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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Reconstruction of the lateral patellar retinaculum following lateral release: a case report.

The recognition and treatment of iatrogenic medial subluxation of the patella following lateral retinacular release may be difficult. The diagnosis even by magnetic resonance imaging may be difficult. The use of a medial patellar stabilising brace may be helpful in the diagnosis, alleviating symptoms in the short term and to gain the confidence of the patient. A technique of direct repair that was used successfully is described in a case report.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Projections from the lateral division of the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex to area 21a and the striate cortex in the cat.

The axonal tracer HRP-WGA, injected into area 21a of the cat, was used in conjunction with AChE histochemistry to demonstrate that a reciprocal pathway links area 21a with the LPl (striate recipient zone) in the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex. Separate injections of the fluorescent tracers, Fast blue (FB) and Diamidino yellow (DY), were then placed simultaneously in the striate cortex and area 21a, respectively, to identify the relative position of cells projecting to both cortical areas and to pinpoint the location of efferent terminals in the LPl. Both FB and DY labelled cells and terminals are located together in the LPl but none of the neurons projecting to the striate cortex and area 21a was double labelled which would have indicated the presence of cells with axons projecting to both areas. Nonetheless, the intermingling of cells projecting to the striate cortex and area 21a, and the reciprocal character of both pathways, is consistent with a model in which the two cortical areas exchange signals via the LPl.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1993

Lateral interactions between spatial channels: suppression and facilitation revealed by lateral masking experiments.

We measured contrast detection thresholds for a foveal Gabor signal flanked by two high contrast Gabor signals. The spatially localized target and masks enabled investigation of space dependent lateral interactions between foveal and neighboring spatial channels. Our data show a suppressive region extending to a radius of two wavelengths, in which the presence of the masking signals have the effect of increasing target threshold. Beyond this range a much larger facilitatory region (up to a distance of ten wavelengths) is indicated, in which contrast thresholds were found to decrease by up to a factor of two. The interactions between the foveal target and the flanking Gabor signals are spatial-frequency and orientation specific in both regions, but less specific in the suppression region.

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed2006

Neurons in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) lateral lumbosacral spinal cord project to the central part of the lateral periaqueductal gray matter.

In order to micturate successfully, information from the bladder has to be conveyed to the brainstem. In most experimental animals, this information is relayed, via the lumbosacral spinal cord, to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Although the rat is the most used experimental animal in neurourological research, urodynamic studies show that guinea pig may be a better small experimental animal because its urodynamic profile is, in contrast to that of a rat, similar to that of humans. Therefore, the present study, using anterograde and retrograde tracing, was performed to determine whether the lumbosacral spinal cord projects to the PAG in guinea pig. Results show that neurons in the lateral part of the lumbosacral spinal cord project to the central parts of the PAG. This pathway may convey information about the level of bladder filling to the PAG.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Lipid lateral diffusion in bilayers with phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol. An NMR study of dynamics and lateral phase separation.

Pulsed field gradient (pfg)-NMR measurements of the lipid lateral diffusion coefficients in several macroscopically aligned bilayer systems were summarized from previous and new studies. The aim was to carry out a comparison of the translational dynamics for bilayers with various mixtures of l,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), l,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and chicken egg yolk sphingomyelin (eSM), with or without cholesterol. New useful information was obtained on the dynamics in these lipid bilayers that has not been previously appreciated. Thus, we were able to propose that the driving force behind the phase separation into l(d)and l(o)phases evolves from the increasing difficulty to incorpotate DOPC into a highly ordered phase. Our results suggest that DOPC has a preference to be located in a disordered phase, while DPPC and eSM prefer the ordered phase. Quite unexpectedly, CHOL seems to partition into both phases to roughly the same extent, indicating that CHOL has no particular preference for any of the l(d)or l(o) phases, and there are no specific interactions between CHOL and saturated lipids.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗
PubMed2005

