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PubMed1989

Absence of significant differences in intestinal parasite prevalence estimates after examination of either one or two stool specimens.

The authors undertook a retrospective search of intestinal parasite laboratory records obtained from 200 consecutive-day pairs of stool specimens to compare prevalence estimates from the first and second stool examinations. The laboratory results had previously been recorded as part of a screening program offered to Southeast Asian refugees arriving in Montréal, Québec, Canada, between July 1982 and February 1983. No statistically significant differences in either overall prevalences or parasite-specific prevalences were observed. This suggests that, at least in some population-based situations, single stool examinations provide estimates of intestinal parasite prevalence which are as valid as those from the routine examination of two consecutive-day specimens. Blinded studies must be undertaken to accurately assess the true value of multiple specimen submission in epidemiologic studies.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed2003

Changing patterns in intestinal parasitic infections among Southeast Asian laborers in Taiwan.

In order to determine whether there are changing patterns in intestinal parasitic infections among foreign laborers in North Taiwan, one fecal specimen was obtained from each of 1,569 laborers and examined by the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 8.2%. Females (11.7%) had a significantly higher prevalence than males (6.9%), although there was no significant difference between Filipinos (7.7%), Thais (8.3%) and Indonesians (12.5%). Blastocystis hominis (3.4%) had the highest prevalence among the nine species of parasites detected. The significantly higher prevalence of B. hominis in the entry examination indicates an increasing trend in incoming Southeast Asian laborers. In addition, the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections has become extremely low. Female laborers had a significantly higher positive rate. Although Opisthorchis viverrini/Clonorchis sinensis remains prevalent among Thais, the positive rate was also significantly reduced. These epidemiological patterns are different from those observed in previous studies and may be attributed to the long-term and constant movement of the foreign laborers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Intestinal parasites in pediatric patients with diarrhoeal diseases in Bangkok.

Stool examinations of 147 pediatric patients with diarrhoeal disease were carried out at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok by using the direct-smear technique. Stool of 27 patients (18.4%) were positive for intestinal parasites. Children under one year of age were free of intestinal helminths and protozoa. Parasites were equally prevalent in males and females and without any age group predilection. The prevalence of intestinal parasites were Entamoeba histolytica 6.8%, Giardia lamblia 6.1%, others were Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Balantidium coli. Although the incidence of parasitism was not high as to be the main causatic agent of pediatric diarrhoea, the intestinal parasites may increase susceptibility to infection with other intestinal pathogens. The diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses can be determined by a simple direct faecal-smear technique and so that specific therapy can be instituted without delay in management of parasite-related diarrhoeas.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

[Relationship between intestinal parasites in food handlers and epidemiological factors in the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil].

The presence of intestinal parasites and epidemiological aspects were evaluated in 238 workers from a fast food company and other individuals working in street markets and farmers' produce markets in the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Parasitological techniques used in this study were: Lutz, Baermann-Moraes, Graham, and Faust, and parasite infection rates were 42.85% and 47.06%, respectively. Socioeconomic factors such as income distribution, schooling, and occupational categories proved to be relevant in this context. Habitual daily intake of fruits and vegetables was the factor most heavily associated with infection. These data suggest that intestinal parasites are frequent among food handlers in this city and that there is a need for constant epidemiological surveillance through periodic parasitological tests and health education for this entire population segment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intestinal parasite infections in rural students of Chiloé archipelago, X Region, Chile].

In order to contribute to the knowledge of intestinal parasite infection a survey was performed in 462 primary school children from eight rural localities sited in two islands of the Chiloe archipelago. Stool samples and perianal scotch tape scrapings for intestinal protozoa and helminths were microscopically examined. The prevalence rates of the main species found were: Ascaris lumbricoides 43.3%, Trichuris trichiura 26.8%, Enterobius vernicularis 20.1%, Entamoeba histolytica 5.6%, Giardia intestinalis 20.6% and Blastocystis hominis 63.2%. Poverty, deficiencies in hygienic practices and poor basic environmental sanitation are the contributing factors in the maintenance of the high prevalence of the intestinal parasitic infections found. A health education program, improvement of basic sanitary conditions and eventual treatment of infected people may contribute to control this undesirable situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Examination for intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria in the wastewater and treated wastewater from the city of Chiang Mai, Thailand.

