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PubMed2004

'Coalition-In-Iraq' countries 'internal' civil violent deaths compared to the USA 'external' violence of September 11th 2001.

BACKGROUND: The atrocity of 9/11 exemplified 'external' caused civil violent deaths, which have major policy implications for the countries contributing armed forces to the 'Coalition-In-Iraq' [C.I.I]. C.I.I Government's resources for perennial 'internal' violent deaths (suicide, homicide and road), are likely to be threatened by alternative priorities. C.I.I 'internal' deaths are compared with those of 9/11 to provide information to determine relative risks. MATERIAL/METHODS: To uniformly compare mortality between countries we utilise the most recent WHO mortality data, taking the latest three years 1997-1999 and calculating an average annual number and rate of 'internal' deaths in each country, these are compared with the 9/11 fatalities, calculating a proportional ratio, as an indicator of differential damage to families and society. RESULTS: USA 'external' deaths were 3,074 people and annual average suicides were 30,966. Total 'internal' deaths exceeded 'external' more than 30 times. Every fortnight there are more USA 'internal' violent deaths than on 9/11. Except Australia and Bulgaria, every country had more suicides than died on 9/11. Apart from Bulgaria, total 'internal' deaths exceeded the 'external' toll in all other CAI countries- by 14 times in Japan; 6 in Republic of Korea, 4 in Italy, 3 in Spain and the UK, twice in Canada and 1.5 times in Australia. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of 'internal' civil violent deaths, such as suicide, highlight the perennial pressures upon psychiatric services and the need to defend resources at a time of competing priorities.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed2004

The role of Helicobacter pylori in esophagitis and peptic ulcer disease in Iraq.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalences of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection in symptomatic, but endoscopically normal patients as well as in patients with endoscopically and histologically proven esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis, duodenal ulcer, and gastric ulcer. METHODS: The study extended over the period November 1999 through June 2000. Biopsy specimens were harvested from intact areas of gastric antral mucosa, duodenal bulb, gastric body and lower third of esophagus of each one of 200 patients undergoing eseophago-gastro-duodenoscopy in endoscopy unit of Tikrit General Hospital (TGH), Salahuddin Governorate, Tikrit City, Iraq. The biopsies were submitted for histopathological, cultural and biochemical investigations. Seven biopsy samples were taken from each patient. Written consent was taken from each patient. The patients were pooled from various districts of the governorate. RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori was detected in antral biopsies of the following categories of patients: in 73.9% of patients with endoscopic gastritis, in 75% of patients with gastric ulcers, in 86% of patients with endoscopic duodenitis, in 88.6% of patients with duodenal ulcers and in 57.7% of patients with endoscopic esophagitis, but absent in all patients with totally normal endoscopies. CONCLUSION: Although H.pylori has no role in the development of esophagitis, it is a prevalent pathogen and is associated with many gastro-intestinal diseases and has an important role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease and gastritis in our district.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of wheeze among preschool children in Basra governonate, southern Iraq.

A community-based survey was carried out in Basra governorate, Iraq, to estimate the prevalence of wheeze among children under 5 years old and to identify possible risk factors. It was found that 15.8% of the 424 preschool children enrolled in the study had a history of wheeze. More wheezy children lived in the city (16.3%) than in the rural area (15.0%). Family history of asthma in first-degree relatives was significantly associated with wheeze (44.8% of children with wheeze versus 15.1% without wheeze). Other household factors--parents' low educational level, formula or supplemental feeding as a baby, overcrowding, smoking at home, pet ownership and using kerosene--were associated with wheeze, but the results were not statistically significant. The role of environmental factors and feeding patterns needs to be further evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Advanced medical care for soldiers injured in Iraq and Afghanistan.

War inevitably advances medical knowledge, particularly in the area of orthopedic surgery. This article presents an overview of the types of injuries emerging from the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, the majority of which are extremity injuries, and the care soldiers are receiving on the battlefield, while being evacuated, and at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. It highlights the Army's use of new therapeutic approaches such as use of methyl methacrylate antibiotic beads, vacuum-assisted closure devices, and new prosthetic technologies.

Afghanistan↗
PubMed2005

[Adverse reactions to anthrax vaccination in Danish military personnel deployed to Iraq].

INTRODUCTION: On Denmark's decision to join the war in Iraq, it was decided to immunise all personnel to be deployed there with anthrax vaccine. This paper describes the types and frequency of adverse reactions to the vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2003 and February 2004, 1,899 immunisations against anthrax in 755 personnel were registered at the health care facilities of the Danish Defence. RESULTS: No serious or life-threatening adverse reactions were reported. The data showed a statistically significant decrease in adverse reactions between the four immunisation series. For males, adverse reactions after the second immunisation depended on possible adverse reactions to the first immunisation. In females, this correlation was not found. No differences in the frequency of adverse reactions between males and females were found. DISCUSSION: None of the vaccinated persons suffered serious or life-threatening adverse reactions. Compared to other studies on self-reported adverse reactions, the overall frequency was low. The data showed a statistically significant decrease in adverse reactions between the four immunisation series. This has been described in comparable studies. The correlation between adverse reactions in the second immunisation being dependent on adverse reactions to the first immunisation has been partly confirmed by other studies. No differences between the sexes were found, probably because only a few females were included in the study. In case of a significant level of threat concerning biological weapons, immunisation against anthrax is considered appropriate.

