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PubMed1975

Female lordosis pattern in the male rat induced by estrogen and progesterone: effect of interruption of the dorsal inputs to the preoptic area and hypothalamus.

Lordosis behavior was very rare in castrated male rats which had been pretreated with 50 mug estradiol benzoate (EB) for successive 2 days and 1 mg progesterone (P) 6-8 hr prior to testing on the third day. Only one out of 8 rats displayed lordosis in response to mounts by the sexually matured males. However, the occurrence of lordosis behavior was markedly increased in similarly treated castrated males in which the dorsal afferents to the preoptic area (POA) and hypothalamus were removed by the surgical cut. Twelve out of 19 rats of the group showed lordosis response. The incidence was less frequent in rats receiving sham deafferentation. These results suggest that the dorsal inputs to the POA and hypothalamus may exert a tonic inhibitory influence on the lordosis mediating system in the male rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A possible involvement of adrenaline in the facilitation of lordosis behavior in the ovariectomized rat.

In order to examine a possible role of adrenaline (AD) or noradrenaline (NA) in the control of lordosis behavior, lordosis quotient (LQ) was observed daily for 8 consecutive days in the ovariectomized rat given daily 1 or 2 microgram/0.1 ml oil of estradiol benzoate (EB) alone or together with 100 microgram/0.1 ml saline of AD or NA. AD but not NA treated together with EB caused a greater change in the daily LQ than the same dose of EB alone and the change in the daily LQ by daily treatment with both 1 microgram EB and 100 microgram AD was equivalent to that by daily treatment with 2 microgram EB alone. A half mg progesterone (P) could induce the lordosis behavior in the ovariectomized rat treated 48 hr prior with both 1 microgram EB and 50 or 100 microgram AD, but not in the one treated with 1 microgram EB alone. While 50, 100 or 200 microgram NA or 10 microgram AD had no effect, 50 or 100 microgram AD pretreated together with 2 microgram EB produced a markedly higher LQ after P than 2 microgram EB alone in the ovariectomized rat. This effect of AD on the induction of lordosis behavior was produced only when AD was pretreated simultaneously with EB and AD priming 24 or 43 hr after EB failed to elicit the effect. Therefore, it is suggested that a change of the brain target site in the estrogen sensitivity produced by AD plays a part in the control of lordosis behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Ovarian hormone dependence of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor activation of the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway: relevance for hormonal facilitation of lordosis behavior.

The ovarian hormones estradiol (E(2)) and progesterone (P) facilitate rat lordosis behavior in part by regulating the expression of and signal transduction by adrenoceptors in the hypothalamus (HYP) and preoptic area (POA). The major adrenoceptor subtype mediating E(2) and P facilitation of lordosis is the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor. In the present studies, we tested the hypotheses that (1) alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in the HYP enhance lordosis responses by activating the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling pathway, and (2) coupling of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors to this signal transduction pathway is hormone-dependent. Basal levels of cGMP were significantly higher in HYP and POA slices from animals treated with E(2) and P when compared with slices from ovariectomized controls or females treated with only E(2) or P. When slices of HYP and POA from ovariectomized female rats were incubated with norepinephrine or the selective alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine, cGMP accumulation was observed only if slices had been derived from females treated with both E(2) and P before experimentation. Moreover, alpha(1)-adrenoceptor stimulation of cGMP synthesis was blocked by an inhibitor of NO synthase, confirming that these receptors act by NO-mediated stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase. Behavioral studies demonstrated further that the cell-permeable cGMP analog 8-bromoadenosine-cGMP reverses the inhibitory effects of the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin on lordosis behavior in E(2)- and P-treated female rats. Thus, the NO-cGMP pathway mediates the facilitatory effects of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors on lordosis behavior in female rats, and previous exposure of the HYP and POA to both E(2) and P are required to link alpha(1)-adrenoceptors to this pathway.

