dose that reduced signal intensity by half (ED50) was determined for each sequence, and images were evaluated qualitatively. Doses of 0.2 and 1.0 mumol Fe caused a complete signal loss throughout the lymph node. In this dose range, proton density-weighted SE sequences showed a profound signal loss (ED50, 0.132 mumol Fe), and lymph nodes were sharply demarcated. The GRE sequences (ED50, 0.027-0.070 mumol Fe) and the T2-weighted SE sequence (ED50, 0.014 mumol Fe) showed an even more pronounced signal loss but insufficient anatomic resolution. Underdosing (less than or equal to 0.1 mumol Fe) caused only a focal signal loss in the lymph nodes. Oversaturation (2.0 mumol Fe for SE sequences, greater than or equal to 1.0 mumol Fe for GRE sequences) led to image distortion and did not allow assessment of lymph node morphology. Our results show that optimal contrast enhancement of normal lymph nodes with SPIO can be achieved in the dose range of 0.2-1.0 mumol Fe on proton density-weighted SE sequences. Our results may serve as a basis for further development of noninvasive MR lymphography.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Sentinel node detection using contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasound lymphography.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To establish the feasibility of using contrast-enhanced interstitial ultrasound (US) lymphography as an alternative to current sentinel node detection methods. METHODS: Aqueous US contrast microbubble suspensions of varying diameter were evaluated in vitro to characterize response to insonation. Contrast media were then injected subcutaneously into the distal extremities of 11 normal dogs to target the cervical and popliteal lymph nodes (nodes, n = 40). First-order (sentinel) lymph nodes and second-order sublumbar nodes were imaged intermittently from 0 to at least 120 minutes following contrast injection using continuous power Doppler mode. Lymphoscintigraphy studies were performed on 4 dogs to verify lymphatic drainage patterns and sentinel lymph nodes. RESULTS: Contrast enhancement occurred in 34/40 (85%) sentinel nodes overall and in 30/32 (94%) nodes when submicron or near-micron diameter bubble formulations were used. In many instances, enhancement persisted throughout the imaging period. Contrast response was most pronounced using a high mechanical index and tissue artifact was reduced or eliminated when using a high pulse repetition frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced interstitial US lymphography could serve as an alternative to current sentinel node detection methods. Preliminary findings suggest that submicron or near-micron-diameter bubbles may be suitable for lymphatic imaging applications.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[MR lymphography: first application to human].

First clinical trial of MR lymphography is described. The subjects were two normal volunteers. The contrast agent was cideferron, which was an iron colloid. We obtained MR images of the inguinal lymph nodes before and after subcutaneous injection of the agent in the dorsal feet. As a result, the signal intensities on T2 weighted images remarkably decreased at two hours after injection and kept low until three months after. Although pigmentation around the injection site was observed, it was gradually fading within six months. In conclusion, MR lymphography with cideferron can be applied clinically.

Colloids↗
PubMed1997

Interstitial MR lymphography using Gd-carrying liposomes.

The detection of metastasis in lymph nodes is greatly enhanced by the use of contrast media. Interstitial injection of lymphography contrast agents requires only injection of a low dose of the agent, and leads to high accumulation in regional lymph nodes with only minor side effects. We were able to show the suitability of liposome-encapsulated gadobutrol as an interstitially injectable lymphography contrast agent in an experimental animal model. For screening of possible lymphotrophic compounds a guinea pig model was used. Accumulation of the contrast agent in 3 successive lymph node groups was determined 4 h after subcutaneous injection of the contrast agent (about 0.1 ml of a 30 mmol Gd/l solution resulting in a total dose of 10 mumol/kg) into the interdigital skin fold of a hind limb. The Gd concentration in the first lymph node group (popliteal) was 540 mumol/l (16% dose/g tissue), in the second group (inguinal): 260 mumol/l (8% dose/g tissue), and in the third group (iliac): 910 mumol/l (27% dose/g tissue). Moreover, this compound was completely eliminated and well tolerated.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Repeat lymphography in children with Hodgkin's disease.

Repeat lymphography was performed in 37 children less than 16 years old with histologically proven Hodgkin's disease. The repeat studies had the same lymphatic cannulation success rates as the first lymphogram; one patient had a bilaterally unsuccessful repeat study, which left 36 for analysis. Both first and repeat lymphograms were negative in 33% of children, whereas a negative lymphogram became positive for tumor in 39%. The remaining 28% had a positive first lymphogram, with an equal incidence of positive and negative repeat studies. Reactive hyperplasia was seen in 16.7%, and post-therapeutic lymph node alteration in 22%, of all cases. Of the 22 children studied for routine opacification or because of suspected but unproved relapse, 10 (45%) had positve repeat studies. The repeat lymphogram in these patients was of utmost importance in initiating therapy. Nine of 14 patients studied for documented clinical relapse had positive repeat studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

An evaluation of lymphography with nodal biopsy in localized carcinoma of the prostate. URO-Oncology Research Group.

