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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Restricting extensions to permitted licensing hours does not influence the numbers of alcohol or assault related attendances at an inner city accident and emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of restricting extensions to permitted licensing hours on the numbers of alcohol or assault related attendances at an inner city accident and emergency (A&E) department. METHODS: Prospective data collection on consecutive attendances between 17.00 and 09.00 h during three study periods: two weeks before the introduction of the restriction, two weeks immediately afterwards, and for a two week period beginning five weeks after the change. Blood alcohol concentration was measured with a pocket alcohol meter. RESULTS: Overall 56.5% of patients (n = 2836) provided a breath sample, and 28.9% (819) were positive. The proportion of patients testing positively peaked between 02.00 and 04.00 h. A very high proportion of assault cases who were tested (260) were positive (67.3%). Assault cases comprised 19.1% of all attendances between 24.00 and 04.00 h. No significant changes in the pattern of alcohol or assault related attendances followed the restriction in extensions to permitted licensing hours. CONCLUSIONS: A policy of uniform closing times of licensed premises does not influence the profile of alcohol or assault related attendances at an inner city A&E department.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

Kentucky's graduated driver licensing program for young drivers: barriers to effective local implementation.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the implementation of graduated driver licensing (GDL) in Kentucky and to use the data collected to recommend actions to enhance the effectiveness of the GDL program. METHODS: Data were acquired from surveys of 700 law enforcement officers and more than 40 judges and from interviews with 100 persons who implement or are affected by Kentucky's GDL program-for example, traffic court judges, licensing clerks, law enforcement officers, insurance agents, driving instructors, parents, and employers of teens. Transcripts from interviews were analyzed using a qualitative data analysis computer program. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Participants noted a widespread lack of awareness of the night-time driving restriction and a substantial number of young drivers receiving little driving time during the learner permit phase. It appeared that specific GDL provisions can be difficult for judges and law officers to enforce and the penalty of license suspension after several traffic violations may not be a sufficient deterrent. Efforts are needed to increase parental awareness of GDL provisions, GDL purpose, and their teen's traffic violations and to increase parental enforcement of restrictions that are difficult for law enforcement agencies to monitor, such as the night-time driving restriction and the adult supervision requirement.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

Graduated driver licensing: what works?

BACKGROUND: Graduated driver licensing (GDL) adds an intermediate stage to driver licensing between the learner permit and full licensure stages that is intended to ameliorate the high risk of novice drivers. OBJECTIVES: To assess the contribution of various elements of GDL to reduction in the crash rates of young novice drivers. METHODS: An extensive review of the literature was undertaken to synthesise research findings on crash reduction. RESULTS: Increasing the length of the learner period and the amount practice required has reduced crash risk, partly through improved performance and partly by delaying licensure. Intervening early with traffic violators and making full licensure dependent on a clean driving record provide both general and specific deterrents to unsafe driving. Restrictions on night driving and carrying passengers are effective in reducing the increased risk of these situations. The benefits of multistage instruction and testing as well as the use of visible tags to identify novices have not as yet been adequately evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: While graduated driver licensing has proven a generally effective means of reducing the crash risk of novice drivers, controlled research is needed to assess the benefits of its individual components.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1976

The medico-social aspects of liquor licensing.

The present Licensing Law has failed in its stated purpose of diminishing the misuse of alcohol. On the contrary the misuse of alcohol is increasing year by year. The recommendations of the Scottish Departmental Committee (1971-1973) would, if fully implemented, go far to remedying this defect by providing effective legislative support encouraging improved social attitudes to drink. The Licensing (Scotland) Bill 1976 will, from a technical point of view, discard much that was obsolete and promote much that is wise in the practice of licensing, but if passed into law unchanged the Bill will not have the full social impact on drinking habits and, therefore, on the misuse of alcohol for which we had hoped.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The use of contract licensed nursing staff in U.S. nursing homes.

