Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Life Expectancy”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Contributions of mortality changes by age group and selected causes of death to the increase in Japanese life expectancy at birth from 1950 to 2000.

The purpose of this study is to analyze contributions of mortality change by age group and selected causes of death to the increase in life expectancy at birth from 1950 to 2000 in Japan, which has the longest longevity in the world. Using mortality data from Japanese vital statistics from 1950 to 2000, we analyzed contributions of mortality change by age group and selected causes of death to the increase in life expectancy at birth by the method of decomposition of changes and calculated age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death. Gastroenteritis, tuberculosis and pneumonia largely contributed to an increase in life expectancy in childhood and in the young in the 1950s and 1960s. The largest contributing disease changed from tuberculosis and pneumonia in earlier decades to cerebrovascular diseases in the 1970s. The largest contributing age group also shifted to older age groups. Age-adjusted death rate for cerebrovascular diseases in 2000 was one fifth of the 1965 level. Cerebrovascular diseases contributed to an increase in life expectancy at birth of 2.9 years in males and 3.1 years in females from 1970 to 2000. In the 1990s, the largest contributing age group, both among males and among females, was the 75-84 age group. Of the selected causes of death, heart diseases other than ischemic heart disease became the largest contributor to the increase in life expectancy at birth. Unlike cerebrovascular diseases, cancer and ischemic heart disease contributed little to change in life expectancy at birth over the past 50 years. In conclusion, although mortality from ischemic heart disease has not increased since 1970 and remained low compared with levels in western countries, mortality from cerebrovascular diseases has dramatically decreased since the mid-1960s in Japan. This gave Japan the longest life expectancy at birth in the world. It is necessary to study future trends in life expectancy at birth in Japan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Estimates of active and disabled life expectancy based on different assessment intervals.

BACKGROUND: Although disability in activities of daily living (ADLs) is a highly dynamic process, analytic strategies for estimating active and disabled life expectancy have assumed stability in ADL function between periodic surveys spanning 12--24 months or have used interval estimation or instantaneous rates based on long assessment intervals. We performed a prospective cohort study to compare estimates of active and disabled life expectancy based on traditional assessment intervals of 1--2 years with those based on more frequent assessments at 1-month intervals. METHODS: Participants included 754 initially nondisabled community-dwelling persons, aged 70 years or older, who were interviewed monthly for 4 years to ascertain ADL disability. Estimates of active and disabled life expectancy were calculated using an increment-decrement life table for assessment intervals of 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years. RESULTS: For each of five age groups, the monthly assessment strategy yielded the highest values for active life expectancy and the lowest values for disabled life expectancy. The 95% confidence intervals for these values, however, overlapped the corresponding point estimates for the annual and biennial strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate estimates of active and disabled life expectancy may be obtained from epidemiologic studies that assess ADL function no more frequently than every other year.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

[Life expectancy and the need for nursing care in Germany].

Effects of further gains in life expectancy on the health and autonomy of the elderly population are a matter of controversy. Health indicators, which integrate information on both mortality and morbidity could help to clarify whether the additional years are spent in health or disease. Since the introduction of a statutory long-term care insurance in Germany, national data on the prevalence of dependency are available. These data were used for the calculation of dependency-free life expectancy and life expectancy in a state of dependency according to Sullivans method. The calculations are based on 71.5 million insured at mid-year 1999 and on the period life-table for the years 1995/97. At the age of 65 the average duration of dependency is 15.4 months for men and 29.4 months for women. Men can expect to spend 91.4% of their remaining lifetime dependency-free, whereas the dependency-free proportion among women is only 86.9%. The distribution of severity grades of dependency is similar for both sexes. Women, however, spend 35.4% of the total duration of dependency in institutional care (10.4 months), men only 22.1% (3.5 months). Information from long-term care insurance appears suitable for the monitoring of time trends in the health of the elderly population and for projections of future needs for health and social services.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[Changes in life expectancy and mortality in East Germany after reunification (1989-1992)].

