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PubMed1994

Intraocular pressure in samples of elderly Finnish and Swedish men and women.

Intraocular pressure was measured in 231 systematically sampled 75-year-old men and women in Göteborg, Sweden and in 284 75-year-old and 201 80-year-old residents in Jyväskylä, Finland as part of a comparative study on functional capacity and health, NORA 75 (Nordic Research on Ageing). After excluding the cases reporting glaucoma in their medical history or using drugs for glaucoma treatment there were no significant differences in the distributions of intraocular pressure between the men (mean intraocular pressure in the right eye 15.1 mmHg, left eye 15.0 mmHg) and women (mean intraocular pressure in the right eye 15.5 mmHg, left eye 15.8 mmHg) in Göteborg. In Jyväskylä the 75-year-old men had significantly lower intraocular pressure (right eye 13.4 mmHg, left eye 14.2 mmHg) than either the Jyväskylä women (right eye 15.1 mmHg, left eye 15.4 mmHg) or the men and women in Göteborg. Among the 80-year-olds in Jyväskylä there were no significant differences between the sexes (means for the right eye 14.0 mmHg and 13.7 mmHg and for the left eye 13.9 mmHg and 13.7 mmHg for the men and the women, respectively). The 80-year-old women had lower intraocular pressure than the 75-year-old women of either location. Ouclar hypertension (intraocular pressure 22 mmHg or higher) was more common among the Swedish 75-year-olds than among either the Finnish 75- or 80-year-olds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1987

The effect of twice daily nadolol on intraocular pressure.

The 12-hour control of intraocular pressure obtained with 10 and 20 mg of nadolol twice daily was studied in a placebo-controlled trial. In this ten-week study involving 17 patients a significant reduction in intraocular pressure was obtained with both doses. The effect of 20 mg of nadolol twice daily on intraocular pressure, resting pulse rate, and blood pressure was consistently slightly greater than 10 mg twice daily, but the difference was not significant.

Double-Blind Method↗

PubMed1997

Does physical fitness influence intraocular pressure?

The effects of physical fitness on intraocular pressure, was studied. The study was conducted in two parts. Part 1 consisted of three groups of physically fit subjects, each consisting of 50 subjects. In Part 2 subjects were categorized into control and experimental groups, each consisting of 16 subjects. The experimental group took a supervised exercise programme of three months. Intraocular pressure was measured with the Goldman applanation tonometer. As compared to sedentary subjects, intraocular pressures were lower in those who did moderate or severe exercises. In part one, the difference between group 1 consisting of sedentary and group 3 of physically fit subjects was 1.38 +/- 0.08 mmHg, (p < 0.001). In part two of this study, after exercise training the experimental group showed a marked increase in their physical fitness. The first difference between control and experimental groups was 0.13 +/- 0.27 mmHg (p > 0.05). After three months, this difference increased to 0.93 +/- 0.28 mmHg (p < 0.01). This study concludes that physical fitness reduces intraocular pressure. It would seem reasonable at present not to discourage patients who have glaucoma from light exercise, perhaps, on the contrary, it should be encouraged.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Intraocular pressure responses to systemic autonomic stimulation in diabetes mellitus.

The acute changes in intraocular pressure during sustained handgrip contraction (2.5 minutes duration) and the Valsalva manoeuvre (15 seconds duration), both standard tests of autonomic nerve function were studied in 14 diabetic patients and 14 similar aged control subjects. During sustained handgrip contraction, diastolic blood pressure increased by 16.35 +/- 1.87 mmHg in the diabetic patients and 21.36 +/- 0.66 mmHg for the control group. Mean intraocular pressure decreased by 0.71 +/- 0.43 mmHg in the diabetics, p less than 0.05 and 0.64 +/- 0.27 mmHg, p less than 0.01) in the control group. There was no correlation between the blood pressure and the intraocular pressure responses in either group. On release of handgrip contraction, mean recovery intraocular pressure over 5 minutes was significantly lower than mean baseline values for the two groups; control: baseline 14.78 +/- 0.49 to 14.14 +/- 0.67, p less than 0.001 and diabetic: 14.57 +/- 0.65 to 13.86 +/- 0.72, p less than 0.001. During the Valsalva manoeuvre, there was a significant rise in intraocular pressure in the control (+7.85 +/- 0.75 mmHg, p less than 0.001) and the diabetic group (+7.93 +/- 1.18 mmHg, p less than 0.001). 5 minutes after release of intrathoracic pressure, mean recovery intraocular pressure remained significantly below baseline values for the two groups. The Valsalva ratios were in the normal range for the control group (1.21 to 2.2) while 2 diabetics had abnormal ratios.