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists↗
PubMed2001

Neurohistological and behavioral evidence for lordosis-inhibiting tract from lateral septum to periaqueductal gray in male rats.

To verify the anatomical and functional connection of the lateral septum (LS) and periaqueductal gray (PAG) in inhibiting female sexual behavior, lordosis, in male rats, retrograde (Fluoro-Gold, FG) or anterograde (Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin, PHA-L) tracer was injected into the PAG or LS on the right side, respectively, and FG-labeled cells or PHA-L-labeled axons in the forebrain and mesencephalon were determined in estrogen-treated castrated male rats. A ventral cut (VC) of the septum and a behavioral test were also conducted in some FG-injected rats. Furthermore, lordosis behavior was observed after chemical destruction of the septum by ibotenate. As a result, the lordosis quotient (LQ) in VC males was higher than that in control males without VC. FG-labeled neuronal cell bodies were found in the ipsilateral intermediate part of the LS in the control males but not in this area of the VC males. When neuronal cells in the intermediate part of the bilateral LS were completely destroyed by ibotenate, the LQ was higher than that in sham-lesioned male rats. These results suggest that a direct neural connection of the intermediate LS to the PAG has an inhibitory role in regulating lordosis in male rats. In addition, neuronal cell bodies in the intermediate LS exert an inhibitory influence. In the PHA-L experiment, labeled axons were seen in the ventral part of the LS, the medial forebrain bundle at the chiasmatic level, the lateral hypothalamus, the median region of the mesencephalon, and the rostral PAG in the side ipsilateral to the tracer injection site of the LS. Thus, these areas are thought to be involved in the pathway for lordosis-inhibition from the intermediate part of the LS to the PAG in male rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[A study of serum and urinary immunoglobulins after forced lordosis].

We described transient low or non selective proteinuria after forced lordosis was as a characteristic of orthostatic proteinuria and the decrease in the urinary IgA/IgG ratio after lordosis was useful in confirming the diagnosis of the disease. In this study we examined the urinary excretion of IgG, IgA and IgG4, an anionic immunoglobulin, after forced lordosis in 44 orthostatic proteinuria children (group OA) and 24 chronic glomerulonephritis patient in stable stage (group GN). Urinary IgG4/IgG after lordosis was not significantly different between groups OA and GN. It showed that urinary IgG4/IgG ratio was not so useful in the differential diagnosis of this disease. In group OA, urinary IgA/IgG correlated significantly with serum IgA/IgG (y = 0.35X + 7.0, r = 0.354, p less than 0.05), and urinary IgG4/IgG also correlated significantly with serum IgG4/IgG (y = 1.22x + 0.14, r = 0.813, p less than 0.001). From these results it is suggested that proteinuria after forced lordosis in children with orthostatic proteinuria is composed of a transient low or non selective proteinuria in terms of both size and charge of protein. It seems more likely that the so-called heteroporous theory and sieving function theory explain the mechanism of orthostatic proteinuria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Analysis of lumbar lordosis in posterior spine fusions for idiopathic scoliosis.

Previous reports are inconclusive regarding changes in the lumbar region after Harrington rod distraction and posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of spinal fusion on the lumbar region, particularly the overall lumbar lordosis, the lumbar lordosis in and below the fused segment, the sacro-horizontal angle, and the sagittal plane alignment of the spine. Sixty-six patients under 21 years of age with idiopathic scoliosis who had spine fusion extending to the lumbar vertebrae using only Harrington distraction instrumentation were evaluated. The total lordosis, sacro-horizontal angle, and sagittal plane alignment remained relatively constant. The lordosis within the fusion decreased, and lordosis caudal to the fusion, including the last fused vertebra, increased as the lower hook placement site moved caudally.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Dopaminergic regulation of progesterone receptors: brain D5 dopamine receptors mediate induction of lordosis by D1-like agonists in rats.