Whereas some arguments can be advanced suggesting that the life expectancy in east Germany should have declined directly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, other arguments suggest an increase. The aim of this study was to identify the actual developments and to explain the findings. Census data and mortality statistics from East and West Germany before unification were used to calculate standardized mortality ratios and life expectancies for various population groups. The differences in life expectancy between East and West were broken down according to age groups. The main finding was that the life expectancy of east German men declined in 1990 by 0.9 years, and only reached the 1989 level again in 1992. This was due solely to an increase in mortality for men under the age of 65. In 1990 and 1991, there were 3,400 more deaths among men under the age of 65 than would have been expected on the basis of the mortality rates of 1989. In contrast, the life expectancy of women hardly declined at all in 1990, and in 1992 it was already one year more than for 1989. The most important reasons for the increased numbers of deaths of men under the age of 45 were motor vehicle accidents, whereas ischaemic heart disease and cirrhosis of the liver were more significant for men between the ages of 45 and 65. Suicides did not increase after the fall of the Berlin Wall. It could be shown that the findings were not the results of artifacts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Educational inequalities in life expectancy in German speaking part of Switzerland 1990-1997: Swiss National Cohort.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Switzerland belongs to the group of nations with the highest life expectancy. However, it is unclear to what extent life expectancy varies across socio-economic groups. We used data from a large longitudinal study to quantify differentials in life expectancy across educational groups for men and women of different ages. DESIGN: The Swiss National Cohort linked the records from the December 4th, 1990 census with death certificate data up to 1997, using a probabilistic record linkage method. The current analysis was restricted to Swiss nationals resident in the German speaking part of the country. Life expectancy was calculated for four educational categories ("compulsory schooling or less", "vocational training", "upper secondary education", "university education") by constructing abridged life tables for men and women aged 30 or older. RESULTS: The study was based on 3.06 million persons and 262,552 deaths recorded during 19.01 million person-years of follow up. The educational level was lower in women than in men. In most age groups vocational training was the dominant educational category. At ages 30, 50, 65 and 80 men with university education lived 7.1, 5.4, 3.5 and 1.6 years longer than their counterparts with compulsory education or less. In women the corresponding differences were 3.6, 3.1, 2.7 and 2.2 years. CONCLUSIONS: In Switzerland educational gradients in life expectancy are substantial, particularly among young and middle-aged men. Social policies and public health strategies should address this situation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Female life expectancy, gender stratification, health status, and level of economic development: a cross-national study of less developed countries.

A number of studies have attempted to account for cross-national differences in life expectancy, but relatively few have focused on female life expectancy, and even fewer on the relevance of predictors linked to gender stratification theory. The present study seeks to assess the utility of gender stratification theory in accounting for cross-national differences in female life expectancy in less developed countries. An incremental model building strategy is used to develop a final model that combines predictors linked to both industrialism theory and gender stratification theory. The analysis is based on multiple regression and cross-sectional samples that vary in size from 40 to 97 countries. Evidence is presented that several aspects of women's status have a positive effect on female life expectancy. Indicators of women's educational status, women's economic status, and women's reproductive autonomy all prove to be important predictors of female life expectancy. Analysis of interaction effects suggests that the strength of the effects of some aspects of women's economic status and the effect of some aspects of health status on female life expectancy vary with the level of economic development. A comprehensive assessment of the relative strength of alternative measures of women's education is carried out, and evidence is presented that it does make a difference how the level of women's education is measured.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Predicting treatment costs and life expectancy for end-stage renal disease.

To estimate the cumulative 10-year direct medical costs and life expectancy associated with different methods of treatment for end-stage renal disease, we assessed predictively three treatment transition options. It is predicted that if 1000 patients shift from facility to home dialysis for each of 10 years, life expectancy of the cohort will not be reduced, but there will be a reduction of $241 million in total costs. The same number shifting from facility dialysis to cadaveric transplantation are predicted to have a $279 to $330 million reduction in total costs but a reduction of 7 to 17 per cent in life expectancy. Shifting from home dialysis to transplantation is predicted to reduce total costs by +103 to $142 million, and life expectancy by 10 to 20 per cent. As new program policies for treatment of end-stage renal disease are developed, their effect on both costs and life expectancy needs to be considered.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1992

Life expectancy in patients attending multiple sclerosis clinics.