An attempt to use treated wastewater for agriculture in the Chiang Mai area was made, but the re-use process had to be performed under a condition that limited the risks liable to leave pathogens present in the water. The objective of our study was to examine the intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria in the wastewater and treated wastewater from the Chiang Mai University campus as well as the treated wastewater from the Chiang Mai municipality. The raw wastewater (RW), primary treatment effluent water (PE), treated wastewater using the activated sludge system (AS) from the Chiang Mai University campus and treated wastewater using the aerated lagoon (AL) system from the Chiang Mai municipality were examined for intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria by using the centrifugal sedimentation and conventional methods respectively. The ground water (GW) and the irrigation water (IW) were used for comparison. All kinds of water were collected and examined twice a month for 6 months (February to July 2000). None of human intestinal parasites were found from any wastewater, whereas the RW and PE water contained hookworm larva, Ascaris egg and Taenia egg on some occasions. A small amounts of pathogenic bacteria that can cause severe diarrhea were detected. Salmonella enteritidis gr E was isolated from the AL water in April, while Vibrio cholerae type O139 was detected from the PE water in June. Some pathogenic bacteria that might cause gastroenteritis, such as Aerobacter spp, Citrobacter spp, Pseudomonas spp and Escherichia coli were also found in all kinds of water. Between the two types of treated wastewater, the bacteria found in AS water was less than that in AL water in terms of both amount and type of bacteria. The treated wastewater from the city of Chiang Mai, compared to natural water such as irrigation water, appears to be safe to use for agriculture.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intestinal parasitic infestation in pediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinic Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan.

A retrospective study had been done at the outpatient clinic sub division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Dr. Pirngcdi Hospital Medan, comprising patients from 1 January 1985-31 December 1987. There were 874 patients. Three hundred seventy eight (43.25%) patients consisting of 210 (55.56%) males and 168 (44.44%) females had intestinal parasitic infestations. The youngest patient was 5 months and the oldest was 14 years and 3 months. Ascaris lumbricoides was found in 215 patients (24.60%) while Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, Oxyuris vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, and Taenia were in 152 (17.39%), 13 (1.49%), 4 (0.46%), 15 (1.72%) and 4 (0.46%) cases respectively. Entamoeba histolytica was found in 121 (13.84%) and Giardia lamblia in 16 (1.83%) patients. The highest age specific attack rate was found in the age group of 5-10 years (65.67%). Ascaris lumbricoides was most frequently found namely in 100 children (26.46%), followed by Entameba histolytica in 73 (19.31%) and mixed infestation of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in 68 (17.99%) patients. One hundred seventy three (66.28%) under five patients with intestinal parasitic infestation had malnutrition while of the 433 under fives without intestinal parasitic infestation only 201 (46.42%) suffered from malnutrition (P less than 0.001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Intestinal parasites: diagnostic and treatment guidelines.

The incidence of intestinal parasite infection is on the increase in the United States due, in part, to the recent entry into this country of more than 500,000 Southeast Asian refugees. Most symptoms of parasitic infections are nonspecific and many infected individuals are asymptomatic. Stool specimens are used to identify the specific organism. Treatment, which varies depending on the infecting organism, is presented. Patient education especially in the area of hygiene is important to prevent reinfection.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Intestinal parasitic diseases in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: prevalence, sociodemographic and environmental associates.

