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PubMed1996

Synopsis of freshwater aquaculture legislation in Germany since national reunification.

Under German law, federal ministries are responsible for preparing legislation, while federal states (Länder) are responsible for applying the legislation. The author describes the system, contrasting it with the situation in former East Germany, where preparation and application of legislation were controlled centrally. The author also describes the various inland water fisheries Acts and regulations of the federal states of former West Germany which apply to aquaculture. There is a discussion of the impact on German freshwater aquaculture of the Federal Water Act, the Waste Water Levies Act, the Nature Conservation and Protection Act, the Conservation of Species Regulation, the Animal Welfare Act, the Fisheries Acts of the Länder, the Drug Act, the Animal Epidemic Act and the Fish Epidemics Regulation. The impact of this legislation varies considerably, and the extent of application is discussed. The economic changes in freshwater fish production are briefly summarised and their causes analysed.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1993

The AVMA legislative initiative.

The AVMA's legislative initiative impacts veterinarians, animal owners and producers, and the general public. The purpose of this report is to review the history that led to the AVMA's Executive Board decision in November 1991, to commit manpower and resources to seek a legislative solution to the dilemma facing veterinarians in choosing between following the letter of the law or their professional oath when use of a drug in an extra-label manner is indicated. This action resulted in the introduction into the 102nd Congress of 2 bills that would have codified existing FDA policy on extra-label use. This proposed legislation, in turn, encouraged an open forum on this issue. This report addresses some of the frequently voiced concerns including the scope of the legislation and its impact on public health.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Seat belt legislation and seat belt use: effects on differences related to sex, social class and smoking.

As part of a larger study of preventive health behavior, 177 adults answered a question about how often they wore seat belts both before and after seat belt legislation was introduced in Britain. Analyses by smoking status, sex and socioeconomic status (SES) showed that all groups increased the frequency of self-reported seat belt use after the law was introduced. Regression analyses showed that before the law, SES, sex and general preventive behavior were significant predictors of seat belt use, while only SES was a significant predictor of post-legislation seat belt use. Overall the results suggested that seat belt legislation was effective in promoting seat belt use since most of the demographic differences were eliminated by the legislation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

How has legislation restricting paracetamol pack size affected patterns of deprivation related inequalities in self-harm in Scotland?

OBJECTIVE: To describe how changes in legislation to control sales and thus restrict the general availability of paracetamol have affected deprivation-related inequalities in deliberate self-harm associated with the drug in Scotland. DESIGN AND SETTING: A descriptive analysis of routine death and hospital discharge data for the entire Scottish population between 1995 and 2002. PARTICIPANTS: Patients in Scotland admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of poisoning and deaths in Scotland due to poisoning 1995-2002. OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in mortality and overdose rates by deprivation quintile, and case fatality rates due to poisoning involving paracetamol. RESULTS: Rates of overdose involving paracetamol, while much higher in disadvantaged quintiles, fell in each deprivation quintile following the 1998 legislation. They then returned to levels similar, or above those in the mid 1990s. All quintiles were affected to a similar extent with the relationship between them remaining constant over time. Case fatality rates were significantly higher in more disadvantaged quintiles. CONCLUSIONS: Marked inequalities exist in paracetamol related harm in Scotland. The most disadvantaged groups (both male and female) have higher overdose and death rates, as well as higher case fatality rates. Following the restrictions all social groups saw similar reductions in paracetamol related harm. This effect has been short-lived and rates have returned to pre-legislation levels. Legislation has not permanently affected overall use of paracetamol in overdose in Scotland or reduced the proportion of patients taking paracetamol as a component of the overdose in the longer term. An important public health policy has failed to achieve its objective and it is not clear why. We need a better understanding of why this measure had only short-term benefits if its full potential is to be achieved.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed2005

The Health Policy and Legislative Awareness Initiative at the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine: theory meets practice.