To characterize the signaling pathway by which the neurotransmitter dopamine modulates progesterone receptor (PR) activation, the steroid-dependent behavior lordosis was used in estrogen-primed ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats with stereotaxic implanted third ventricle cannulas. Lordosis was observed in response to solicitous males in females after central administration of the D1-like agonist SKF38393 and three of its analogs (SKF77434, SKF75640, and SKF85174). In contrast, D1-like antagonist SCH23390 and D1-like/D2 repopulation inhibitor EEDQ blocked behavior inducible by the D1-like agonists. Further, antisense oligonucleotides to D5, but not D1, dopamine receptor mRNA suppressed reproductive behavior associated with D1-like stimulation. This finding provides strong evidence that dopaminergic modulation of lordosis is mediated by the novel D5 dopamine receptor. Although D1, but not D5, dopamine receptor mRNAs were detected in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) by in situ hybridization, agonists microinjected into the VMN, but not into the arcuate nucleus or preoptic area, induced lordosis, suggesting the functional presence of D5 dopamine receptors in the VMN. Also in support, D5 receptor mRNA antisense microinjected into the VMN blocked the subsequent induction of lordosis by D1-like agonists. Finally, facilitation of sex behavior by D1-like agonists was blocked by the antiprogestin RU38486 and PR antisense oligonucleotide. Collectively, the data provide strong evidence for dopaminergic modulation of reproductive behavior through D5 dopamine receptor-mediated modulation of PR-dependent behavior in rat CNS.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Measurements of vertebral shape by radiographic morphometry: sex differences and relationships with vertebral level and lumbar lordosis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine sex-related and vertebral-level-specific differences in vertebral shape and to investigate the relationships between the lumbar lordosis angle and vertebral morphology. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Lateral thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs were obtained with a standardized protocol in 142 healthy men and 198 healthy women over 50 years old. Anterior (Ha), central (Hc) and posterior (Hp) heights of each vertebra from T4 to L4 were measured using a digitizing technique, and the Ha/Hp and Hc/Hp ratios were calculated. The lumbar lordosis angle was measured on the lateral lumbar spine radiographs. RESULTS: Ha/Hp and Hc/Hp ratios were smaller in men than women by 1.8% and 0.7%, respectively, and these ratios varied with vertebral level. Significant correlations were found between vertebral shape and the lumbar lordosis angle. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that vertebral shape varies significantly with sex, vertebral level and lumbar lordosis angle. Awareness of these relationships may help prevent misdiagnosis in clinical vertebral morphometry.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Effect of interruption of bulbospinal pathways on lordosis, posture, and locomotion.