One multiple sclerosis (MS) is diagnosed, important considerations often include life expectancy and the availability of life insurance. We designed a study specifically to examine life expectancy among MS clinic patients and analyzed the data using standard actuarial methods, both including and excluding suicides. The data show that severe MS disability, as measured by an Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) of greater than or equal to 7.5, is a major risk factor for death with case fatality ratios for this group of patients approaching 4 times the rate for controls. Conversely, excluding deaths by suicide, case fatality ratios for those with mild and moderate disability (EDSS less than or equal to 7.0) approach 1.4 times and 1.6 times for age- and sex-matched comparison groups. Life tables indicate that the overall life expectancy for MS is only about 6 to 7 years less than that for the "insured" population without MS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Impact of dyslipidemia associated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on cardiovascular risk and life expectancy.

We investigated the effect of dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy on cardiovascular risk and life expectancy among patients who had the human immunodeficiency virus. Dyslipidemia estimates were based on results from a phase 2 randomized trial that compared lipid changes after 32 weeks of therapy with atazanavir with those with nelfinavir (each in combination with stavudine and lamivudine). The resultant increased coronary risk was estimated using Framingham risk equations, and change in life expectancy (after adjustment for mortality due to human immunodeficiency virus) was based on the cardiovascular life expectancy model, which is based on a published Markov's model. Levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly more among patients who used nelfinavir (+24% and +28%) than among those who used atazanavir (+4% and +1%). This dyslipidemia increased the risk of coronary disease by 50% over 10 years. The absence of dyslipidemia was estimated to preserve life expectancy 0.15 to 1.53 additional years depending on a patient's age, gender, and other risk factors. There are increasing reports of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular events associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Significant increases in blood lipid levels observed with some protease inhibitors are associated with an increase in calculated 10-year coronary risk. Accordingly, minimizing dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy may preserve life expectancy among adults who have the human immunodeficiency virus.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Changing life expectancy in the 1980s: why was Denmark different from Sweden?

OBJECTIVE: To identify the contribution from specific causes of death to the changes in life expectancy at birth in Denmark relative to Sweden in different age groups during the 1980s and to compare the difference in life expectancy between the two countries in 1990. DESIGN: Mortality data from WHO mortality tapes grouped in smaller series of clinically meaningful categories were used to calculate the contribution of each of these categories at each 10 year age group to the difference in life expectancy at birth in each country between 1979 and 1990 and between the two countries. SETTING: Denmark and Sweden. RESULTS: Between 1979 and 1990 life expectancy increased in both Denmark and Sweden. However, the increase in Sweden was more than two years while that in Denmark was less than one year. In both countries a decrease in cardiovascular disease mortality contributed most to the increase in life expectancy in males as well as females. In both sexes the smaller increase in life expectancy in Denmark was a result of differences in mortality trends in cardiovascular diseases and respiratory and non-respiratory cancers. CONCLUSION: Over a short time two Nordic countries experienced remarkable but different changes in mortality. These findings suggest that mortality rates are sensitive to even minor differences in social and cultural factors across countries and over short time periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Health-related quality of life and health-adjusted life expectancy of people with diabetes in Ontario, Canada, 1996-1997.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the burden of illness from diabetes using a population health survey linked to a population-based diabetes registry. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Measures of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) from the 1996/97 Ontario Health Survey (n = 35,517) were combined with diabetes prevalence and mortality data from the Ontario Diabetes Database (n = 487,576) to estimate the impact of diabetes on life expectancy, health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE), and HRQOL. RESULTS: Life expectancy of people with diabetes was 64.7 and 70.7 years for men and women, respectively-12.8 and 12.2 years less than that for men and women without diabetes. Diabetes had a large impact on instrumental and basic activities of daily living, more so than on functional health. HALE was 58.3 and 62.7 years, respectively, for men and women-11.9 and 10.7 years less than that of men and women without diabetes. Eliminating diabetes would increase Ontario life expectancy by 2.8 years for men and 2.6 years for women; HALE would increase by 2.7 and 3.2 years for men and women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of illness from diabetes in Ontario is considerable. Efforts to reduce diabetes would likely result in a "compression of morbidity." An approach of estimating diabetes burden using linked data sources provides a robust approach for the surveillance of diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Increasing life expectancy--what are the promises of demography?].