In a constantly evolving health care landscape shaped by many voices--including those of third party payers and government--physicians must learn to play a more proactive role to become better advocates for their patients and to uphold the basic tenets of their noble profession. As legislation and public health become increasingly intertwined with the practice of medicine, educators must provide future physicians with the tools to meet these new challenges. Accordingly, in 1996 Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine embarked on its Health Policy and Legislative Awareness Initiative, a medical school elective designed to provide theoretical knowledge as well as practical experience in legislative and policy issues for future physicians early in their careers. The Initiative has three key elements: a series of lectures taught by national and local experts covering a basic health policy curriculum, a mini-internship conducted at the office of a Pennsylvania State legislator, and a practical assignment leading to authorship of a resolution to a national medical organization or assisting in drafting a bill intended for introduction to the Pennsylvania State Legislature. Following several years of successful implementation and a moderate growth in enrollment, recent changes in the local and national scene have peaked the interest of most students to learn about the system in which they will practice medicine. Therefore, in addition to describing the Initiative in its current form, the authors discuss future plans for expanded elective opportunities and consider the issue of integrating health policy education into core medical school curricula.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1983

A survey of generic drug legislation and geriatric pharmacotherapy: opinions of those who generate the literature.

Eighty-three authors who had published papers within the last five years on pharmacologic therapy in aged humans were surveyed by written questionnaire and their responses analyzed. The survey sought opinions on the scientific, clinical, and social context of legislation on drug product selection (generic legislation) and its relationship to geriatric pharmaco-therapeutics. The majority of respondents: 1) were generally unaware of the content of the clinical or scientific opinion offered on the subject of drug product selection as part of the legislative process; 2) felt that potential cost savings for elderly people was a factor in advancing this legislation; 3) wrote prescriptions so that product substitution could occur despite their ambivalence about such substitutions and about the knowledge of pharmacist and physician concerning product substitution and drug equivalence for the elderly. Clinical pharmacologists and geriatricians, however, were less likely than other respondents to permit substitution. The implications of current opinions and practices regarding drug product selection for geriatric patients are discussed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Reproductive and therapeutic cloning, germline therapy, and purchase of gametes and embryos: comments on Canadian legislation governing reproduction technologies.

In Canada, the Assisted Human Reproduction Act received royal assent on 29 March 2004. The approach proposed by the federal government responds to Canadians' strong desire for an enforceable legislative framework in the field of reproduction technologies through criminal law. As a result of the widening gap between the rapid pace of technological change and governing legislation, a distinct need was perceived to create a regulatory framework to guide decisions regarding reproductive technologies. In this article the three main topics covered in the new legislation are commented on: cloning, germline therapy, and purchase of gametes and embryos. Some important issues also covered in the new legislation, such as privacy and access to information, data protection, identity of donors, and inspection, will not be addressed.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

Fusion of mental health and incapacity legislation.

The enactment of a single legislative scheme governing nonconsensual treatment of both 'physical' and 'mental' illnesses, based on incapacity principles, has been mooted in recent law reform debates in the UK. We propose a framework for such legislation and consider in more detail the provisions it should contain. The design of legislation that combines the strengths of both incapacity and civil commitment schemes can be readily imagined, based on the criteria for intervention in England and Wales found in the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Such legislation would reduce unjustified legal discrimination against mentally disordered persons and apply consistent ethical principles across medical law.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1986

The impact of 'Bottle Bill' legislation on the incidence of lacerations in childhood.

We studied the effect of legislation requiring deposits for beverage containers on the incidence of lacerations in urban children. Records of emergency room visits for lacerations and fractures were reviewed for three years pre-legislation (1980-82) and the immediate post-legislation period (1983). The incidence of total sutured lacerations did not change substantially after the legislation, but glass-related lacerations fell by 60 per cent, due to a reduced incidence in lacerations occurring outside of the home.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The use of media to impact on legislation.