The effect of interruption of descending bulbospinal projections arising from (i) the medial medullary reticular formation: nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NGC) and nucleus reticularis magnocellularis (NMC), (ii) nucleus raphe magnus, and (iii) nucleus subceruleus on the lordosis reflex, posture, and locomotion was examined. After interruption of descending NGC-NMC fibers, time-dependent deficits in lordosis were observed during the first two postoperative weeks with subsequent reflex recovery. A syndrome of postural and locomotor deficits occurred after NGC-NMC lesions. Postoperatively, postural reflexes were dominated by increased extensor tone which resulted in limb hyperextension. Specific time-dependent deficits in the control of extensor and flexor muscle groups involved in locomotion resulted in a motor syndrome that is detailed. After interruption of NMC fibers alone, no postural or locomotor deficits occurred and effects on lordosis were limited to the first few postoperative days. The NMC data suggested that the majority of the functional deficits seen after NGC plus NMC lesions were due to destruction of the NGC descending projections. Interruption of NSC bulbospinal fibers resulted in a significant depletion of spinal cord noradrenaline (NA) but not serotonin (5-HT). Functional deficits, when present, were limited to the first few postoperative days. Although interruption of descending NRM fibers resulted in a significant depletion of spinal cord 5-HT concentrations, greater depletions occurred in the NGC plus NMC group. No functional deficits were observed in the NRM group. These data suggest that interruption of NGC-NMC fibers destroyed the descending output from neurons which integrate the hormonal and sensory information necessary for lordosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of axial and flexural stresses in the vertebral body cortex and trabecular bone in lordosis and two sagittal cervical translation configurations with an elliptical shell model.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis and spinal degeneration are factors in neck and back pain. Calculations of stress in clinically occurring configurations of the sagittal cervical spine are rare. OBJECTIVE: To calculate and compare combined axial and flexural stresses in lordosis versus cervical configurations in anterior and vertical sagittal head translated positions. DESIGN: Digitized measurements from lateral cervical radiographs of 3 different shapes were used to calculate axial loads and bending moments on the vertebral bodies of C2-C7. METHODS: An elliptical shell model was used to model horizontal cross-sections of the vertebral bodies of C2 through T1. Axial and flexural stresses were calculated with short compression block equations. Elliptical shell modeling permitted separation of stresses into cortical and inner medullary regions. Digitized radiographic points were used to create polynomials representing the shape of the sagittal cervical curvatures from C1 to T1. To calculate bending moments at each vertebral segment, moment arms from a vertical line through C1 were determined from digitizing. RESULTS: Compared with the normal lordosis, stresses on the anterior vertebral body cortical margins of C5-T1 in the sagittal translated postures are compression rather than tension. At the posterior vertebral bodies in the anteriorly translated position and vertically translated postures, the stresses change from compression to tension at C5 through T1. In absolute value (ABS) compared with values at the same segments in a normal lordosis, the magnitude of the combined anterior stresses in the sagittal postures are higher at C5-C7 (eg, ABS[sigma(straight)/sigma(normal)] approximately 1.25 to 4.25). CONCLUSIONS: Vertebral body stresses are reversed in direction at C5-T1 in sagittal translated postures compared to a normal lordosis. Stress analysis, with implications for bone remodeling, indicates that both sagittal head translation postures, anterior head carriage, and vertical head translation, are undesirable configurations in the cervical spine.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A noninvasive anthropometric technique for measuring kyphosis and lordosis: an application for idiopathic scoliosis.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional measurement of the sagittal geometry of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of a noninvasive anthropometric approach for the measurement of kyphosis and lordosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Noninvasive approaches were developed to estimate the sagittal curvatures of the spine. However, the magnitude of the estimation error could be high for an important proportion of patients, which leads to a difficult clinical application. METHODS: The group was composed of 124 female patients with a mean age of 13.5 years (SD 2. 7 years) with Cobb angles ranging from 4 degrees to 66 degrees. Kyphosis and lordosis were measured on the lateral radiograph. The spine sagittal curvature of the same patients was also estimated using the spatial localization of skin markers placed overlying the spinous processes. These coordinates served as input into a simple trigonometric model. Data were collected by means of a stereovideographic technique (Motion Analysis Corp., Santa Rosa, CA). RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient between both approaches was 0.94 for kyphosis and 0.91 for lordosis; the mean absolute differences were 5 degrees (SD 4 degrees ) and 6 degrees (SD 6 degrees ), respectively. The difference was less than 10 degrees in 91% of the patients for kyphosis, and in 79% for lordosis. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed technique appears to give more representative results than those presented in the literature. It has the advantage of being part of a global noninvasive postural evaluation. Using this approach in a systematic manner could help reduce radiograph exposure while keeping track of the spine sagittal curvatures.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hip flexion contracture and lumbar spine lordosis in myelomeningocele.