Our objectives were to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Riyadh and to determine associated sociodemographic and environmental factors. The study was conducted through a household survey. Three health centres were chosen from each of the five Riyadh urban regions and 15 from rural areas. Based on the average family size, a random sample of households were chosen. All household members were asked to participate in the study. Data were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire eliciting data on sociodemographic and environmental factors. A stool specimen of each individual was examined microscopically for the presence of trophozoites and cysts. Six thousand and twelve participants with a mean age of 23.3 +/- 17.4 (median 19 years, 48.6% males) were studied and 32.2% were infected. The infection rate was high in urban areas (33.3%), among children < 12 years (34.4%), non-Saudis (42.2%), single persons (34.9%), illiterate individuals (33.8%), those who obtained drinking water from tankers (36.1%) and those who disposed of sewage in open channels (47.1%). Stratified analysis showed that for Saudis <12 years parasitic infections were significantly higher among tanker users (39.5%) and septic tank users (36.8%). For Saudis> or =12 years low education, water storage and open sewage disposal were statistically associated with parasitic infections (P < 0.05). Among expatriates, infections were high among males (47.6%), urban residents (48.3%), single persons (46.9%), tanker users (39.5%) and septic tank users (78.6%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age < 12 years, non-Saudi nationalities, educational level below secondary school, tanker as source of water and open sewage disposal were independently associated with high intestinal parasitic infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Intestinal parasites in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal symptoms in Santiago, Chile].

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing importance of pet-transmitted infections, some of those are considered emerging infections. AIM: To determine the species and frequency of intestinal parasites in pets with diarrhea (hemorrhagic gastroenteritis excluded). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive retrospective study. Fecal samples from 972 dogs and 230 cats consulting in two veterinary practices in Santiago, between 1996 and 2003, were studied using Burrows' technique. RESULTS: Protozoa were found in 64.8% of dogs and in 66.5% of cats; helminthes in 24% of dogs and 45.2% of cats. The species found in dogs were Blastocystis sp. in 36%, Ameba sp. in 31%, Giardia intestinalis in 22%, Toxocara canis in 11%, Chilomastix sp. in 10%, Isospora sp. in 9%, Trichuris vulpis in 9%, Trichomonas sp. in 5%, Sarcocystis sp. in 4%, Dipylidium caninum in 2%, Ancylostomideos in 2%, Toxascaris leonina in 1%, Physaloptera sp. in 1%, Taenia sp. in 0.4%. Species found in cats were Blastocystis sp. in 37%, Ameba sp. in 30%, G intestinalis in 19%, Chilomastix sp. in 12%, Isospora sp. in 12%, Toxocara cati in 10%, D caninum in 7%, Sarcocystis sp. in 5%, Trichomona sp. in 5%, Toxoplasma gondii in 4%, Taenia sp. in 2% and Physaloptera sp. in 1%. Forty eight percent of parasites found in dogs and 49% found in cats have zoonotic potential. In dogs younger than six months Blastocystis sp., Ameba sp., G intestinalis, Chilomastix sp., Isospora sp. and T canis were significantly more common; the same was observed for Isospora in young cats. Approximately 60% of infected animals bore more than one parasite. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of intestinal parasitism in pets with diarrhea was found; an important proportion of them have zoonotic potential.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Pattern of intestinal parasites among hosptial patients at Ile-Ife.

Intestinal and extraintestinal parasitic diseases continue to constitute important public health problems in many developing African countries. While malaria continues to ravage the continent, the silent onslaught of intestinal helminthiases and protozoal infection seem not to relent. The objectives of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminthic and protozoan infections and to determine the trends in intestinal parasitic infections. Results of laboratory investigations for parasitic infections during a three-year period in two succeeding decades (1988-90 and 1996-98) were analysed. During the two periods 4233 (65.1%) of 6504 and 2297 (63.1%) of 3641 clinical specimens were respectively, positive for intestinal parasites. These results are very significant as determinants of the level of environmental and domiciliary hygiene. It is concluded that the findings should be of great concern to the local Authority Health Departments which should spur the government to concerted effort aimed at ameliorating the deplorable situation brought about by indiscriminate faecal disposal.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1992

[Intestinal parasitism in the adult. Evaluation of 2 years in the University Hospital Center of Sfax].