The prospects for a longer life are improving, for life expectancy is growing continuously. In Germany new-born boys are looking forward to 74.4 years, girls even to 80.6 years of life. But Germany is only mid-range internationally. As there is a linear trend for 160 years, it seems realistic that life expectancy in top countries will be 100 years in 2060. If we look more thoroughly we find that there are important differences in Germany. Whereas the southern parts are in the pole position, the former East Germany is at the bottom of the league. This separation is apparently caused by the different political systems in postwar Germany. There are even more differences if smaller regions are examined. The reasons for these differences are due to many influences, including personal features, conditions of life, lifestyle and, of course, medical treatment. As these factors are partly determined by individual behavior, people are partly responsible for their life and therefore also for the further development of life expectancy.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of firearm deaths on life expectancy and insurance premiums in the United States.

Despite recent gains, the U.S. remains behind most other affluent countries in life expectancy. Even within the U.S., the gap between the life expectancies of Caucasians and African-Americans remains significant. At the same time, firearm deaths in the U.S. far exceed peer nations, and disproportionately affect African-American males. In this Issue Brief, Dr. Lemaire explores whether deaths from firearms explain some of these international and racial disparities in life expectancy. He uses actuarial techniques to calculate the "cost" of firearm deaths in the U.S., both in terms of reduced life expectancy and increased life insurance premiums.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2004

Hormone replacement therapy and life expectancy after prophylactic oophorectomy in women with BRCA1/2 mutations: a decision analysis.

PURPOSE: The decision about prophylactic oophorectomy is difficult for many premenopausal women with BRCA1/2 mutations because of concerns and controversy about the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after oophorectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A Markov decision analytic model used the most current epidemiologic data to assess the expected outcomes of prophylactic oophorectomy with or without HRT (to age 50 years or for life) in cohorts of women with BRCA1/2 mutations. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of alternative assumptions about effects of HRT, effects of prophylactic oophorectomy, and risks of cancer associated with BRCA1/2 mutations. RESULTS: In our model, prophylactic oophorectomy lengthened life expectancy in women with BRCA1/2 mutations, irrespective of whether HRT was used after oophorectomy. This gain ranged from 3.34 to 4.65 years, depending on age at oophorectomy. Use of HRT after oophorectomy was associated with relatively small changes in life expectancy (+0.17 to -0.34 years) when HRT was stopped at age 50, but larger decrements in life expectancy if HRT was continued for life (-0.79 to -1.09 years). HRT was associated with a gain in life expectancy of between 0.39 and 0.79 years for mutation carriers undergoing both prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy. CONCLUSION: On the basis of the results of this decision analysis, we recommend that women with BRCA1/2 mutations undergo prophylactic oophorectomy after completion of childbearing, decide about short-term HRT after oophorectomy based largely on quality-of-life issues rather than life expectancy, and, if using HRT, consider discontinuing treatment at the time of expected natural menopause, approximately age 50 years.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The life expectancy of nonsmoking men and women.