The extent to which nursing homes rely on the use of contracted licensed staff, factors associated with this staffing practice, and the resultant effect on the quality of resident care has received little public attention. Merging the On-line Survey Certification and Reporting System database with the Area Resource File from 1992 through 2002, the authors regressed organizational and market-level variables on the use of 5 percent or more contract full-time equivalent registered nurses and licensed practical nurses. Since 1997, the proportion of facilities using 5 percent or more contract licensed staff more than tripled. Use of contract nurses was associated with more deficiency citations, characteristics of poorer facilities, and tight labor markets. Nursing homes increasingly rely on contract nurses. The failure of nursing homes to attract and retain a competent, stable workforce creates a vicious cycle of staffing practices, which may lead to decline in quality of care.

Contracts↗
PubMed2001

Increasing the practice of health promotion initiatives by licensed premises.

Licensees of all licensed premises in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia, were offered free services to encourage adoption of health promotion initiatives relating to responsible service of alcohol, environmental tobacco smoke, healthy food choices, breast and cervical cancer prevention, and the prevention of HIV/AIDS. A total of 239 premises participated in the follow-up survey. Increases in prevalence ranged between 11% and 59% for alcohol-related initiatives. The prevalence of smoke-free areas and healthy food choices increased from 32% to 65% and 42% to 96%, respectively, and the provision of cancer prevention information increased from 3% to 59%. Licensed premises represent a particularly challenging sector for health promotion practitioners to work in. The results of this study suggest that the adoption of health promotion initiatives by licensed premises can be increased. A considerable opportunity therefore exists for health promotion practitioners to become more actively involved in facilitating the adoption of such initiatives in this setting.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

DNA replication licensing and human cell proliferation.

The convergence point of growth regulatory pathways that control cell proliferation is the initiation of genome replication, the core of which is the assembly of pre-replicative complexes resulting in chromatin being "licensed" for DNA replication in the subsequent S phase. We have analysed regulation of the pre-replicative complex proteins ORC, Cdc6, and MCM in cycling and non-proliferating quiescent, differentiated and replicative senescent human cells. Moreover, a human cell-free DNA replication system has been exploited to study the replicative capacity of nuclei and cytosolic extracts prepared from these cells. These studies demonstrate that downregulation of the Cdc6 and MCM constituents of the replication initiation pathway is a common downstream mechanism for loss of proliferative capacity in human cells. Furthermore, analysis of MCM protein expression in self-renewing, stable and permanent human tissues shows that the three classes of tissue have developed very different growth control strategies with respect to replication licensing. Notably, in breast tissue we found striking differences between the proportion of mammary acinar cells that express MCM proteins and those labelled with conventional proliferation markers, raising the intriguing possibility that progenitor cells of some tissues are held in a prolonged G1 phase or "in-cycle arrest". We conclude that biomarkers for replication-licensed cells detect, in addition to actively proliferating cells, cells with growth potential, a concept that has major implications for developmental and cancer biology.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Global medicine and licensing.

Telemedicine embraces the concept of global health-care. In order to realize the internationalization of the practice of medicine, licensing issues need to be addressed. Most countries have their own regulations on licensing to protect the patient and ensure high-quality care. International licensing regulations are likely to result in the standardization of medical practice.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

No license required: severe pediatric motorbike-related injuries in Ohio.