From copro parasitologic analyses of two years studied between December 1988 and 1990 in the Hospital Center of the University of Sfax, the authors determined the intestinal parasites profile observed in adults. This intestine parasitism is mainly of protozoair type dominated by the amebae and Giardia intestinalis. The helminthes are rarely found. Strongyloides stercoralis of an epidemiology unknown in the region was revealed in some patients submitted to an immunosuppressive therapy. The adult cestodes as well as in Child doesn't seen to constitute a major parasitism in Sfax.

Amebiasis↗
PubMed2005

Intestinal parasites may not cause nosocomial infections in psychiatric hospitals.

This study was conducted to determine whether nosocomial infections of intestinal parasites occur in psychiatric hospitals. Three fecal specimens were collected from each institutionalized patient in seven psychiatric hospitals of north Taiwan. Saline wet mounts were prepared to examine trophozoites, and the other parasite stages were detected using the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique. Hospital faculties were asked to complete a questionnaire on the demographic data, health status degree of disability, and recent occurrence of gastrointestinal distress of these patients. Of the 464 patients examined, 8.4% were found to be infected with one or more intestinal parasite species: 6.3% single infections, 1.5% double infections, and 0.6% triple infections. Significantly higher prevalences were found among the males, unmarried patients, those with lower education, institutionalized for more than 3 years, sent by social workers to the hospitals, with non-schizophrenic diseases, and with a higher degree of disability. However, only education, marriage, mode of hospitalization, and type of psychiatric disease were found to be significant determinants in a logistic regression model. The variation in prevalence related to demographic factors implies that nosocomial infections may not occur. The mode of hospitalization indicates that the patients may acquire the infections before hospitalization.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Intestinal parasitic infections in Campalagian district, south Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Intestinal parasitic infections were surveyed in the inhabitants of 3 coastal and 2 inland villages of Campalagian District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, in July 1992. A total of 398 fecal samples were examined by using Kato-Katz thick smear, Harada-Mori culture and agar-plate culture techniques. Protozoan cysts were examined by formalin ether concentration technique on 380 fecal samples. Soil-transmitted helminth infections were highly prevalent with the overall positive rates as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides 25.3%, Trichuris trichiura 59.3%, hookworm 68.3% and Strongyloides stercoralis 2.3%. Eight species of protozoan were detected with the overall prevalence as follows: Entamoeba histolytica 10.9%, E. hartmanni 16.3%, E. coli 31.9%, Endolimax nana 12.5%, Iodamoeba buetschlii 5.4%, Giardia lamblia 4.6%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.8% and Blastocystis hominis 18.0%. In the inland villages, prevalence of hookworm infection was higher than Ascaris and Trichuris infections, while in the coastal villages Trichuris infection was predominant. Egg count revealed that the infection level was light in most of the hookworm and Trichuris carriers. Prevalence of lavatories among houses appeared to be inversely proportional to the prevalence of hookworm infection. Meanwhile, the incomplete structure of the lavatories might result in contamination of environment with Ascaris and Trichuris eggs. Harada-Mori culture was the most efficient method in the detection of hookworm infection compared to other techniques. Both Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale were found in all villages, but the former was the predominant species. An adult pinworm was detected by agar-plate culture of feces. Two types of pinworm males, corresponding to Enterobius vermicularis and E. gregorii, were observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[The prevalence of intestinal parasites in primary school students in Trabzon and the importance of education of parasite patients].