There clearly are a large number of opportunities to use the media to influence legislation and legislative initiatives. There are a number of examples of legislation or laws that now exist as a result of pediatricians using the media effectively. National requirements for child auto restraints, Consumer Product Safety Commission regulations on children's toys, safety caps on medications, bicycle helmet laws, and increasing restrictions on guns can all be traced, in part, to the timely and appropriate use of the media. North Carolina safe gun laws to protect children resulted from pediatricians using some unfortunate and tragic incidents to dramatize the need for gun control. Highlighting the inappropriate care for children in emergency situations in New Jersey contributed to the movement to enact pediatric emergency care guidelines for that state. Finally, the effective use of the media by the AAP has brought a number of serious, child-related issues to the legislative forefront resulting in improved conditions for children. It is not easy, though. To use the media effectively takes persistence, thoughtful attention to developing relationships with the professionals in the media, and careful follow-up. It's important that pediatricians speak out on behalf of children and children's needs. The media, when used properly and knowledgeably, can be a powerful ally and contributor to a better outcome.

Health Services↗
PubMed1979

How cardiologists learn about echocardiography. A reminder for medical educators and legislators.

Mandatory continuing medical education, because of the need to validate participation, rewards classroom activities but not self-education. To determine if self-education is still a major study method for practicing physicians, we surveyed 158 cardiologists to learn how they first heard of, and continued their education in, echocardiography, a technique in which 81% of the physician-sample receiving no training in medical school, residency, or fellowship. Initial and continuing sources of information included professional journals and literature, meetings and conferences, discussion with colleagues, and courses. Professional journals ranked first in use; individual and group learning activities were used about equally by physicians. Recent legislation requiring validation of attendance may cause educators and legislators to ignore the self-learner. This study should remind educators and legislators that variations in learning style must be considered when planning and legislating approaches in continuing medical education.

Cardiology↗
PubMed2001

[From limitations to possibilities; the advice from the Donner Committee about disability benefits legislation].

In the Netherlands, the number of people declared unfit to work continues to rise: every working day sees more than 100 new benefit claimants. The average age of these claimants is decreasing and the number of women declared unfit for work is showing a disproportionate increase. Against this background, the Dutch government appointed a committee in June 2000 whose task was to examine the functioning of the legislation. The Donner Committee concluded that the claims made under the disability benefits legislation could not be clarified by a worsening of either the public health or the working conditions. The legislation is based on obsolete ideas in which illness effectively excludes employment. This idea fosters a range of social problems in the employment process, which present themselves as medical problems and therefore remain elusive and unsolved. The result is that people are unnecessarily eliminated from society at a time when paid employment is an increasingly important means of social interaction. The Committee proposes a drastic simplification of the legislation so that a disability benefit can only be claimed in the case of complete unfitness for work. Such a claim can only be made in the case of a serious illness which results in permanent and considerable limitations in everyday functioning. For all other cases involving health problems, the employer and employee need to work together to organise appropriate work. The emphasis is on what the employee can do as opposed to what he/she cannot do. If the employer fails to take the necessary measures then he/she will be obliged to continue paying the salary and if the employee fails to cooperate then he/she can be dismissed. If needs be the employee must be prepared to except a salary reduction of 30%. After two years of absence, dismissal is in every case possible. It is anticipated that as a result of the Committee's proposals, more people will remain in employment but that the number of unemployed as well as the number of legal disputes concerning dismissal will increase.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Genetically modified organisms: European and Italian legislation to protect citizens' health].

UNLABELLED: The development of GM foods and organisms has concentrated everyone's attention on the importance of food safety and on protecting citizens' health, and inevitably influenced healthcare policies regarding food safety. Personal ethical beliefs regarding food and in particular, the consumption of foods derived from biotechnology should be taken into account when deciding healthcare policy. AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse whether European, Italian and Regional legislation meets basic human rights regarding health and the right to choose, based on the precautionary principle. METHODS: European and Italian laws regarding the production and marketing of GM foods were analysed and compared to food safety legislation, in order to evaluate how and to what degree existing legislation protects consumers' right to choose. Results show that existing legislation protects consumers from possible foodborne diseases, but the right to informed consent and to free choice is not warranted. Existing laws do not attach enough importance to consumers' right to information; arbitrary threshold levels set for labeling and clauses concerning technical causes allow food businesses to avoid labeling and do not give consumers the possibility of making an informed choice.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1991

The 1990 Harry Bruce Legislative Fellowship.