The objective of this study was to assess the correlation between hip flexion contracture (HFC) and the sagittal alignment of the lumbar spine in ambulatory children with myelomeningocele. Ambulatory patients with myelomeningocele are generally free of scoliosis or kyphosis. Among them, some develop increased lumbar lordosis. It is postulated that HFC and increased lumbar lordosis may be correlated. Thirty-eight patients, with a mean age of 12.7 years, were evaluated. Standing lateral spine films were obtained and the lumbar lordosis was measured using the Cobb method. HFC was measured using the Thomas test. A statistically significant correlation was found between the lumbar curve and HFC. High values of lumbar Cobb angle (hyperlordosis) were correlated with high values of HFC. These results show a correlation between HFC and increased lumbar lordosis in ambulatory myelomeningocele patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Change in lordosis at the occipitocervical junction following posterior occipitocervical fusion in skeletally immature children.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the change in lordosis at the occipitocervical junction occurring during growth in skeletally immature children treated with posterior occipitocervical arthrodesis versus patients skeletally mature at arthrodesis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Posterior occipitocervical arthrodesis is often indicated for children who have instability of the upper cervical spine develop. Theoretically, in skeletally immature children, this approach retards the growth of the posterior spinal elements but allows the anterior spinal column to continue to grow with the risk of excessive lordosis of the cervical spine developing. METHODS: There were 21 children, younger than 11 years (range 1.9-10.9) at surgery and expected to have normal spinal growth, followed radiographically for an average of 6.3 years (range 2.0-12.4). Postoperative lateral neutral radiographs were compared to those at most recent follow-up to measure the change in occipitocervical angle. These results were then compared to a series of control patients who were skeletally mature at surgery. RESULTS: Average overall change in lordosis at the occipitocervical junction was -4.6 degrees (range -12.8 degrees to +6.5 degrees). Average annualized change was -0.28 degrees per vertebral level per year (range -1.13 degrees to +0.67 degrees). This annualized change in angle was statistically significant compared to the average change of +0.01 degrees (range -0.09 degrees to +0.11 degrees) measured in the control series of patients skeletally mature at surgery (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing lordosis occurs at the occipitocervical junction following fusion in skeletally immature children. If occipitocervical arthrodesis is indicated in a skeletally immature child, fusion in excessive extension and overtightening of posterior wires should be avoided.

Atlanto-Occipital Joint↗
PubMed1983

Thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis during the growth period in children.

The thoracic kyphosis and the lumbar lordosis were studied in 1,101 healthy children in consecutive age-groups between 8 and 16 years of age. The sagittal curves were estimated with a spinal pantograph--a noninvasive device--with the child standing in a relaxed position. The accuracy and the reproducibility of this technique are studied and shown to be acceptable. The thoracic kyphosis varied in both boys and girls. The least pronounced kyphosis was seen at the age of 10-12 years. At the age of 8 and 14-16 the mean range of the kyphosis increased statistically significantly. A positive correlation was also seen between the velocity of growth and the range of the kyphosis. In the lordosis, a similar trend could not be seen, but instead a slow continuous increase. A positive correlation was also observed between the ranges of the kyphosis and lordosis in most of the age-groups. An individual variation was, however, seen and wide ranges of kyphosis as well as lordosis must be accepted as normal variations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Breast hypertrophy and dorsolumbar spine. Prognostic influences of lumbar lordosis: preliminary results].

In a prospective study, the influence of a mammary hypertrophy on some clinical and radiological parameters of the lumbar and dorsal spine had been studied in 14 women comparatively to 14 control women, before and after a reduction surgery. Clinically, the frequency of the lumbar pain was identical in the two groups of patients before surgical treatment but a significant decrease of the frequency and the intensity of the lumbar pain was found after the surgery in the mammary hypertrophic group (p less than 0.01). Some radiological parameters of lordosis and the dorsal kyphosis were significantly higher in mammary hypertrophic patients than in control patients. After surgery, an increase of parameters of lordosis was observed associated with a significant decrease of the dorsal kyphosis (p less than 0.05). Nevertheless, by use of a radiological classification of the lumbar lordosis with the Ferguson's indice, two main groups of lordosis had been distinguished. The intensity of the lumbar pain and the dorsal kyphosis were significantly higher in patients with a low indice than in those with an high indice. More, the dorsal kyphosis has decreased only in patients with a low anterior lumbar indice. In conclusion, a mammary hypertrophy must be searched in women with a lumbar pain and an surgical treatment may be proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Reduced efficacy of 8-OH-DPAT's inhibition of lordosis behavior by prior estrogen treatment.