Anthrax Vaccines↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Supplementary feeding of malnourished children in northern Iraq.

The effectiveness of the supplementary feeding programme for malnourished children aged 6 months to 3 years in Dohuk province, northern Iraq was evaluated. The enrolment criterion was child weight > or = 2 standard deviations below standard weight-for-age. Children enrolled in the programme in January 2001 were followed over 7 months. Children received high-protein high-energy biscuits in the first month and a monthly child ration for preparing soyabean mix throughout. Their families received food rations in the first 4 months. Improvement was noticed for all children, particularly in the first month. Problems with the rations and within the growth monitoring units resulted in significant drop-out. Use of standard growth charts may be a way to overcome this problem. High-protein biscuits should be distributed throughout instead of the mix.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2005

Periodontal disease among diabetics in Iraq.

BACKGROUND: It is generally accepted that diabetes increases the prevalence and severity of periodontitis, and is now considered the sixth "-opathy" of diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of periodontal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and assess their severity in a single center in Basrah, Iraq. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, case-control study. A total of 1593 patients were included (633 diabetic patients and 960 nondiabetics as controls). Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were dentate persons aged 40 years and older and with = 6 remaining teeth were studied. RESULTS: Periodontal disease was seen in 95.9% of both diabetics and controls. Concerning mild and advanced disease, there was no difference between diabetics and controls, whereas moderate disease was more prevalent in those with diabetes. CONCLUSION: Of both the diabetics and controls, periodontal disease was seen in 95.9%. Moderate disease was significantly more common among diabetics. Larger studies, with pocket depth--attachment loss with radiologic evaluation for bone loss--are needed to assess the prevalence of periodontal disease among diabetics, other systemic disease, and the general population.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2005

Toxoplasmosis: the innocent suspect of pregnancy wastage in Duhok, Iraq.

To identify the true contribution of toxoplasmosis to fetal loss and bad obstetric history, we tested 310 women, 77.4% of whom had had single or multiple fetal loss, for evidence of infection. The study was conducted in Duhok, northern Iraq, from July 2002 till September 2003. All the women were examined for the presence of toxoplasma-specific IgM antibodies by enzyme-linked immunofluorescent assay; only 3 (0.97%) tested positive. We also tested 187 of the women by latex agglutination test; 55 tested positive. Histopathological examination was done for 9 pregnant women who tested positive by the latex agglutination test but we found no evidence of toxoplasma infection. The results indicate that the contribution of toxoplasmosis to fetal loss in our region is greatly overestimated.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2006

[Cutaneous leishmaniasis following military deployment to Iraq].

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease of the tropics and subtropics, transmitted by bites of infected female phlebotonine sandflies. Although CL lesions are normally self-healing they may be disfiguring or potentially disabling, and in field conditions may become secondarily infected; clinical intervention is appropriate in these circumstances. We describe two soldiers normally stationed in British Forces Germany who following deployment to Iraq presented with Leishmania tropica infection. The primary prevention of CL is discussed, together with the epidemiology of the disease, and its treatment under deployed conditions. Old World CL rarely requires aggressive antimonial terapy. Antiiosis with or without curettage is a simple, safe and effective field treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Overview of 12 months anaesthetic activity in a UK field hospital on enduring operations in Iraq.

The British Field Hospital facility in Southern Iraq has seen a continuous turnover of patient admissions since the start of offensive operations during the 2003 Gulf conflict (Operation TELIC). During the war a number of procedures were carried out and these have been well described to date. On May 1st 2003 President Bush declared an end to high intensity operations with a subsequent reduction in medical activity. However, the facility has continued to provide medical care to large numbers of service and civilian patients from the end of hostilities to the present day. The purpose of this review is to present anaesthetic and demographic data relating to procedures carried out at the Field Hospital over a 12-month period from the end of the war-fighting phase of the conflict.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seroepidemiology of selected zoonotic infections in Basra region of Iraq.

A community-based seroepidemiological study was made of 4 common zoonotic infections (brucellosis, hydatidosis, toxoplasmosis and visceral leishmaniasis) in 3 areas (rural, urban and suburban semirural) in Basra governorate, southern Iraq. The prevalence of brucellosis was higher in the suburban semirural area (29.3%) than the rural and urban areas. The prevalence of hydatidosis (19.0%-35.5%) and toxoplasmosis (41.1%-52.1%) were relatively high in all 3 areas. With respect to visceral leishmaniasis, low rates of infection were reported (0.2%-1.9%). The study shows in general that the suburban semirural area is at highest risk of zoonotic infections compared with other areas. The results could form a rational basis for the planning of an integrated comprehensive approach for control of zoonotic infections in the areas surveyed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of malaria and predictions of retransmission in Babylon Governorate, Iraq.