The experiences described here recount my involvement in the various legislative processes and measure the tangible knowledge gained. It is most difficult to convey the impact of these experiences on my values and insights. This of course is not an uncommon phenomenon, it's encountered daily in dental education. However, probably one of the most significant outcomes of this experience is my expanded appreciation for the role of the AADS Division of Government Affairs in advocating for the concerns of dental education and the betterment of the oral health in our society. They serve and represent us well. However, their success is only as good as the support we, as dental educators, are willing to provide in the legislative process. A major step to the fulfillment of our obligation is simply understanding that we can play a most important role. The next step is informing the AADS of your interest and willingness to support their efforts and becoming a legislative advocate. And finally, when called upon to assist in a legislative effort you must be prepared to respond in a timely manner. I am satisfied that I have fulfilled my goals for the fellowship experience. It is my assessment that the goals of the Association were also met. I have been fortunate to have the opportunity to immediately implement my new knowledge and skills. Since the completion of my fellowship experience I have stayed in touch with the issues and served as a contact person and resource at my institution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

[Effect of international legislation on veterinary medicine in The Netherlands].

The development of legislation in the veterinary field in the Netherlands under the influence of agreements with separate countries or that resulting from EEC directives is reviewed. The effects of international legislation on veterinary practice are elucidated with disease control in animals, equalization of certificates, animal welfare and the problem of residues. Effects on the authorities occur by way of EEC directives in the field of commercial traffic in fresh meat, fresh poultry meat and manufactured meats, bilateral agreements with third countries, international transport of animals and veterinary education. Attention is paid to the advisory role of the Federation of Veterinarians of the EEC (FVE) in EEC legislation in the veterinary field. In discussing future developments in legislation in the veterinary sphere, the Veterinary Medicinal Products Act, the Veterinary Surgeons' Act, the Animal Health and Welfare Act and the Integrated Surveillance System of the Animal and Meat Production Chain are referred to.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

Outlook for restrictive animal legislation in the 89th Congress.

Past records indicate that legislation, be it extreme or moderate in design, will be the goal of the proponents of restrictive animal legislation in the 89th Congress. Bills similar to those introduced in past sessions almost surely will appear again. If the President succeeds in soliciting congressional support for his goals of the Great Society, Congress may have little time for other legislative matters. The medical and scientific forces that oppose the use of federal legislation as a means of upgrading the standards of animal care and improving the validity of the results of biological research can be expected to continue their support of voluntary control through education and research. Continued support of the effective "task forces" and public relations programs that developed during the 88th Congress must come from all segments of the organized health professions.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Euthanasia legislation: a survey and a model act.

With increasing frequency, state legislators have been proposing legislation which would permit euthanasia--the allowance of "death with dignity" --under certain circumstances. These proposals indicate varying degrees of awareness of the issues and problems involved in drafting euthanasia legislation. The Article focuses on such issues and problems, studies the methods proposed by legislators to deal with them, and offers a Modle Euthanasia Act designed to achieve their optimal solution.

Euthanasia↗
PubMed1995

Trends in health legislation and human rights.

For the past three or four decades many countries have ranked health as one of their social priorities and have embarked on comprehensive programmes to ensure universal access to health care. In the same period, mostly under the influence of the international community, the protection and promotion of human rights have become an integral part of modern legal theories and, in many countries or regions, these rights have been framed as constitutional norms or as rules paramount to local legislation. Trends observed in recent legislation may lead to infringements of human rights. At the core of these trends are measures, derived from express legislative sources or implemented by having recourse to the use of delegated powers, concerning the allocation of resources and the duty to render assistance. These measures often impact on the rights of an individual and are thus questionable under human rights theories. This article assesses the consequences of these legislative trends and questions the implicit proposal that the balance between individual rights and collective interests should be weighed in favour of the latter.

Human Rights↗