One hundred forty-nine lymphograms from patients with localized carcinomas of the prostate were interpreted by a referee radiologist without the benefit of clinical stage, grade of tumor, or the result of staging pelvic node dissection. The lymphogram was able to detect 30 of 35 (86%) positive nodal metastases and confirm 90 of 114 (79%) negative nodal biopsies. The internal iliac nodal biopsies were positive as a single finding in only 7 of 54 (13%) patients. The total external iliac nodal involvement was 41 of 54 (76%). High-grade prostate cancer patients have twice the incidence of positive nodal biopsies and lymphograms. Lymphography detected 43% of positive nodal patients with normal acid phosphatase and 69% of positive nodal patients with elevated acid phosphatase determinations. The lymphogram and tumor grade (prostate) are considered significant potential predictors of lymph node biopsy result. Finally, the incidence of nodal metastasis in localized prostatic cancer from surgical and histologically confirmed lymphogram series is reviewed with the concept of sensitivity and specificity of the lymphogram.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1976

Mixed vascular deformities of the lower limbs, with particular reference to lymphography and surgical treatment.

A series of patients with congenital blood and lymph anomalies of the lower limb investigated and treated at St Thomas's Hospital, London, are reviewed. They fell into three classes: (1) those in which the venous element predominated (Klippel and other syndromes), (2) those with arteriovenous shunts and (3) those with angiomas of blood or lymph vessels scattered through the limb (diffuse mixed angiomas). Most of the patients were investigated by angiography (of blood or lymph systems) as well as by plethysmography, dermal temperature measurements and other techniques in the thermal laboratory. Phlebography showed most abnormalities in the Klippel group and was useful in delineating them before operation. The importance of confirming the existence of an adequate deep venous circulation prior to ablation of abnormal superficial vessels is emphasized. Arteriography showed most abnormalities in the group with suspected arteriovenous shunts. The most commonly performed operations in this group were for control of overgrowth of the limb or for ulceration. Lymphography showed many of the Klippel group to suffer from insufficiency of the main pathways, either aplasia or hypoplasia. In addition many had vesicles, fistulas and lymph cysts. Patients in the arteriovenous shunt group had large hyperplastic lymph pathways, which were possibly either congenital or a hypertrophic response. One hundred and thirty-eight operations were performed in 46 patients for a variety of lesions and disabilities. These are reviewed. The scope and benefit of surgery in these children are greater than has been accepted in the past. Three patients required amputation of a limb. There were 5 deaths in the series, 4 of these being in the scattered angioma group and in patients in whom the deformities extended beyond the limb into the trunk.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

MR imaging of infradiaphragmatic lymphadenopathy in children and adolescents with Hodgkin disease: comparison with lymphography and CT.

The ability of short-inversion-time inversion recovery (STIR) magnetic resonance imaging to depict infradiaphragmatic lymphadenopathy was evaluated in 25 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin disease. All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) and multiplanar STIR imaging prior to lymphography (LAG). The STIR and CT images were evaluated for paraaortic and parailiac node enlargement. Findings were compared with LAG findings, which showed the architectural pattern of the opacified lymph nodes. In the upper paraaortic region, STIR imaging showed more abnormal nodes than did CT or LAG. In the lower paraaortic and parailiac regions, lymph node enlargement was shown equally well with STIR and LAG, whereas CT showed fewer enlarged lymph nodes. LAG showed paraaortic or parailiac focal tumor infiltration in three patients with normal-size nodes, and hyperplasia in two patients with enlarged nodes. STIR imaging showed more abnormal infradiaphragmatic nodes than did CT because of improved lymph node conspicuity. STIR imaging may be a useful addition to CT for staging pediatric Hodgkin disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Iron oxide-enhanced MR lymphography: the evaluation of cervical lymph node metastases in head and neck cancer.

Accurate diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis is challenging, even with the latest computed tomography or MR equipment and technique. The lack of definitive criteria for distinguishing metastatic from benign nodes is a serious shortcoming of current imaging options. Dextran-coated, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide is a new MR contrast agent, which accumulates in the reticuloendothelial system of lymph nodes. Small iron oxide particles are taken up by macrophages within normal functioning nodes, reducing their signal on postcontrast MR because of the magnetic susceptibility effects of iron oxide. Metastatic nodes, on the other hand, remain high in signal on postcontrast T2*-weighted gradient echo images. Early clinical experience in cancer patients suggests that iron oxide-enhanced MR lymphography is a valuable imaging technique that may improve diagnostic accuracy for nodal metastases. This article reviews development of superparamagnetic iron oxide compounds, their imaging characteristics, and clinical experience for evaluating head and neck cancer metastases.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