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PubMed1994

[Human behavior between instinct, feelings and responsibility].

The paper deals with the fundamental problem: How does the brain (in the way it is and the way it functions) influence human experience, behaviour and social interaction? Deriving from this question, there's the matter of how all this influences people as road users. After some epistemological considerations the following subjects are dealt with the article: the human perception and human "reality", the limits of human imagination, the basis of human learning, the complexity of processes within the brain, the reaction to changes and the ability to concentrate as well as McLean's theory of the triune brain. The subjects are complemented by aspects of biological and socio-cultural evolution of man, starting from evolutionary ethics going right up to the problem of responsibility.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1993

The complementarity of object-relations and instinct theory.

Object-relations theory implicitly assumes primary drives to cope with the fact that some kinds of transaction with objects are not gratifying but are feared and avoided. Fairbairn's conception of motivation assumes that there is an independent primary drive which may be called 'need for love', independent of other gratifications. Such an instinctual-drive concept is defined solely by its direction towards a goal, and rests on an arbitrary intuition as to the 'real' goal of observed behaviour. As Freud pointed out, what is required for the objective identification of a drive is the discovery of its physiological source. Freud recognised that a drive can be gratified only by a 'specific action' performed upon a suitable object, and that object relations set up in very early life are especially long-lasting. The concept of fixation can bridge the gap between infantile instinctual reactions and adult object relations.

Ego↗
PubMed1997

From instinct to self: the evolution and implications of W. R. D. Fairbairn's theory of object relations.

The authors argue that fifty years after the initial publication of W. R. D. Fairbairn's object-relations theory of the personality, his ideas have moved to the centre of psychoanalysis and provide the most cogent theoretical rationale for many modern concepts of technique and the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis. In particular, Fairbairn centred object-relations theory on the person's need for relationships from infancy and throughout life, and gave the first detailed description of the sequential processes of internalisation of the rejecting object, followed by splitting of the ego and repression of painful internal object relations. He described the way these processes led to the organisation of the ego as an internal system of subegos and part objects (which are actually organisations of the ego, too) which are always in dynamic interaction with each other and which determine the quality of external relationships. This paper draws on Fairbairn's early writings, many of them recently published for the first time, to describe the origin of Fairbairn's ideas in his study of philosophy, to outline his theory of object relations, and to consider current developments and applications of these ideas in psychoanalysis and beyond.

Ego↗
PubMed1975

Endocrine control of mating instinct in Dysdercus koenigii (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae).

Five pairs of median and 1 pair of lateral neurosecretory cell groups occur in the protocerebrum of Dysdercus koenigii, a hemipteran pest on the ladies finger plant (Hibiscus esculentus). The lateral neurosecretory cells (LNSC) become active prior to, and at the time of commencement of mating and release their secretion within 24 h of commencement. The female never mates again after laying eggs and the LNSC also never become active. It is believed that LNSC secretion induces the urge for mating in the freshly emerged female and the lateral groups of NSC form the receptivity centre in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Instinctive resuscitation of the newborn rat.

Pregnant albino rats were observed during labour and delivery to determine whether they assist the newborn rat to breathe, and if so, in what way. The maternal rat actively resuscitates and assists the newborn. This appears to involve four distinct stages. (1) Cleaning of airways. Immediately after birth, the maternal rat holds the head of the newborn with both paws, cleans and sucks the nares and the mouth of the newborn. She then cuts the umbilical cord and eats the placenta. (2) Assistance. When necessary, she presses the pup's chest with one paw for a few seconds, licks the spine from caudal to cervical region, which causes extension of the body and expansion of the chest, or bites the tail, which makes the newborn squeak. (3) Rest. The newborn is then left alone for as long as 20 min while the mother is delivering the rest of the litter. (4) Stimulation. This involves periodic pushing, rolling, licking, and biting of the newborn. Stillbirths are left alone and not attended. If pups are removed from their mother immediately after birth and prevented from being cleaned, they develop respiratory distress, with mouth breathing, gasping, chest retraction, and cyanosis. This model in nature emphasizes the importance of cleaning the upper airways of the newborn.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Plant development: Medea's maternal instinct.

The Arabidopsis MEDEA gene is required in maternal tissues to restrict cell proliferation in embryos. Molecular characterisation indicates that MEDEA encodes a Polycomb-group protein, particularly intriguing as MEDEA's maternal effects may be a consequence of genomic imprinting.

Arabidopsis↗