A 2-year follow-up of a study to compare the efficacy of lateral wedged insoles with subtalar strapping and in-shoe lateral wedged insoles in patients with varus deformity osteoarthritis of the knee.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted in order to assess the effect of wearing a lateral wedged insole with a subtalar strap for 2 years in patients with osteoarthritis varus deformity of the knee (knee OA). DESIGN: The setting was an outpatient clinic. The efficacies of the strapped insole and a traditional shoe insert wedged insole (the inserted insole), as a positive control, were compared at the baseline and after 2 years of treatment. Randomization was performed according to birth date. The 61 female outpatients with knee OA who completed a prior 6-month study were asked to wear their respective insoles continuously as treatment during the course of the 2-year study. The femorotibial angle (FTA) was assessed by standing radiographs obtained while the subjects were barefoot and the Lequesne index of the knee OA at 2 years was compared with those at baseline in each insole group. RESULTS: There were 61 patients in the original study, but 13 patients (21.3%) did not want to wear the insole continuously and five (8.2%) withdrew for other reasons. The 42 patients who completed the 2-year study were evaluated. At the 2-year assessment, participants wearing the subtalar strapped insole (n=21) demonstrated significantly decreased FTA (P=0.015), and significantly improved Lequesne index (P=0.031) in comparison with their baseline assessments. These significant differences were not found in the group with the traditional shoe inserted wedged insole (n=21). CONCLUSION: Only those participants using the subtalar strapped insole demonstrated significant change in the FTA in comparison with the baseline assessments. If the insole with a subtalar strap maintains FTA for more than 2 years, it may restrict the progression of degenerative articular cartilage lesions of knee OA.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Opposite effects of lateral septal LTP and lateral septal lesions on contextual fear conditioning in mice.

The effect of fimbrial high-frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in the lateral septum (LS) on contextual fear conditioning was studied in mice. Mice were conditioned for fear toward a novel context through the use of footshocks. The 1st experiment showed that pretraining HFS reduced significantly conditional freezing to contextual stimuli. The 2nd experiment was designed to determine whether the reduction of freezing produced by fimbrial HFS resulted from LTP in the LS rather than from LTP in other brain structures. Accordingly, mice with lesions of the LS were used and submitted to the same protocol as in the 1st experiment. Results showed that LS lesions completely abolished the impairing effect of fimbrial HFS and, as a whole, potentiated the freezing response. These data suggest that contextual fear conditioning is strongly modulated by the level of hippocampal-LS synaptic neurotransmission.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Lateral thinking: the management of missing upper lateral incisors.

Absence of the maxillary lateral incisor creates an aesthetic problem which can be managed in various ways. The condition requires careful treatment planning and a consideration of the options and outcomes following either space closure or prosthetic replacement. Recent developments in restorative dentistry have warranted a re-evaluation of the approach to this clinical situation. Factors relating both to the patient and to the teeth, including the presenting malocclusion and the effect on the occlusion, are considered. This review considers the possible options: no treatment; orthodontic space closure with canine modification; space maintenance and replacement of the missing tooth with denture, bridge (adhesive and conventional), or implant.

Anodontia↗
PubMed2003

Apoptosis and retinal projections in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus after monocular deprivation during the later phase of the critical period in the rat.

The visual cortex in the rat is matured physiologically by postnatal day 30, but the visual system retains the potential to be reorganized until postnatal day 45. Therefore, we defined the period from postnatal days 28-45 as the 'late critical phase'. To examine whether monocular deprivation during the late critical phase gives rise to neuronal apoptosis in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), we used the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labeling method and anterograde tracing. The number of apoptotic cells in the dLGN after monocular deprivation at postnatal day 28 showed little difference from control at postnatal day 29, but was significantly increased to more than fourfold of control ipsilaterally to the monocular deprivation at postnatal day 35 and to more than 10-fold of control bilaterally at postnatal day 40. In the control, there were almost no apoptotic neurons in the dLGN on either side at postnatal day 40. In the nucleus ipsilateral to the monocular deprivation, approximately half the apoptotic neurons were found in an area that did not receive a retinal projection. These findings suggest that the biological process of increased apoptosis in the dLGN of rats that received monocular deprivation in the late critical phase may be different from that in the early critical phase. The increased number of apoptotic cells in the dLGN in the late critical phase may not be simply the result of monocular deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of early disease on later growth, and early growth on later disease, in Khartoum infants.