The effects of bilateral VMN infusion with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 200, 1000, or 2000 ng), on lordosis behavior were examined in hormonally primed ovariectomized rats. When rats were given a single injection with 25 microg estradiol benzoate followed 48 h later with 500 microg progesterone, inhibition of lordosis behavior was evident at all doses of 8-OH-DPAT. However, when rats were treated with 25 microg estradiol benzoate followed 7 days later with a second injection of 25 microg estradiol benzoate and then progesterone, none of the doses of 8-OH-DPAT effectively inhibited lordosis behavior. In some rats, cannulae were located near the most rostral portion of the VMN. In these rats, there was no effect of the second estrogen treatment on the response to 8-OH-DPAT. Therefore, a second experiment was performed to specifically evaluate the effects of two estradiol benzoate treatments on the response to bilateral 8-OH-DPAT infusion in the rostral VMN. In contrast to the reduced effectiveness of the 8-OH-DPAT infusion in the mid to caudal VMN in rats given two injections with estradiol benzoate, 2000 ng 8-OH-DPAT continued to effectively inhibit lordosis behavior following the 5-HT1A receptor agonist's infusion into the more rostral areas. These findings are discussed in relation to earlier studies in which the potency, but not the efficacy, of 8-OH-DPAT was reduced following systemic treatment with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1989

Evidence for the involvement of central 5-HT1A receptors in the mediation of lordosis behavior in the female rat.

5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP), 25 mg kg-1 IP, in combination with the peripheral 5-HTP decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide, 25 mg kg-1 IP, and the selective inhibitor of neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) re-uptake, zimeldine, 10 mg kg-1 IP, suppressed lordosis in ovariectomized female rats, treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) or with EB plus progesterone (P). The suppression of lordosis produced by 5-HTP was antagonized by the beta-receptor blocker (-)pindolol, which also is a selective 5-HT1 receptor antagonist, but not by the 5-HT2 receptor antagonists metitepine or pirenperone, nor by the beta-receptor blocker betaxolol. The EB- or EB plus P-activated lordosis was also suppressed by administration of the selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). Together, these observations indicate an important role of central 5-HT1A receptors in the mediation of lordosis behavior in the female rat.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1985

Intrahypothalamic 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine: temporal analysis of effects on 5-hydroxytryptamine content in brain nuclei and on facilitated lordosis behavior.

The long-term relationship between serotonin (5-HT) levels in discrete hypothalamic nuclei and female rat sexual behavior, the lordosis response, was examined following intrahypothalamic injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). One week following 5,7-DHT injection, 5-HT levels in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, anterior hypothalamic nucleus and the medial preoptic nucleus were approximately 90% depleted as compared to sham animals. Other hypothalamic and preoptic areas including the arcuate-median eminence, vertical nucleus of diagonal band and lateral septal nucleus showed smaller reductions in 5-HT, from 40 to 70% of sham values. At this time estrogen-dependent lordosis behavior in the lesioned group was facilitated. Behavioral facilitation was greatest at 4 weeks post lesion when depletion of 5-HT in the VMN was maximal. 5-HT levels increased at 57 days after 5,7-DHT treatment in most areas, and by 71 days post lesion, no significant differences in 5-HT levels were found between sham and 5,7-DHT-treated groups. Concomitant with the increases in 5-HT, facilitated lordosis behavior gradually decreased. Loss of behavioral facilitation appeared to be most closely related to increases in content of 5-HT in the ventromedial nucleus. These results further support the hypothesis that 5-HT endings in the hypothalamus exert tonic inhibitory regulation over hormone-dependent lordosis in the female rat. They also indicate that regenerating 5-HT fibers in the hypothalamus can reinstate a normal pattern of hormone-dependent behavioral function.

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine↗