The pronounced difference in life expectancy between men and women in the United States and other industrialized countries has been attributed to a variety of causes, among them, differential rates of cigarette smoking. A study was undertaken to eliminate the confounding factors of imprecision in the taking of smoking histories and exaggeration of early traumatic deaths in life expectancy calculations. Survey data were collected on the lifetime smoking habits of adults in Erie County, Pa., as of 1972-74. In the survey interviews, careful distinctions were made between respondents who had formerly smoked and respondents who had never smoked. The survey data were combined with data collected from surviving relatives about the smoking habits of people who had died in Erie County during the years 1972-74. After deaths attributable to traumatic causes (accidents, suicides, and homicides) were removed, life tables were calculated for male and female nonsmokers over age 30. The resulting life expectancy figures for nonsmoking men and women of parallel age were virtually identical. Thus, differential rates of cigarette smoking are apparently the overwhelming cause for the male-female longevity difference. Actuarial tables should be divided by smoking behavior to reflect this finding. The results of the study suggest that the present longevity difference between men and women will disappear.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Life expectancy in Down syndrome adults.

Life expectancy for adults with Down syndrome was calculated from data for 1610 liveborn affected individuals identified in over 1,500,000 consecutive live births in British Columbia from 1908 to 1981. Survival to 68 years of age, predicted from the available data, is better than in previous estimates, but is still much poorer than for the general population: about 44.4% and 13.6% of liveborn Down syndrome individuals will survive to 60 and 68 years, respectively, compared with 86.4% and 78.4% of the general population.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2001

Routine follow-up examinations in breast cancer patients have minimal impact on life expectancy: a simulation study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effects of routine follow-up examinations on life expectancy in cancer patients. Lately, the benefits of follow-up examinations have been debated, which has given rise to less extensive, though still frequent, follow-up strategies. In this study, a simulation model was applied to evaluate the impact of different follow-up strategies on life expectancy in breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A five-state Markov chain model was developed, with which various follow-up strategies with regard to frequency and elaborateness were simulated. Calculations were based on a hypothetical population of breast cancer patients treated with curative intent. Medical aspects were studied, such as life expectancy and the proportion of patients who died from breast cancer. Social and psychological aspects and quality of life were not taken into account. Data from the literature were used to estimate the parameters needed for the model. RESULTS: The gain in life expectancy with standard follow-up compared to no follow-up examination, was about 2 months in breast cancer patients aged 50 years treated with curative intent. The percentage of patients who died from breast cancer was 45.4% with standard follow-up, versus 45.8% without follow-up. In older women, the gain was even less. Sensitivity analyses showed that the effects on life expectancy were robust. CONCLUSIONS: Our model showed that standard follow-up had minimal impact on the prognosis of breast cancer patients. It may be unnecessary to continue standard follow-up by medical specialists after the end of the surveillance period of the primary therapy, provided that the patients continue to have easy access to health care facilities in the case of symptoms or concern. However, future research is needed to study quality of life aspects of follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The life expectancy of phlebotomine sandflies: first field estimates from southern France.

1. A field study of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, the vector of Leishmania infantum Nicolle in southern France, addressed the following questions: Is it possible to estimate reliably the life expectancy of this sandfly; can spatial or temporal variation in the life expectancy be detected, and is such variation significant for disease transmission? 2. Life expectancy was estimated by examining follicular relics in the ovaries of more than ten thousand females caught in light traps at seven sites in the Cévennes and the Garrigues, throughout their active period in 1985 and 1986. Whilst the distinction between nulliparous and parous flies was easily made, assessments of the number of times a parous fly had laid eggs were unreliable. Best estimates of life expectancy were therefore calculated from the parous rate. 3. Large samples collected from one site in the Cévennes in both years gave very similar estimates of life expectancy. 4. There was also no significant difference between estimates obtained from the Cévennes and the Garrigues, despite their distinct vegetation and climates. Therefore, large regional differences in sandfly population size and the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis cannot be explained by a difference in adult survival rate. 5. With no systematic annual or regional variation, a useful mean life expectancy can be calculated from the data collected at all sites in both years. It is 1.54 (SE 0.04) ovarian cycles. However, this estimate is sensitive to the assumption that survival rate is a discrete rather than a continuous variable. 6. Local variation in the parous rate may be associated with the proximity of traps to P.ariasi emergence sites.

Age Factors↗