OBJECTIVE: Motorbikes (MBs), including motorcycles and dirt bikes, are becoming increasingly popular among children and adolescents. MBs are intended for off-road use. Although children who are younger than 16 years cannot be licensed to drive cars, they can drive MBs off-road without licenses. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology of severe MB injuries to children who are younger than 16 years in Ohio. METHODS: Eight hospitals that admit the majority of pediatric trauma patients in Ohio were approached to participate. Cases were identified using hospital trauma registries and were defined as any hospitalized child who was younger than 16 years and sustained MB injuries between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2001. RESULTS: Six hospitals participated. A total of 182 children were hospitalized with a mean age of 11.4 years (range: <1-15 years). A total of 89.6% were male, 89.0% were white, 68.7% had commercial medical insurance, and 71.4% were from urban areas. From 1995 to 1997, there were an average of 20 annual admissions; however, from 1998 to 2001, there were an average of 30 per year. Of the 85% of patients with injury events documented, 35.5% were riding in streets and 53.3% were unhelmeted. One patient died; 8 required rehabilitation. The mean injury severity score was 9.9 (median: 9), and mean length of hospitalization was 4.6 days (median: 3). Unhelmeted riders had significantly higher injury severity scores than helmeted ones (11.5 vs 8.4). The difference in mean length of hospitalization of unhelmeted compared with helmeted riders approached statistical significance (6.1 vs 3.7 days). Of the 163 patients with documented diagnoses, there were 510 injuries; 68.7% of patients sustained multiple injuries. Of all injuries, the most commonly injured body parts were lower extremity (23.4%), head (22.2%), abdomen/pelvis (13.4%), upper extremity (12.4%), and face (11.8%). The most common injuries were fractures (37.1%), abrasions/contusions (24.4%), lacerations (13.4%), intracranial injuries (7.5%), and solid abdominal organ injuries (7.5%). Central and Southwest Ohio had higher numbers of hospitalized injuries than other areas. CONCLUSION: Urban, white boys with commercial medical insurance predominated among children with MB-related injuries in Ohio. Most injured children did not wear a helmet and sustained multiple injuries. Not wearing a helmet resulted in significantly increased injury severity and a trend toward increased lengths of stay in the hospital. MB-related injuries increased by approximately 50% during the study period. Children should not operate MBs until they are old enough to obtain a motor vehicle driver's license, which occurs at a minimum of 16 years of age. High-risk populations need to be targeted to reduce these injuries, and requiring helmet use while operating MBs should be pursued.

Accidents↗
PubMed1983

Variations in minimum licensing age and fatal motor vehicle crashes.

The effect of differences in the legal minimum licensing age on fatal motor vehicle crashes was studied in New Jersey (age 17), Massachusetts (age 16 1/2), and Connecticut (age 16). New Jersey's 17-year-old licensing law was associated with greatly reduced fatal crash involvement. It is estimated that 65 to 85 per cent reductions in 16 year-old-driver fatal crash involvement can be expected if the licensing age is increased from 16 to 17 without increasing fatal crash rates at older ages.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

Herbal remedies: issues in licensing and economic evaluation.

In recent years, the use of alternative therapies has become widespread. In particular, there has been a resurgence in the public's demand for herbal remedies, despite a lack of high-quality evidence to support the use of many of them. Given the increasing pressures to control healthcare spending in most countries, it is not surprising that attention is being focused on the cost effectiveness of herbal remedies. We address the question of whether there is sufficient information to enable the assessment of the cost effectiveness of herbal remedies. In so doing, we discuss the current state of play with several of the more high-profile alternative herbal remedies [Chinese medicinal herbs for atopic eczema, evening primrose oil, ginkgo biloba, hypericum (St John's wort)] and some which have made the transition from being alternative to being orthodox remedies. We use historical context to discuss, on the one hand, the increasing commodification of herbal remedies and on the other, the trend towards greater regulatory control and licensing of alternative herbal remedies. We argue that unless great care is exercised, these changes are not necessarily in the best interests of patients. In order to identify cost-effective care, we need reliable information about the costs as well as the efficacy and safety of the treatments being assessed. For most alternative therapies, such data are not available. We believe that studies to gather such data are long overdue. Whilst we argue strongly in favour of control of some herbal remedies, we urge caution with the trend towards licensing of all herbal remedies. We argue that the licensing of those herbal remedies with equivocal benefits and few risks, as evidenced by a long history of safe use, increases barriers to entry and increases societal healthcare costs.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed1992

The effect of a temporary period of relaxed licensing laws on the alcohol consumption of young male drinkers.

This study investigated the effect of a temporary period of increased alcohol availability on the alcohol consumption of young, male Western Australian drinkers. The 778 men, aged between 18 and 28 years, were interviewed in Fremantle (experimental area) and Mt Lawley (control area) approximately 1 month before and 6 months after extensions to trading hours were granted to licensed premises during the America's Cup yacht races. The "after" survey failed to reveal any increases in alcohol consumption as a consequence of the temporary extensions to the trading hours. Although most respondents were in favor of the extended trading, a minority actually used licensed premises during the extended hours. Frequent use of extended hours was associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption. The majority of respondents believed that the extended licensing hours would lead to increased alcohol-related problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Urban older adults and the forfeiture of a driver's license.