Autonomic Nervous System↗

PubMed1990

[Intraocular pressure after cataract extraction with implantation of intraocular lenses].

The IOP was measured in large groups of patients with an implanted posterior chamber lens with or without the use of natrium hyaluronate. It was established that implantation of an artificial lens alone does not influence the value of the intraocular pressure. In cases when natrium hyaluronate was used the pressure was slightly higher but only exceptionally it exceeded 35 mm Hg (most frequently in persons with glaucoma existing before the cataract extraction). The IOP was controlled in the course of several days in all the patients without any harmful consequences for the visual function.

Cataract↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Marked decrease in intraocular pressure in a neovascular glaucoma patient during hemodialysis.

While the relationship between intraocular pressure and plasma osmolarity has been investigated during hemodialysis, no research has been published concerning the relationship between intraocular pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure during hemodialysis. We describe a patient with neovascular glaucoma who demonstrated a marked decrease in intraocular pressure during hemodialysis. The patient's intraocular pressure, plasma osmolarity, plasma colloid osmotic pressure, and body weight were evaluated every 30 minutes during hemodialysis lasting 4.5 hours. Plasma osmolarity was almost constant during hemodialysis (beginning: 295 mOsm/L; ending: 305 mOsm/L), and plasma colloid osmotic pressure increased (beginning: 23.0 mm Hg; peak: 27.2 mm Hg). Weight loss was 5.7 kg. Intraocular pressure decreased markedly during hemodialysis (beginning: 53 mm Hg; ending: 14 mm Hg). This sharp decrease in intraocular pressure and the increase in plasma colloid osmotic pressure, indicate a relationship between plasma colloid osmotic pressure and the change in intraocular pressure during hemodialysis.

Blood↗

PubMed2000

[Normal values of intraocular pressure in children].

To assess normal intraocular pressure values of the child population the authors examined a group of 215 children aged 4 to 15 years with a normal ophthalmological finding, a total of 406 eyes. All tonometric examinations were made without general anaesthesia or other pharmacological measures influencing the air-puff contact-free tonometer NT 1100 NIDEK, always the mean of three reliable results. Although there were certain variations of the intraocular pressure, they were not correlated to the child's age after the age of 4 years. The mean intraocular pressure in the whole group of 406 eyes was 16.08 +/- 3.08 mm Hg. Knowledge of normal values of the IOP in children is important for diagnosis as well as for monitoring of already verified glaucoma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Marked intraocular pressure response to instillation of corticosteroids in children.

We examined intraocular pressures of patients with strabismus whose eyes were instilled with corticosteroid eyedrops after a strabismus operation. Group A consisted of 11 children under 10 years of age whose eyes were instilled with 0.1% dexamethasone; Group B consisted of nine patients 10 years old or older whose eyes were instilled with 0.1% dexamethasone; and Group C consisted of 13 children under 10 years of age whose eyes were instilled with 0.1% fluorometholone. In Group A, four patients had intraocular pressures greater than 30 mm Hg, five had intraocular pressures from 21 to 30 mm Hg, and two had intraocular pressures under 21 mm Hg one or two weeks postoperatively. The intraocular pressure decreased to less than 21 mm Hg one week after discontinuation of dexamethasone treatment in all nine patients. No patients in Groups B or C had intraocular pressures greater than 20 mm Hg. Our results suggest that marked ocular hypertensive response to 0.1% dexamethasone treatment occurs frequently in children under 10 years of age.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1988

Effects of compound IS-35 on intraocular pressure.

