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PubMed1999

[Home and outside home food complementarity in Bamako (Mali): nutritional and economic aspects. What is the rationality behind consumers' choices?].

BACKGROUND: Great modifications in social and family relationships and life style come from rapid urbanisation in developing countries. Various types of malnutrition coexist in these towns. Food consumption outside the home is more and more common. This in turn encourages rapid growth in the food informal economic sector which must be taken into account in food and nutrition policy and planning. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics and complementarities between home and outside the home food consumption of different kinds of individuals coming from different kinds of families in Bamako, in terms of expenditures and aspects of food and nutritional intakes. METHODS: 366 individuals from 74 families were interviewed. They were chosen according to defined criteria in three districts of Bamako of high, middle and poor socio-economic level. RESULTS: At home the daily food expenditure is 2.27 and 3.79 times greater per individual in rich than in middle income and poor families respectively. Animal proteins are respectively 41%, 19% and 9% of daily protein intake. Energy from lipids is 20 to 30% in rich and middle families. In poor ones it is only 15% which is the lower limit of nutritional recommendations. Moreover, contrary to proteins and carbohydrates, the cost of lipids seems, almost incompressible. Almost everybody eats out of home food, particularly children. Its cost, on an energy basis, is higher than home food. The expense is 19 to 27% of the family food budget. It appears necessary to the satisfaction of nutritional requirements in middle income and poor families. Despite various costs, whatever be the socio-economic level, energy intakes coming from that food are equivalent in absolute terms among various kinds of individuals: children, men and women. CONCLUSION: Families had to adapt their food strategies after the 1994 Franc CFA devaluation. Various hypotheses are presented, linked to intra-family relationships and, within poor families, to insertion in the street food economic sector, in order to understand, the logic of food choices. Such an analysis, where health, nutritional, economic, social and cultural aspects of food are taken into account, allows some concrete orientations for urban food and nutrition policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The five "S" levels of enterprise health.

Whether pride, necessity, or inattention is at the root, some "slowly boiling" physicians find themselves working harder for fewer compensations of all sorts, and may not be fully cognizant of their circumstances. This article helps to diagnose and manage the health of physicians' practices and/or related enterprises. There are five levels of enterprise health, ranging from success (S-1) to shutdown (S-5), that serve as weather vanes about how the enterprise is adapting to changes in its environment. How should physicians respond to chaos and the threats of deteriorating enterprise health? A five-step approach is offered: (1) Discern what is important; (2) place and keep your program in alignment with those patient interests that will enhance your enterprise viability; (3) keep score with an internal balanced scorecard; (4) manage and shepherd your resources in a manner that demonstrably adds value to patient care; and (5) know the score and use it.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed1999

Extra! Extra! Free data available on the web.

San Francisco-based Market Insights may shake up the industry with its new offering of free benchmarking data on the Web. Increasing competition and greater access to technology are making data much cheaper and easier to get. Data companies are shifting their focus from plain numbers to a more complex analysis.

Benchmarking↗