Longitudinal data of monthly length and weight measurements, and fortnightly infectious disease records of 167 infants in Khartoum townships, have been examined to determine: (1) whether disease experience in the first 6 months of life is related to growth in the second 6 months and (2) whether growth in the first period is related to disease experience in the second. Using regression techniques to allow for disease measure correlations in the two periods and other environmental factors that are associated with growth and disease, it is concluded that both length and especially weight growth are affected adversely by previous illness. On the other hand there is almost no evidence that early growth is associated with later disease susceptibility.

Body Height↗
PubMed1982

Implantation and later fetal development in immature rats given a superovulatory dose of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin, later neutralized by antiserum.

In an earlier experiment, 29-day-old female rats were superovulated with 40 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and very few blastocysts were recovered from the uterus on Day 5. Administration of a PMSG antiserum (a/s) prior to ovulation resulted in recovery of blastocysts in all rats and the present set of experiments was undertaken to investigate the later development of these blastocysts. Implantation was found to occur in only approximately 50% of superovulated (SOV) a/s-treated animals regardless of whether or not estrogen was given on Day 4. It is suggested that the exposure to high preovulatory estrogen and an imbalance in the progesterone/estrogen ratio during the early preimplantation period are possible causes of the loss of blastocysts. The majority of SOV a/s-treated rats in which implantation occurred carried fetuses to Day 20, although there was a further small loss of pregnancy between Days 8 and 20. On Day 8 steroid concentrations in both serum and ovaries were similar to those observed on Day 5 in earlier experiments. By Day 20 serum and ovarian progesterone concentrations were significantly higher than on Day 8 in all superovulated rats, which may reflect increased production by the larger number of corpora lutea in these animals. The present set of experiments shows that in a significant percentage of SOV a/s animals blastocysts are capable of implanting and continuing to develop into normal fetuses by Day 20. However, at least 50% of SOV a/s-treated rats fail to maintain pregnancy between Days 5 and 8 and this could be a result of a failure in the uterus to provide a suitable environment for implantation or to abnormalities in the blastocysts.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The development of lateral-line receptors in Eigenmannia (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes). II. The electroreceptive lateral-line system.

Weakly electric fish of the genus Eigenmannia were induced to spawn in conditions simulating the tropical rainy season. The skin of embryos of different ages was prepared for histological examination, and whole animals were examined by various histological methods and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the electrosensory system develops after the first mechanoreceptive lines have formed. The tuberous and ampullary organs initially form adjacent to the lines of the lateral-line system. The tuberous organs develop at a rate 5 times higher than that of the ampullary organs. The rate of development for both classes of electroreceptors is 4 times higher on the head than on the trunk. The first tuberous organs develop on the head at day 7 and on the trunk at day 8. They increase in number and size during the growth of the fish. The ampullary organs begin to form on the head and on the most rostral part of the trunk at day 8. They are deeply sunk into the corium and have the same number of receptor cells as in adults. There are both ampullary and tuberous organs within fields of receptors that are innervated by a single nerve branch.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Frontal and lateral visual system in birds. Frontal and lateral gaze.

Birds exhibit a variable retinal organization in terms of foveas and areas of high cell density. The distribution of these retinal structures in different species does not follow phylogenetic lines. In order to study this phenomenon, we presented chickens and pigeons with a luminous bar that could be moved at different speeds and directions in the visual field and could be located at various distances from the animal; head movements were monitored during the presentations. The results show that for a static or slow-moving stimulus the birds adopted a frontal gaze that stabilized the image in the retina, and for a fast-moving stimulus they adopted a lateral gaze that allowed the image to move across the retina. These results reveal that: (a) these two ways of looking correlate with the retinal anatomy, not with the phylogeny, of the species, and (b) these two ways of looking reflect two different sensorimotor systems that involve different anatomical features and neurophysiological properties of the visual system in birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Lateral interactions in the perception of flicker and in the physiology of the lateral geniculate nucleus.