The influence of compound IS-35 on intraocular pressure of unanesthetized rabbits was studied. In some cases intraocular pressure was measured with either the tonometer of Schiotz and was calculated in mmHg according to Leydhecker's scale (1973), or with the tonometer of Maclakov. Intraocular pressure was measured before and at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 360 min after topical application of IS-35, timolol and trimetoquinol. It was established that IS-35 applied locally in the eye as 0.5% solution or collyrium decreases statistically significantly intraocular pressure. This effect was similar to that of timolol and exceeded significantly the effect of trimetoquinol. The experimental study on the beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase showed that the mechanism of action of IS-35 on ophthalmotonus most probably is similar to the effect of timolol and is due to the suppression of aqueous humor formation.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1991

Effect of contact lens removal or displacement on intraocular pressure.

We conducted a controlled, prospective study involving 102 healthy volunteers to determine the effects of contact lens removal and contact lens displacement on subsequent intraocular pressure measurements. Intraocular pressure was measured at baseline, immediately after contact lens removal or displacement, and 5 minutes thereafter. The method of lens removal was either sliding displacement (51 eyes) or plucking (51 eyes). Right eyes were used for the test, and left eyes served as controls. Compared with baseline measurements, mean intraocular pressure immediately after plucking the lens was 0.8 mm Hg lower (P less than .01) and after sliding the lens was 0.5 mm Hg higher (P less than .05). Intraocular pressure changes of 4.0 mm Hg or more occurred in eight (15.6%) of 51 eyes in the pluck group vs four (7.8%) of 51 control eyes and in two (3.9%) of 51 eyes in the slide group vs zero of 51 control eyes. Compared with baseline, significant differences (P less than .05) were not found 5 minutes later. Clinicians who wish to minimize the influence of contact lens removal on tonometry readings should wait several minutes after contact lens removal before measuring intraocular pressure.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Elevated intraocular pressure secondary to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Elevated intraocular pressure secondary to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was described by Ariah Schwartz in 1972, an entity commonly known as Schwartz's syndrome. Photoreceptor outer segments identified in the aqueous of patients with this syndrome are thought to play a role in the elevation of the intraocular pressure. We present two patients with open angles and elevated intraocular pressure associated with retinal detachment. Retinal reattachment surgery resulted in normalization of the intraocular pressure. Electron microscopic examination of aqueous specimens from our patients demonstrated a predominance of photoreceptor outer segments in varying stages of degeneration. In these specimens, inflammatory cells, fibrin, and pigment granules were rarely observed or were absent. We review the literature regarding the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and pathogenesis of Schwartz's syndrome.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Aqueous humor flow rate and intraocular pressure during and after pregnancy.

Intraocular pressure and aqueous humor formation rate have been determined from the first trimester of pregnancy through term, with further determinations 3 months postpartum, in 7 patients. The intraocular pressure showed a consistent, statistically significant fall during pregnancy, returning to values seen in early pregnancy after delivery. Aqueous humor formation rate showed no change during pregnancy. The data indicate that the sustained elevated hormonal levels during pregnancy, either directly or indirectly, cause an increase in fluid outflow conductance from the eye without altering the rate of fluid entry.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Intraocular pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Intraocular pressure was measured in 24 patients undergoing elective cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. There was a rapid rise when the bypass circulation began, and this was maintained for about 30 minutes. A simultaneous drop in arterial perfusion pressure and packed cell volume occurred. We suggest that marked haemodilution is responsible for this effect, through increased ocular blood flow and low colloidal osmotic pressure. The possible aetiological significance in relation to ischaemic optic neuropathy complicating cardiopulmonary bypass is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Influence of diurnal variation on the intraocular pressure measurement of treated primary open-angle glaucoma during office hours.

PURPOSE: Intraocular pressure has been shown in past studies to vary diurnally. The purpose of this study was to establish whether patients treated with timolol maleate for primary open-angle glaucoma should be reviewed at a specific time of day, within normal clinical hours (9 a.m. to 5 p.m.). It is normal practice to schedule review appointments into either morning or afternoon clinic sessions. This may result in abnormally high intraocular pressure values being missed. METHODS: The intraocular pressure of 28 people with primary open-angle glaucoma was measured by means of a Goldmann applanator on an hourly basis between the hours of 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. All subjects continued their antiglaucoma therapy of timolol maleate throughout the measurement period. RESULTS: The intraocular pressure increased significantly (p = 0.0008) throughout the measurement period, with maximal intraocular pressure values occurring at 5 p.m. in the afternoon. CONCLUSION: Although monitoring intraocular pressure values should not be the only consideration in glaucoma management, undetected rises in pressure may precede the development of optic disc cupping or visual field loss. The variability of intraocular pressure values has important implications in the scheduling of glaucoma intraocular pressure review measurements for the purposes of continuing treatment.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1995

Assessment of intraocular pressure by palpation.