After the 1997-98 malaria epidemic in Babylon governorate, Iraq, malaria transmission in this area was successfully interrupted. A parasitological survey in 2002 identified no malaria cases but an entomological survey found both Anopheles stephensi and A. pulcherrimus in high densities. The highest density was recorded in September and the lowest in December and January. Despite the high density of Anopheles, no parasite sporozoites or oocysts were found in dissected mosquitoes. Nevertheless, malaria transmission could recur if A. stephensi indoor resting density exceeds the critical threshold and imported malaria cases are not monitored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Surgical outcome in 435 patients who sustained missile head wounds during the Iran-Iraq War.

Variables important in predicting the final postsurgical outcome of 435 patients who sustained missile head wounds during the Iran-Iraq War were evaluated over a 99-month period. The type of projectile, site of injury, and presence or absence of foreign material did not seem to have a significant effect on the final outcome. Of the patients with a perforating type of injury, 48.8% had a poor surgical outcome as compared with 19.9% with a penetrating type and 15.6% with a tangential type. This difference is statistically significant (chi 2 = 14.7 and 17.1, respectively; p less than 0.001). The most important factor in predicting overall outcome was the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at the time of admission. Mortality and morbidity contributing to a poor surgical outcome were noted in only 6% of patients with a GCS score at admission of 13 to 15, in 24.6% of those with a GCS score of 9 to 12, in 57% of those with a GCS score of 6 to 8, and in 65% of those with a GCS score of 3 to 5. Of the 71 patients who died, 75% had a score of 3 to 8. Perforating projectiles or those traversing two or more dural compartments were statistically significant in contributing to mortality and morbidity (chi 2 = 17.2; p less than 0.001). The incidence of focal neurological deficit was 100, 90.6, 88, and 52.2% in patients with GCS scores of 3 to 5, 6 to 8, 9 to 12, and 13 to 15, respectively. The two best predictors of mortality in this group of patients were a low GCS score and infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Seasonal evolution of blood levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the post-pubertal bull in France and Iraq. Concomitant variations of LH and testosterone].

An inquiry was conducted in 2 performance testing stations, A and B located in France and Iraq, respectively. In both stations, at solstice and equinox, thirty 15 month-old Holstein bulls were blood sampled for plasma LH, testosterone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine determination. For LH, no coherent seasonal effect was found. As regards testosterone, maximal mean values were obtained in December in both stations (3.4 ng/ml). In A as well as in B, thyroxine peaked in December reaching 64.6 ng/ml and 77.8 ng/ml, respectively, and falling down to 49.4 ng/ml and 65.6 ng/ml, respectively in June. The difference was significant for A (P less than 0.001). For T3, the fall from December (1.42 ng/ml in A and 1.68 ng/ml in B) to June (1.09 ng/ml in A and 1.26 ng/ml in B) resulted in about the same relative value and was significant (P less than 0.005) in both stations. The detrimental effect of high temperatures on semen quality does not seem to be mediated by an alternation of thyroid function.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Salmonella responsible for infantile gastroenteritis in Mosul, Iraq.

The aetiological role of salmonella in acute diarrhoeal illness in infants aged between 4 weeks and 7 years admitted to the Mosul Paediatric Hospital (North Iraq) was studied. Patients consisted of 63 males and 48 females. Almost all (18) salmonella positive cultures were isolated from patients under 2 years old who comprised 84 (75.6%) of the total sample. A wide variety of species of salmonella were found with Salm. typhimurium and Salm. worthington predominating. Most of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. This study emphasizes the importance of high rates of Salmonella spp. as potential causes of diarrhoeal disease in infancy and children.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Iraq: isolation, identification and electron microscopy.

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus was isolated for the first time in Iraq from the blood of three patients. It caused a cytopathic effect in lamb kidney and BHK-21 cell cultures. The virus particles were spherical, enveloped and had 90 nm in diameter similar particles were found in ultrathin sections of the liver from two fatal cases. The isolated virus proved to be antigenically closely related to CCHF virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Schistosomiasis and bladder carcinoma in southern Iraq.

Bladder biopsies from 425 patients in the southern region of Iraq were analysed with special emphasis on the association of schistosomiasis and carcinoma. Histological evidence of schistosomiasis was seen in 27.3% of the carcinomas, 70.1% of which were of squamous-cell type. The main features were compared with those from other countries where Bilharziasis is endemic. It is concluded that the main features resemble previous reports but with a younger age incidence and relative high proportion of carcinomas in females affected by schistosomiasis.

Adult↗