Hundred and forty stool samples obtained from fourth classes (10 years of age) of the primary school students were examined for intestinal parasites. In addition, effect of education and variety of education on parasitic diseases were investigated. Of the 140 students 65% were found to be positive for intestinal parasites. Ascaris lumbricoides 15.7%, Trichuris trichiura 22.85%, Giardia intestinalis 7.14%, Ascaris lumbricoides + Trichuris trichiura 15.7%, Giardia intestinalis + Trichuris trichiura 3.57% were found. The infested students were treated with antiparasitic drugs, and were educated for parasitic diseases. 50% of the student were given brochure, the others were given brochure and verbal education. After 1.5 month control stool samples were taken. In both groups infestation rate was 27.14%. Ration was 18.57% in only brochure given group, and 8.57% in brochure and verbal education given group. The difference between two group was meaningful (X2 = 3.89 P less than 0.05).

Ascariasis↗
PubMed2003

Presence and persistence of intestinal parasites in canine fecal material collected from the environment in the Province of Chubut, Argentine Patagonia.

We investigated the presence of intestinal parasites in canine feces collected from public squares in Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina (45 degrees S, 68 degrees W) and determined the persistence of Echinococcus granulosus eggs in those droppings under natural environmental conditions in that region. In the first experiment, we analyzed 163 fecal samples collected from urban squares during 8 months time and found parasitic elements in 46.6%. The presence of parasites was independent of the condition of the feces (fresh or dried; P>0.05). Parasites potentially pathogenic in man were present, such as Toxocara species (spp.), Taenia spp./Echinococcus spp., Uncinarias spp., and Entamoeba spp. In the second experiment, we analyzed two canine fecal samples contaminated with E. granulosus eggs, deposited for 41 months within the natural environment. These parasitic elements persisted during the entire study as attested by light microscopy and the ELISA coproantigen test. We propose the study of the presence of intestinal parasites in canine feces within the environment as a general strategy for identifying and monitoring areas of risk for canine-related zoonoses since we were able to demonstrate the persistence of E. granulosus eggs in deposited canine feces for over 3 years within the area studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Intestinal parasitic infections and micronutrient deficiency: a review.

Malnutrition including vitamin A and iron deficiency and parasitic diseases have a strikingly similar geographical distribution with the same people experiencing both insults together for much of their lives. Parasitic infections are thought to contribute to child malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency through subtle reduction in digestion and absorption, chronic inflammation and loss of nutrients. Parasites may affect the intake of food; it's subsequent digestion and absorption, metabolism and the maintenance of nutrient pools. The most important parasites related to nutritional status are intestinal parasites especially soil transmitted helminthes, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica, followed by other parasites such as the coccidia, Schistosoma sp. and malarial parasites.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1998

Intestinal parasite infections after extended use of chloroquine or primaquine for malaria prevention.

Comparative results of baseline and endpoint screening for intestinal parasites are reported from Javanese men enrolled in a year-long, placebo-controlled malaria prophylaxis trial in Irian Jaya. The objective was to detect nontarget qualitative changes that may have resulted from prolonged chloroquine (300 mg base weekly) or primaquine (0.5 mg base/kg daily) prophylaxis. Fresh fecal specimens were examined (blinded trial) for parasites and ova using a modified Kato-Katz thick smear method. More than 88% (94/106) of the baseline population was infected by 1 or more parasite species of which hookworm and Blastocystis hominis were dominant. Paired comparison between baseline and endpoint revealed no significant changes within the primaquine or chloroquine groups with regard to the variety of species found, the mean number of species or ova/subject, the relative proportion of infections caused by these species, or the occurrence of parasite-free, single, and multiple infections. Relative to placebo, there was a significantly greater proportion of infections by Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and a lower mean hookworm egg count in the chloroquine group. The endpoint proportion of new or increased infections in the primaquine group was significantly lower than that of the chloroquine group but comparable to that of the placebo. Despite the dosage employed, the frequency and duration of use, and excretion primarily through the bowels as the active parent compound, primaquine appeared to have little or no significant effect against a variety of common intestinal parasites. These largely negative results lend support for the safety and acceptability of primaquine as a daily malaria prophylactic in a population frequently at risk of intestinal helminth infections.

Adolescent↗