Frequently, it is assumed that urban older adults are not vulnerable to the consequences of forfeiting a driver's license because of the availability of public transportation. Although all of the study participants were involved in accidents prior to forfeiting their driver's licenses, 221 (78%) of them stated they had been safe drivers. The majority of participants indicated they had been given no choice by either their families or the bureaucracy in forfeiting their driver's licenses. Regret, loneliness, and immobility were the results of no longer being allowed to drive.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Licensing of low-power medical devices in the 450-470 MHz band--FCC. Final rule.

The Commission has decided that hospitals and healthcare institutions will no longer be required to separately license low-power medical devices operating on the offset frequencies in the 450-470 MHz band. Instead, they will be permitted to operate such devices under the authority of other licensed radio facilities. This action will reduce the cost and burden associated with the licensing of these devices.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Earning a driver's license.

Teenage drivers in the United States have greatly elevated crash rates, primarily a result of qualities associated with immaturity and lack of driving experience. State licensing systems vary substantially, but most have allowed quick and easy access to driving with full privileges at a young age, contributing to the crash problem. Formal driver education has not been an effective crash prevention measure. Following the introduction of graduated licensing in New Zealand, Australia, and Canada, this system has been considered in many states and has been implemented in some. Graduated systems phase in full privilege driving, requiring initial experience to be gained under conditions of lower risk. The author describes the first five multistage graduated systems enacted in the United States in 1996 and 1997. Factors that will influence the acceptability and effectiveness of these new licensing systems are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2000

Graduated driver licensing in Wisconsin: a new law for teens and parents.

The final components of Wisconsin's graduated driver licensing (GDL) statute [Biennial state budget act 1999 Wisconsin Act 9] went into effect on September 1, 2000. The GDL system seeks to reduce the number of teen motor vehicle collisions and fatalities by gradually introducing young drivers to all driving situations, beginning with the easiest and progressing to the more difficult. The stages of licensing are defined by the degree of risk involved. When teen drivers demonstrate the ability to drive safely in a restricted setting with high levels of supervision, they "graduate" to the next licensing level with fewer restrictions. Numerous factors are associated with the high rate of teen motor vehicle crashes and fatalities. Such factors include driver inexperience and easy distractibility, alcohol use and lack of seat belt use. The GDL addresses all of these risk factors. This article reviews the injury prevention strategies incorporated in the GDL and outlines the basic components of Wisconsin's law.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

[Strengthening process of the licensing system for physicians in the Republic of China].

The Provisional Regulation for Administration of Physician, issued by the Internal Affairs Department of the Northern Warlords Government on March 9, 1922; The Provisional Regulation of Physician, issued and carried out by Ministry of Health of Nanjing National Government on January 15, 1929; and The Provisional Regulation of Physician, issued and carried out by Executive Yuan of Nanjing National Government on August 8, 1940 marked preliminary formation of the licensing system for physicians. The Standards of Physician, issued and carried out by Nanjing National Government on September 22, 1943 marked formation of the licensing system for physicians in the Republic of China. In the later stage of the War of Resistance Against Japan, some legal documents, like Detailed Rules of the Standards of Physician etc. issued and carried out by Nanjing National Government were the additional remarks for the administration of the Standards of Physician. All of these showed that the licensing system for physicians was strengthened step by step.

China↗
PubMed2002

[A study of the licensing system in Korean Oriental medicine].

In 1952, the Licensing System of Korean Oriental Practitioners was established by law and practiced until now. It was the most important aspect of the Professionalization of Korean Oriental medicine, and it also affected other aspects of the Professionalization of Korean Oriental medicine, such as the standardization of knowledge, the strengthening of its organization, and the development of an occupational ideology. The Licensing System of Korean Oriental Practitioners came about as a result of conflicts between the National Assembly, governmental agencies, and medical doctors. The range of Korean Oriental Practitioners Licensing is partially limited, especially with respect to certifying someone as a public health doctor and in conferring the right to direct medical technicians. However, the limitations have been reduced gradually.

History, 20th Century↗