[Individualization and identification of cadaver parts dismembered by contact with the ship propellor using DNA technology].
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Adult↗
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An anatomical and photographic technique for forensic facial identification.
The increase in the use of photographs on individual identification credentials such as driving licences, credit cards, security passes and passports has led, for the purpose of criminal activities, to the falsification of genuine documents bearing photographs of the perpetrating criminal. These photographs may be used as valuable physical evidence when compared with known photographs of a suspect as they form somewhat of a signature of the suspect that is left behind on the evidence. The comparison of ID photographs requires the cooperation of two predominantly visual disciplines; forensic photography and morphological anatomy. This paper describes a photographic technique which allows accurate anatomical measurement and tracing of facial features, which allows direct physical comparison of ID document images.
Anthropometry↗
Retriever and CompareTable, two informatics tools for data analysis of high-density oligonucleotide arrays.
High-density oligonucleotide arrays are widely employed for detecting global changes in gene expression profiles of cells or tissues exposed to specific stimuli. Presented with large amounts of data, investigators can spend significant amounts of time analyzing and interpreting this array data. In our application of GeneChip arrays to analyze changes in gene expression in viral-infected epithelium, we have needed to develop additional computational tools that may be of utility to other investigators using this methodology. Here, I describe two executable programs to facilitate data extraction and multiple data point analysis. These programs run in a virtual DOS environment on Microsoft Windows 95/98/2K operating systems on a desktop PC. Both programs can be freely downloaded from the BioTechniques Software Library (www.BioTechniques.com). The first program, Retriever, extracts primary data from an array experiment contained in an Affymetrix textfile using user-inputted individual identification strings (e.g., the probe set identification numbers). With specific data retrieved for individual genes, hybridization profiles can be examined and data normalized. The second program, CompareTable, is used to facilitate comparison analysis of two experimental replicates. CompareTable compares two lists of genes, identifies common entries, extracts their data, and writes an output text file containing only those genes present in both of the experiments. The output files generated by these two programs can be opened and manipulated by any software application recognizing tab-delimited text files (e.g., Microsoft NotePad or Excel).
Computational Biology↗
Neuronal responses to object images in the macaque inferotemporal cortex at different stimulus discrimination levels.
We can discriminate visual objects at multiple levels, from coarse categorization to individual identification. It is not known how the brain adapts to the varying levels of discrimination required in different behavioral contexts. In the present study, we investigated whether the stimulus selectivity of neuronal responses in the monkey inferotemporal cortex, which is the final unimodal stage in the ventral visual pathway, changes with the varying levels of discrimination required for different task conditions. Responses of each inferotemporal cell to the same set of nine object images were examined in two different task conditions. The task alternated between coarse and fine discriminations in the first experiment, and the rule alternated between categorization and individual object identification in the second experiment. Despite these changes in the task requirements and the resulting differences in the monkeys' behavior, we found that the responses of inferotemporal cells were largely unchanged in both experiments. Our results suggest that representation of object images in the inferotemporal cortex is stable and rather insensitive to these kinds of shifts in behavioral context. Neuronal adaptations to behavioral context may occur downstream of the inferotemporal cortex.
Animals↗
[Personal identification using DNA polymorphism--the identification of forensic biological materials].