PURPOSE/METHODS: Corneal specialists may assess the intraocular pressure by palpation although this technique has never been validated. We explored the reliability of a tactile assessment of the intraocular pressure in comparison to Goldmann tonometry. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: There was little correlation between tactile assessment of the intraocular pressure and tonometry. However, palpation was moderately successful in identifying most eyes (five of seven eyes) with an intraocular pressure greater than 30 mm Hg. Although palpation was generally inaccurate, it may serve as a warning for marked increases in intraocular pressure exceeding 30 mm Hg.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

Attempted eyelid closure affects intraocular pressure measurement.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of attempted eyelid closure on intraocular pressure measurement. METHODS: Normal subjects underwent intraocular pressure measurement in both eyes using Goldmann applanation tonometry and Tono-pen XL (Mentor, Inc, Norwell, Massachusetts) by the same examiner holding the eyelids open, both with and without the subject simultaneously attempting forced eyelid closure. Subjects were seated during all measurements and waited 5 minutes between measurements with each instrument; the order of measurement was randomized. RESULTS: Thirty eyes of 15 subjects (six men, nine women) were enrolled. Mean age was 30.5 +/- 5.2 years (range, 24 to 40 years). With Goldmann applanation tonometry, intraocular pressure increased in both eyes with attempted eyelid closure by a mean of 1.5 +/- 2.0 mm Hg (P =.0002, paired t test; range, -2 to 8 mm Hg). With the Tono-pen XL, intraocular pressure also increased in both eyes with attempted eyelid closure by a mean of 1.9 +/- 2.7 mm Hg (P =.0002, paired t test; range, -2 to 9 mm Hg). Tono-pen XL mean intraocular pressure values in both eyes (14.4 +/- 2.3 mm Hg) consistently overestimated those of Goldmann applanation tonometry (13.0 +/- 2.2 mm Hg) by a mean of 1.4 +/- 2.3 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: Attempted forced eyelid closure is a common and statistically significant source of error in routine outpatient measurement of intraocular pressure and could influence clinical management of glaucoma.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Diurnal variation of intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma.

Intraocular pressure was measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer in 12 normal individuals (24 eyes), 14 ocular hypertensives (28 eyes), and 14 patients (27 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma every hour for 24 hours. In most subjects, pressure was highest sometime during the day and pressure elevation before rising was not demonstrated. The lowest intraocular pressure was most frequently observed early in the morning, whether the patient was normotensive or hypertensive. Fourteen of 27 glaucomatous eyes had intraocular pressure below 20 mm Hg early in the morning.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[The campimetric method for measuring the individually tolerated intraocular pressure (Ptl) in glaucoma (author's transl)].

Standard values of the intraocular pressure, as an average result of mass examinations, need not be valid in the actual case. So the upper limit of the intraocular pressure for a hypertonic patient may be higher than in persons with arterial hypotonia. In order to achieve an individual approach A. M. Vodovozov introduced in 1975 the notion of tolerable intraocular pressure (Ptl) which may be determined by means of campimetry and perimetry, or using hemodynamic and electrophysiological methods. Here the campimetric method of determining the individually tolerable intraocular pressure (Ptl) is described. The size of the blind spot (namely the vertical diameter) and the pertinent intraocular pressure are measured several times (every half an hour), in the course of which the effect of an oral dose of glycerol combined with ascorbic acid is observed. That tonometric value which coincides with the minimal size of the blind spot is considered as the individually tolerable level of intraocular pressure. The campimetric investigation of 98 eyes in 52 glaucomatous patients showed that the tolerable intraocular pressure may be above as well as below the standard. This aids in ordering the appropriate treatment and in preventing the loss of ocular function in glaucomatous patients.

Ascorbic Acid↗