The perception of flicker strength in a center stimulus can be affected by the presence of a surrounding stimulus. We correlated this effect with the interactions between centers and surrounds of the receptive fields (RFs) of neurons in the retino-geniculate pathways. The responses of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of two New World monkey species, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), and the owl monkey (Aotus azarae) were measured to two spatially non-overlapping sinusoidally modulating luminance stimuli of equal temporal frequency, one of which mainly stimulated the RF center, the other the RF surround. The relative temporal phase between the center and surround stimuli was varied. The response amplitude as a function of relative phase between the center and surround stimuli can be described by a simple model where the RF center and surround responses are vector-added. A minimal response was reached for stimuli in which the surround stimulus led the center stimulus, indicating that the RF surround response lagged the center response. The flicker strength in the center stimulus perceived by human observers was measured psychophysically. It was found that the perceived flicker strength could be described by the same function as was used for the cell data. There were qualitative similarities between the physiological and the psychophysical data, suggesting that the physiological basis of the psychophysically measured spatial interactions is present as early as the LGN. The data indicated the presence of a nonlinearity in center-surround interactions that is influenced by the stimulus contrast. The possible source of this nonlinearity was studied by comparing the center and the surround responses with those in which they were selectively stimulated.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Lateral epicondylitis: a comparative study of open and arthroscopic lateral release.

In this article, we retrospectively review cases of resistant lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) and compare treatment with open release versus arthroscopic release. From 1997 to 2002, 87 patients were treated: 54 with open procedures and 33 with arthroscopic procedures. Seventy-five patients were available for follow-up. Mean duration of preoperative symptoms was 16 months for open cases and 22 months for arthroscopic cases. All patients had a minimum of 6 months of conservative treatment before surgery. Results showed no significant difference in outcomes. For example, 69% of open cases and 72% of arthroscopic cases had good or excellent outcomes. Notably, patients treated with arthroscopic release returned to work earlier than patients treated with open release did, and they required less postoperative therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Conservative transmandibular lateral pharyngectomy in cancer of the lateral oropharyngeal wall].

The authors present conservative transmandibular lateral pharyngectomy (CTLP) as a substitute for BPTM operations in cancers of the tonsillar region. The mandible is sectioned along the symphyses and the oropharynx is widely exposed through an incision of the pelvilingual sulcus. The authors propose a primary operability criterion that allows to salvage the mandibular angle, which is usually sacrificed. This can be assessed peroperatively by testing the possibility to cleave and spread inwardly the pharyngomandibular region following detachment of the pterygoid muscles. The functional and cosmetic benefits of this method are obvious and should commend its more frequent utilization.

Bone Plates↗
PubMed1990

Lateral imbalance of the visual field affects conjugate lateral eye movement: an experimental demonstration.

Baker (1989) reported a serendipitous observation: When subjects were seated closer to the left than to the right wall of the room, conjugate lateral eye movement (CLEM) following a question involving shared eye gaze was predominantly toward the right. This study sought to verify this observation. In the asymmetrical condition, half the subjects sat next to the right wall and the other half sat next to the left wall. In the symmetrical condition, each subject was seated equidistantly from the right and left walls. More CLEM was found in asymmetrical conditions in the direction toward the center of the wall the subject faced, a finding consistent with the earlier formulations and findings of the sensory-tonic theory of perception.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle for chronic lateral instability.

One hundred and seventy-six patients (180 ankles) who had chronic lateral instability of the ankle were treated with transection and imbrication of the anterior talofibular ligament. Sixty-eight of the ankles had reconstruction of the calcaneofibular ligament as well. Of the 176 patients, 148 (152 ankles) were available for follow-up, which ranged from two to twelve years (mean, six years). An excellent or good result was achieved in 132 ankles, all of which had improved mechanical stability as measured radiographically. Sixteen of the twenty ankles that had an unsatisfactory result were in patients who had generalized hypermobility of the joints or long-standing local ligamentous insufficiency, or both, or who had had a previous operation. Reconstruction of both ligaments gave a better functional result than when only the anterior talofibular ligament was reconstructed.

Adolescent↗