We performed personal identification by DNA polymorphism using forensic specimens. DNA was purified by the potassium iodine method instead of the phenol extraction method. When DNA is amplified by PCR, there are inhibitors of PCR such as melanin in hairs or blood and inorganic salts in bone. This problem was solved by the potassium iodine method. The genotype of the ABO blood groups could be determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in all 29 old blood-stain specimens (obtained 11 months-15 years before) and 14 fingerprint specimens on a glass plate. In sexual assaults against women, one key to identifying the suspect is ABO phenotyping or the typing of other polymorphic markers of the seminal fluid in the victim's vagina. However, ABO phenotyping is frequently unsuccessful, since mixtures of fluids cannot be separated to be subjected to conventional methods for the detection of antibody or antigen material. We therefore studied ABO blood group genotyping of sperm DNA isolated from contaminating vaginal fluid by the PCR-RFLP method. Seminal samples of genotypes OO, AO, BO and AB were experimentally mixed with vaginal fluid (OO, AO, BO and AB), and were successfully separated and genotyped by this method. In practice, we also separated and genotyped the seminal DNA of suspects from contaminated postcoital vaginal fluid obtained in 4 sexual assaults. These forensic samples were easily separated and completely genotyped. This reliable ABO genotyping method by PCR-RFLP, using separated sperm DNA, should be of value in forensic identification in sexual assaults. We attempted sex and individual identifications of several forensic specimens by detecting various sex chromosome-specific sequences by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The specimens were 30 blood stains that were attached to gauze and stored 11 months-15 years (15 males, 14 females and 1 of unknown gender) and 10 bleached white bones (8-about 10000 years after death). Of the known 29 blood stains, the sex determination rate was the highest by DYZ-1 (amplified DNA fragment = 149bp, about 3000 copies on Y chromosome) recombinated with DXZ-1 (28 of the 29 samples) although 27 samples could be determined by DYZ-1 (amplified DNA fragment = 1000bp, about 3000 copies on Y chromosome) recombinated with DXZ-1. The sex determination rate was relatively low by DYZ-3 (amplified DNA fragment = 170bp, about 100 copies on Y chromosome) recombinated with DXZ-1 (23 of the 29 samples). The sex determination rate by two single locus markers, PAB or Amelogenin was markedly low (7 and 9 of 29 samples, respectively). The sex determination rate by the 27H39 locus was 27 of the 29 samples; 14 of the 15 male were determined (A = 186bp, 1; B = 190bp, 7; C = 194bp, 5; D = 198bp, 1; E = 202bp, 0). One unknown gender could be identified as male by multiple locus markers, but could not be identified by any single locus markers except for the 27H39 locus. Of the 10 bleached white bone specimens, 9 could be determined by the combination of DYZ-1 and DXZ-1, but the results of determination were inconsistent with the anthropological characteristics in 3 cases. The 27H39 locus showed polymorphism in 4 of the 6 anthropologically male beached bones. Studies on a new microsatellite on the Y chromosome are needed for evaluation of polymorphism on the Y chromosome because it is not necessary to consider the alleles from the female in the paternity test in male children or female-derived elements in sexual delict, and there is a distance between the alleles using 27H39 alone. In this study, We evaluated the allele distribution of DYS384, DYS388, DYS389, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393, in Japanese subjects and found the usefulness of DYS384 and DYS390. Future studies on personal identification by DNA polymorephism will mainly evaluate short tandem repeat (STR).
ABO Blood-Group System↗
[Influence exerted by environmental and physicochemical factors on the results of sex identification of human dental pulp by polymerase chain reaction].
Sex identification of human tooth is an important aspect of individual identification in forensic science practice. This study was designed to determine the effects of environmental and physicochemical factors (EPF) on the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from dental pulp and PCR result. Extracted teeth were subjected to the following treatment varying pH (2, 7, 10) solution; 10% formalin, 75% ethanol; different temperature (-20 degrees C, 4 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C, boiling, burning); humidity (20%, 66%, water submergence); burying the teeth outdoors; and aging (teeth stored at room temperature for 1.5, 3.5 and 8 years). DNA was extracted from the tooth followed by agarose gel electrophoresis for the purpose of DNA assay and quantity determination. Amplification was carried out using a pairs of primer Y1.1 and Y1.2. The results of the study showed that, 154 bp fragment was obtained in all male teeth, whereas no 154 bp fragment was found in a female fresh tooth. 154 bp fragment bands were not observed in case of teeth subjected to burial outdoors for 10 weeks, submergence in water for 10 weeks, soak in pH 2 solution for 10 weeks, and combustion for 10 minutes; only faint bands were observed in case of teeth subjected to 66% humidity and pH 10 solution for 10 weeks and combustion for 5 minutes; obvious bands were observed in the rest cases. In addition, the quality of DNA from dental pulp affected PCR amplification result. The integrity of DNA isolated was categorized as being high-molecular-weight (HMW), HMW with partial degraded DNA, completely degraded DNA, completely degraded and not detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Base Sequence↗
Establishing personal identification based on specific patterns of missing, filled, and unrestored teeth.
The primary goal of this research is to examine the overall utility of nonradiographic dental records for the establishment of individual identifications. It was found that even without radiographic lines of comparison, charts and notes that accurately detail a missing individual's antemortem dental condition can be essential for establishing an identification. Based on an analysis of two large datasets, individual dental patterns were determined to be generally unique, or at least very uncommon. Through this type of empirical comparison, it is possible to establish a strong, quantifiable association with a missing individual. The results of this research indicate that a definitive number of points of concordance do not need to be established in dental identification cases. Each case must be assessed individually. The critical factor is to remove subjective judgment calls from dental comparisons. This research has proposed a new method of empirical comparison that allows forensic odontologists to derive objective frequency information regarding the occurrence of specific dental patterns in the general population. The method is similar to that used for mtDNA casework, and a computer program (OdontoSearch) has been developed to make the technique accessible. It was found that even a small number of common dental characteristics may produce a very rare dental pattern, a point that may be counterintuitive to many forensic odontologists.
Adolescent↗
[Polymorphism of DXYS267 locus and application of its Y-specific single nucleotide substitutions].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the polymorphism of DXYS267 locus in China Han population and find the application and characters of its Y-specific single nucleotide substitutions. METHODS: The locus was analyzed by PCR and PAGE in silver-staining. The Y-specific STR was amplified with newly designed primers according to the Y-specific single nucleotide substitutions. RESULTS: Six alleles were detected in Han population in Wuhan. Exact tests demonstrated that genotype frequencies did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Heterozygosity of DXYS267 was 0.6706, discrimination power (DP) was 0.8433, and the probability of paternity exclusion (PE) was 0.5957. The Y-specific STR of DXYS267 was successfully amplified with the new primer. The 4 alleles for Y-STR were detected with haplotype diversity (HD) 0.6372. CONCLUSION: The DXYS267 locus is appropriate for individual identification and paternity testing. The new primer is useful for individual and paternity testing involving brothers and mixed stains.
Base Sequence↗
The origin of evidence.
Forensic science is an applied science based on the laws of physics and chemistry. Over time, a set of fundamental concepts has developed that apply specifically to a forensic analysis. Traditionally, five concepts have been articulated: transfer, identification, individualization, association between source and target, and reconstruction. We suggest that an additional sixth concept, the idea that matter must divide before it can be transferred, is necessary to complete the paradigm. Divisible matter is particularly useful in describing physical match evidence. Additionally, we propose a paradigm that logically divides into scientific principles that govern the generation of evidence, and processes that pertain to the recognition, analysis, and interpretation of evidence. The principles of divisible matter and transfer pertain to the generation of evidence before and during the crime event; the processes of identification, classification or individualization, association, and reconstruction describe the practice of forensic science starting with the recognition of an item as evidence.
Forensic Medicine↗
Identification of Haemonchus species in domestic ruminants based on morphometrics of spicules.
An easy and rapid tool for the individual identification of Haemonchus species in domestic ruminants might be very useful in the study of natural populations, especially when two (or three) species are sympatric. Techniques based on cytology, cuticular-ridge patterns, sublateral hypodermic chords, or molecular biology allow species identification but are either expensive or time-consuming. Therefore, a discriminant function combining three measures of male spicules was established from experimental infections with H. contortus in both sheep and goats and with H. placei in zebu. The discriminant function was evaluated on individual worms and on average values obtained in natural and experimental populations throughout the world. It was compared with a previously established function. The use of our function permitted better species identification for all Haemonchus species of ruminants, including H. longistipes from camels and H. similis from cattle.
Analysis of Variance↗
Ten cases of Actinobaculum schaalii infection: clinical relevance, bacterial identification, and antibiotic susceptibility.
Nine of 10 strains of Actinobaculum schaalii caused urinary tract infections in predisposed individuals. Identification included 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and use of the API Coryne and Rapid ID 32 A test systems. A. schaalii is easily overlooked due to its slow growth in ambient air and its resemblance to the normal bacterial flora on skin and mucosa.
Actinomycetaceae↗
The alleles of PECAM-1.
Previous studies have reported the existence of eleven different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within human PECAM-1 mRNA, several of which have recently been associated with disease. Though SNPs in the PECAM-1 gene have been known for some time, the genetic background on which they exist, and their association into distinct allelic isoforms has not yet been established. To identify the major allelic isoforms of PECAM-1, we determined the nucleotide sequence of individual full-length cloned cDNAs derived from anonymous, unrelated volunteer individuals. Initial sequence analysis of 34 alleles from 17 individuals confirmed the presence of two distinct human PECAM-1 alleles (L(98)S(536)R(643) and V(98)N(536)G(643)) within the human population. Each of these were found, upon more detailed analysis, to be superimposed on a previously unreported a2479g nucleotide polymorphism within the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) that occurred on both allelic isoforms - yielding a total of four major alleles. Multiplex Luminex bead analysis of an additional 259 individuals allowed identification of 117 individuals homozygous for either the L(98)S(536) or V(98)N(536) allele, and sequence analysis around the R643G and a2479g polymorphic sites permitted accurate determination of significant differences in the gene frequencies of LSRa, LSRg, VNGa, and VNGg among Caucasian individuals. Identification of these PECAM-1 allelic isoforms should facilitate future detailed examination of PECAM-1-related disease associations, and may help resolve previously disparate results.
3' Untranslated Regions↗
Parentally imprinted allele typing at a short tandem repeat locus in intron 1a of imprinted gene KCNQ1.
A short tandem repeat (STR) in the intron 1a of paternally imprinted gene, KCNQ1, is evaluated as a new probe for use in parentally imprinting allele (PIA) typing. This typing can determine the inheritance of one allele from father by the methylation difference. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of the STR were determined using samples from 175 unrelated Japanese and 170 unrelated Germans. The polymorphism information contents were 0.652 and 0.634 for the Japanese and the Germans, respectively, indicating usefulness in individual identification. This method was applied to five Japanese families consisting of 19 individuals. Genomic DNA was digested by methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases, HhaI and HapII, followed by PCR amplification using two-step sandwich primer sets and the products were analyzed on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For all of the families, each child's paternal allele given by PIA typing corresponded to one of the two alleles from father, not the two from mother, that were determined by the STR genotyping. The results demonstrate that this STR probe is feasible for use in PIA typing and that its typing method can contribute to paternity testing.
DNA Probes↗
Microchip implant system used for animal identification in laboratory rabbits, guineapigs, woodchucks and in amphibians.
Traditional methods for animal identification have a number of drawbacks. We evaluated a new system for individual identification using microchip implants in rabbits, guineapigs, woodchucks (Marmota monax) and amphibians (Xenopus laevis, Pleurodeles waltlii). Implantation procedure and long-term observations are described. Microchip implants proved to be a practicable and reliable system for animal identification without obvious adverse effects. The applicability of electronic animal identification in comparison with common methods and with regard to animal welfare and legal aspects is discussed.
Amphibians↗
Genotyping of five short tandem repeat loci via triplex and duplex PCR.
We have developed a triplex PCR method for D3S1359, HumTH01 and HumTPO tetranucleotide loci and a duplex PCR method for HumFES/FPS and HumvWA31A tetranucleotide loci using high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. The methods were evaluated for paternity testing and individual identification and allele frequencies at these loci are reported for 189-3387 unrelated individuals in the Finnish population. The D3S1359 locus, especially, was found to be a highly informative locus. Seventeen alleles were found in the D3S1359 locus with a highest observed allele frequency of 0.199, a high exclusion power (PE) in paternity testing (0.78) and a high observed heterozygosity (0.89). The combined PE for these five loci was 0.99.
Alleles↗
Why does dissimilarity matter? Exploring self-categorization, self-enhancement, and uncertainty reduction.
Although relational demographers have based their arguments on self-categorization theory, they have paid little attention to the underlying processes associated with this theory. The authors examined whether demographic dissimilarity affects individuals' identification with groups by affecting the group's prototype valence and clarity and the individual's perceptions of self-prototypicality. The data showed that the proportion of women and non-Australians in 34 work groups negatively influenced prototype valence, prototype clarity, and self-prototypicality for all members of the group. These results provide support for the continued use of self-categorization theory by relational demographers.
Adult↗
In search of self-definition: motivational primacy of the individual self, motivational primacy of the collective self, or contextual primacy?
Four investigations examined the dynamics between the individual self (self-representation independent of group membership) and the collective self (self-representation derived from group membership). Relative to participants whose collective self was threatened, participants whose individual self was threatened (a) considered the threat more severe, (b) experienced a more negative mood, (c) reported more anger, and (d) derogated to a greater extent the source of threat. In addition, a self-description task indicated that participants generate more aspects of their individual than collective self. These effects occurred even when confounding variables (i.e., accessibility of the selves, group identification, individualism and collectivism, importance of threat domain) were controlled. The individual self is motivationally primary.
Adult↗
Viral reservoirs/transient infection in HIV/AIDS: where are we now and where should we go? Summary of the June 13-14, 2002 Think Tank meeting.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often lowers serum levels of virus to below current detection limits. However, cessation of therapy results in there appearance of virus replication, indicating that HIV-infected cells persist in such individuals. Identification, and elimination, of such reservoirs of virus-infected cells are crucial for eradicating HIV from infected individuals. More research studies are needed to devise strategies with the potential for eventually curing HIV infections. Specifically, research areas that are of particular importance include (1) identification of reservoirs of resting cells infected by HIV, (2) elucidation of the mechanism of establishment and maintenance of the latent state, (3) understanding the biology and clinical outcome of transient infection, and (4) development of more sensitive methods of detecting and studying HIV infection of cells in vitro and in vivo.
Animals↗